Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Define Laws
|
A set of written formal rules
|
|
|
The norms =
|
Unwritten rules special to our particular culture
|
|
|
Definition of Values
|
The beliefs held by someone or a social group that help to build a set of norms.
|
|
|
What is the theoretical approach?
|
Looking at social issues through the eyes of one particular type of theorist
|
|
|
Define the two main perspectives on the Theoretical approach
|
Some (structuralists) look at the big picture and show how society makes us what we are. They concentrate on the way that the structure of society has an influence on our everyday lives.
Others (interactionists) focus down on smaller groups and individuals – they concentrate on the way people behave within society, how they interact with others and how people live their daily lives which, in turn, makes society what it is.
|
|
|
What is Consensus?
|
A general state of agreement between individuals or groups
|
|
|
Define Conflict?
|
General state of disagreement between opposing groups
|
|
|
Define Marxist
|
someone who sees the main divisions in society as being based on social class operating in a capitalist system
|
|
|
What is social stratification?
|
The way different groups in society are placed at different levels
|
|
|
What is Ethnicity?
|
The classification of people into groups that share the same culture, history and identity
|
|
|
What is Primary socialisation?
|
term used to describe the informal process through which you learn the norms, attitudes, values and actions of your culture.
Takes place in early childhood the main shaping influence is the family and home Family is one of the most important agencies of socialisation |
|
|
In your family you develop...
|
Your gender identity etc
|
|
|
What is social control?
|
The process of which people are persuaded to obey the rules and conform
|
|
|
What is conformity?
|
doing what is expected and behaving in a way that is in agreement with norms.
|
|
|
What is socialisation?
|
The lifelong process of learning the skills, customs, attitudes, norms and values of your culture
|
|
|
Why may there be a difference in the quality and emphasis of primary socialisation?
|
Families in different social classes may approach this differently and put emphasis on different aspects.
|
|
|
Define Formal curriculum
|
what students learn in their timetabled lessons i.e Maths and English
|
|
|
Define Hidden curriculum
|
the ways of which the organisation of teaching, school regulations and routine shape pupils attitude and behaviour that is what students learn at school that is not taught in lessons. i.e punctuality, learning from your friendship groups
|
|
|
Define social structures |
The groups and institutions that make up society such as families, the education system and the social stratification system.
|
|
|
Define Social processes
|
Processes such as socialization, social control and social change. -
|
|
|
Define Social issues
|
Issues and problems that affect individuals, groups and communities in their daily lives such as fear of crime, inequality and poverty.
|
|
|
What is a Representative sample? |
: A sample that has the same characteristics as the population but is a smaller version of it.
|
|
|
What is random sampling? |
Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
|
|
|
What is systematic sampling ? |
Researchers take every ‘nth’ item from the sampling frame, for example every 20th name from a school register.
|
|
|
what is stratified sampling? |
: Researchers divide the population into strata according to characteristics such as age, gender and ethnicity.
|
|
|
What is snowball sampling? |
: Through contact with one member of a population, the research is introduced to, or identifies others in the same population.
|
|
|
What is a cross sectional survey? |
A cross-sectional survey takes a cross section of the population and questions them on relevant issues only once.
|
|
|
What is a longitudinal study? |
A study of the same group over time. |
|
|
Advantages and disadvantages of cross sectional studies? |
Advantages: Not as time consuming as a longitudinal survey. Can be a cheap way of gathering a lot of information. Disadvantages: Cross- sectional A cross-sectional survey takes a cross section of the population and questions them on relevant issues only once. A questionnaire asking students about their attitudes towards sex only once Not as time consuming as a longitudinal survey. Can be a cheap way of gathering a lot of information. This only gives us a snapshot view. It only tells us about people at one particular point in time. |
|
|
Advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal? |
Longitudinal A study of the same group over time. A questionnaire is given to a group of students concerning their attitudes towards sex. Disadvantages: A questionnaire is given to them every year until they finish University. Allows us to examine social change over time. Can be time consuming and expensive. |
|
|
What Is a sanction |
Agreed reward for positive actions or penalty for negative actions |
|
|
What is informal social control? |
Agencies of informal are Media families school
All exert pressure to make sure you stick to the laws rules and norms of society |
|
|
What is formal social control |
Main agencies are The police who make sure we conform to the laws created by legislature and investigate cases of law breaking
The judiciary who deal with those who break law
The prison who look after those who have been breaking laws
Education as well as they have formal rules and impose negative sanctions if someone breaks law |
|
|
What is the welfare state ? |
The government taking responsibility for the health and financial wellbeing of population |
|
|
Which group does the government use to define which class your in and how many categories are within that? |
Registrars general classification 6 categories within |
|
|
What are the advantages of structured interviews? |
Interviewer can explain with that questions mean All the respondents answer the same questions so results are easy to convert to quantitative data Reliable and easily repeated They can generalise the results to a representative sample |
|
|
Disadvantages of structured interviews? |
Preset questions means you cant look further into an answer and ask why if it is not one of the questions. interviewers have fewer opportunities to raise new issues The Interviewer Effect- respondents may be pressured to give socially acceptable answers to look like they fit in |
|
|
What is relative poverty? |
Where someone cant afford to do things like activities that would be considered normal in society and not being able to posses certain things that would be considered the norm in society |
|
|
What is a pressure group? |
A group concerned about a single issue that applies pressure to bring about change |
|
|
what have groups tried to do to bring about change to the government about poverty? |
The Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG) is the leading charity campaigning for the abolition of child poverty in the UK and for a better deal for low-income families and children.The End Child Poverty Coalition shows that 3.8 million children – one in three – are currently living in poverty in the UK. On an international level such groups as Christian Aid, Action on Aid, Live Aid, and the Catholic Agency for Overseas Development (CAFOD) all keep the issue in the spotlight. |
|
|
Define moral panic? |
When media coverage of an issue leads to exaggerated public concern |
|
|
Define media amplification |
Blowing things out of proportion by over reporting in the media i.e islamophobia |
|
|
What is reliable data? |
data is reliable if it can be repeated and consistently comes up with the same results. |
|
|
What is valid data? |
data is valid if it gives a true image of what is being studied |
|
|
What is a pilot study? |
a study on a small scale before main research is done |
|
|
Closed questions |
A limited number of possible answers are given and respondents have to choose from the options given to them. These are often presented as Yes/No or Agree/Disagree answers or can be a set of multiple-choice options.
|
|
|
Strengths of questionnaire |
quick, easy, collect a lot of data, easily converted into quantitative data, produce reliable data |
|
|
Disadvantages of questionnaires |
questions can be biased, closed questions so respondents may not answer truthfully, questions may be misunderstood, lack of validity |
|
|
What is a gatekeeper? |
someone who gives permission for others to be involved in your research.
|
|
|
what is Triangulation
|
: checking the accuracy of data collected through one method (for example, a questionnaire) by comparing it with data collected by using another method (for example, observation).
|
|
|
Methods you can use to gather qualitative data |
observations ( covert and overt), unstructured interviews, open questions in questionnaires, focus groups |
|
|
What is participant observation? |
As the researcher, you are actively involved in the group’s activities as well as making a record of what you see. A study of student behaviour in the classroom could be carried out in the lessons you attend; you would be participating as well as recording events. |
|
|
What is non participant observation? |
You watch and record what is happening but are not involved in the group’s activities. If you were looking at the way teachers distribute their time between boys and girls in a primary school classroom, you might sit in a corner to observe and record from there. |
|
|
Why are sociologists different from journalists? |
journalists want to look for sensationalist stories, look for good stories by manipulating the truth to sell more copies of their magazine/ newspaper for money. sociologists look at why things are happening and the corrolation/patterns etc they look at the truth regardless of how boring or interesting it is. |
