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93 Cards in this Set

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What are properties of layout and tracing paper?

Layout paper is used by designers. A translucent version is known as tracing paper. These papers are used during the development stages of designing, as previous drawings can be used as an underlay.

What are properties of cartridge paper?

This is a tough and lightly textured paper, often pale cream in colour, 100 to 135 gsm in weight. It is traditionally used for general drawing and sketching, and can also be used with watercolours.

What are properties of cardboard?

This is a heavier form of paper, often made from recycled material and available from 200 gsm upwards. Cardboard can be laminated together to create thicker boards.

What are properties of solid white board?

Made from pure bleached wood pulp, strong and high in quality, this is used for book covers and expensive packaging.

What are properties of duplex board?

Duplex board is made from pure wood pulp, with a bleached liner on one side. Typically 250 to 500 gsm, it is mainly used in food packaging.

What are properties of foil lined board?

This is made by laminating aluminium foil to one side of any kind of board.

What are properties of corrugated board?

Corrugated board is made from 'linerboard' (the flat sheet) and the 'medium' (the corrugated sheet in the middle). Cheap and often used for large cartons and boxes, it offers strength without too much weight.

What is laminating in regards to paper and card?

Laminating is when very thick board is made by sticking sheets of paper, or board, together. The composition can be adjusted to create different properties for specific purposes.

What are the stock forms for paper/card materials?

Paper is available in many sizes, the 'A' sizes being the most common. A4 is twice the size of A5, A3 is twice the size of A4.




Papers are also specified by weight, for example 100 grams per metre squared (gsm). Anything above 200 gsm is classed as board.

What is the source of pulp and the primary process involved in its conversion to workable materials?

Tiny chips of wood are boiled in water and chemicals to create a mushy wood pulp, which is then poured over a fine mesh. As the liquid drains away, the cellulose fibres naturally link together to create a mat. The mat is then squeezed between a set of rollers to remove excess water, and allowed to dry.




Additives and dyes can be added to the mix to change the colour of the final product and produce different properties, textures, and surface finishes.

Give an example of two types of paper which have different properties and explain why.

Toilet paper needs to absorb water quickly, whereas printing paper needs carefully controlled water absorption so that water-based inks can be used.

What are hardwood and softwood trees?

Hardwoods are generally deciduous while softwoods are generally coniferous (often called evergreen). Hardwood trees grow more slowly then softwoods.

What are examples of hardwood trees?

From UK: Oak, ash, beech, sycamore, and willow.




Imported: Teak, mahogany

What are examples of softwood trees?

Larch, spruce, Scot pines




Most softwoods are supplied by countries like Norway and Sweden.

What are properties of MDF?

A material composed of fine wood dust and resin pressed into a board.

What are properties of plywood?

Made from thin layers of wood, glued and right angles to each other.

What are properties of chipboard?

Made from small chips of wood glued together with resin and compressed into sheets.

What are properties of blockboard?

Made from a core of softwood strips glued together and covered with a sheet of plywood on either side.

What are properties of hardwood?

Made from wood fibres that have been pulped, then compressed.

Why is manufactured wood used by designers?

Manufactured wood is used by designers when they require consistency in strength, workability, and texture. Wood-based materials are more sustainable than other materials.

How is manufactured wood made?

Manufactured wood is board produced using industrial production techniques. It consists of gluing together wood layers or wood fibres. Manufactured boards are usually made in very large sheets. The composition can be adjusted to create different properties for specific purposes.

What are the stock forms for timber based materials?

Hardwoods are usually sold by the cubic metre, then rough sawn to the size the customer specifies. Hardwoods are also machined into a variety of standard sections called mouldings.




Softwoods are usually supplied in standard sections, rough sawn, or planed smooth. Once planed the section will be smaller.




Most manufactured boards are supplied in Imperial sizes (feet and inches), the most common size is 8 x 4 feet. They are available in a variety of thicknesses, such as 3 mm, 6mm, and 9mm.

What is the source of timber and the primary process involved in the conversion to workable materials?

Natural wood is sawn directly from trees, while manufactured boards are commercially made by gluing pieces of wood together.




All natural woods are seasoned.

What are ferrous metals and what are examples of them?

Ferrous metals contain iron; they include cast iron, mild steel, high carbon steel, and stainless steel. Ferrous metals are prone to rusting.

What are non-ferrous metals and what are examples of them?

Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron, and include aluminium, copper, lead, zinc, tin, gold, and silver.

What is the source of metals and what are the primary processes involved in conversion to workable materials?

All metals, apart from gold (which is obtained in a usable form), are found as ores, which are produced by mining. Metals are extracted from ores in a large-scale industrial process. Metals are non-renewable, so recycling them is important.

What are alloys?

Alloys are made from two or more metals combined together. This allows us to produce materials that have a better range of properties such and characteristics, thus making metals more suitable for specific tasks. The majority of metals we use are alloys.

What are specific advantages of alloying metals?

Changing the melting point.




Changing the colour.




Changing electrical/thermal properties.




Increasing strength, hardness, and ductility.

What are the stock forms for metals?

Metals are available in sheet form and sections. Sheets are usually sold in imperial sizes, but metric thicknesses such as 1 mm and 2 mm. Many specialised sections such as hexagonal, angled, and channels are available. Sections are often stiffer than the materiel in solid form but allow less materiel to be used.


A tube section is stiffer than a solid rod made from the same materiel.

What are common sections in metals?

Common sections include: 'T' section, 'L' section, square section (solid and tube), round section (solid and tube), and channel section.

What are thermoplastics?

Thermoplastics are formed from long polymer chains, joined loosely together. Heating weakens the join and softens the plastic, allowing the heat-softened material to be reshaped.




Common thermoplastic materials include: high-density polythene (HDPE), low-density polythene (LDPE), polypropylene, high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), nylon, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and acrylic.

What are thermosetting plastics?

Thermosetting plastics are formed when a polymer, usually in the form of a resin or powder, is mixed with a catalyst to produce a chemical change, resulting in a permanently rigid material. Thermosetting plastics, once moulded, can't be re-formed.




Common thermosetting plastics include: GRP, Epoxy resin, UF, MF.

How are plastics formed?

Plastics can be formed using vacuum forming, injection moulding, blow moulding, line bending, compression moulding, and extrusion.

What are synthetic plastics?

The most common form of plastics. They produced industrially from carbon-based materials throw a process known as polymerisation. The composition can be adjusted to create different properties for specific purposes.

What are the stock forms for plastic materials?

Most thermoplastics are available in different thickness sheets, such as 1 mm and 2 mm. Some are available as granules (for injection moulding), powders (for processes such as dip coating), rods and blocks. Thermosetting plastics are most commonly found in resin or powder form.

What is the source of plastics and what are the primary processes involved in conversion to workable materials?

Polymers are produced industrially from carbon based materials, such as coal, oil, and gas, through a process known as polymerisation. Polymerisation has two stages: firstly monomer molecules are created form a raw material; secondly, these are then joined to form long chains of molecules called polymers.

How are paper- and board-based products manipulated and combined with other materials?

Paper-based packaging materials are often the most economical form of packaging for the food industry.




Cardboard cartons are economical, collapsible, printable, shaped easily, have dispensing and/or resealing features and windows for viewing the product, and can be used in multipacks.




Corrugated packaging in the form of boxes provide protection for a variety of products, especially during transportation.




Lined board is used in the manufacture of aseptic cartons. A popular aseptic package is the Brik Pak.




A disadvantage of combined packaging materials is that they are difficult to recycle.

How are timber-based products manipulated and combined with other products?

Manufactured boards are generally unattractive, so they are often produced with a decorative layer called a veneer. Veneer layers are usually from hardwood trees since they have a more interesting appearance.




The use of veneers reduces the cost of the product since manufactured boards are cheaper than natural woods.




Manufactured boards can also be covered in a plastic laminate, and in this form are commonly used for kitchen worktops and laminate flooring. Kitchen worktops are made from layers of printed paper in a plastic resin. The paper gives a decorative finish and the resin provides a hardwearing, heat-resistant coating.

How are metal-based materials manipulated and combined with other products?

Ferrous metals usually rust. To prevent this, there are a range of processes by which a protective coating can be applied:




Electroplating - This process is used to coat a base metal with other metals. The coating metal gives the base metal a more attractive and durable finish. Bathroom taps, coated with chromium, are produced using this process.




Dipping - Metals can be coated by dipping them into another metal.




Tin/Zinc Plating - The process in which steel is dipped into vats of molten tin/zinc. Tin plated materials are used to manufacture food cans. Zinc plated materials (galvanised materials) are widely used in the production of car body shells.




Enamelling - The process of coating ferrous and non-ferrous metals with a later of finely ground glass. This involves heating the metal to a high temperature so that the enamel fuses together to provide a hard coating. Enamel provides a layer of heat- and scratch-resistant material. It is often used as coating for cookers. They can also apply colour to jewellery.




Plastic coating - The process of applying a thermoplastic to the surface of metal items to provide long-term corrosion, impact, and chemical resistance. It also gives a decorative finish.

How are plastic-based materials manipulated and combined with other products?

Fillers, such as sawdust, crushed quartz, and limestone can be added to give the material bulk. Other additives can be used to condition or change the properties of the material. Plasticisers can be added to improve the flow properties when injection moulding. Flame-retardants are used to produce a combustion-resistant plastic. Additives can also be introduced to make the plastic more biodegradable.



Bio-based plastics are widely used in the food industry as a packaging material.

What is glass-reinforced plastic?

GRP, also known as fibreglass, is a composite material made from spun glass fibres and polyester resin. The final material is tough, rigid, and lightweight. GRP is often used to produce boat hulls and car body shells.

What is concrete?

A material produced by mixing together sand, cement, gravel, and water. It is good in compression but weak in tension. To produce a better all-round product, concrete is cast around a cage of pre-stressed steel reinforcements. The steel gives added strength by taking up the tension stresses, while the concrete takes up the compression stresses.

What are colour-changing smart materials?

Photochromic materials change colour in response to changes in light. Some glasses use reactive lenses, which become darker as the light levels increase.




Thermochromic materials change colour in response to changes in temperature. This technology has been used to produce bath plugs that change colour when the water is too hot, and clothing that reacts to the body temperature of the wearer.

What are light-emitting smart materials?

Electroluminescent materials can produce light of different colours when an electric current is passed through them. Light generated this way produces no heat, and can be used to illuminate emergency exits in public buildings.




Fluorescent materials produce light when exposed to UV-rays. The light stops when UV radiation is removed.




Phosphorescent materials produce light as a result of being exposed to a light source, but only after the source has been removed. Emergency warning signs that can be read 24 hours a day have been developed using this technology.

What are moving smart materials?

Piezoelectric materials transform mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. This technology has been used to produce 'smart skis'.




Shape-memory alloys are metals that, after being strained, revert back to their original shape at a certain temperature. Applications include shape memory stents and glasses.




Quantum tunnelling composites have been used to create touch-sensitive switches to control electronic devices in clothing.

What are temperature-changing smart materials?

Thermoelectric materials act like a heat pump. When a current is applied, one side of the material cools down while the other heats up. The effect is reversible. A plate has been developed that can keep foods either cold or warm.

What are thickness-changing materials?

Magneto-rheological fluids become solid when placed in a magnetic field. They can be used to construct dampers that suppress vibrations. These dampers are often fitted to buildings and bridges to suppress the damaging effects of high winds or earthquakes.

What is 'active-disassembly'?

When fasteners are constructed from shape memory materials. When the time comes for the product to be recycled, the product would be heated and the individual components would 'self-release'.

Why would smart materials help an ageing population?

Food packaging can be made that automatically opens on heating.

Why is nanotechnology important in the area of Design and Technology?

It is the manipulation of individual atoms to modify a material's properties (molecular manufacturing).

Why do products evolve over time?

Because of developments in ideas, manufacturing processes, and technologies as well as because of social, political, cultural, and environmental changes.




Design movements and cultural influences are still influencing new product development.

How do developments in materials affect the evolution of a product?

With the development of the steam engine, iron and steel production led to mass-produced goods. Textiles could be shipped from abroad and cloth produced in quantity.




The development of synthetic plastics from coal, oil, and gas brought us another revolution in manufacturing.




New manufacturing ideas such as just-in-time and computer-aided design as well as compute-raided manufacturing have improved product quality and reduced costs for the consumer.

How do social factors affect the evolution of a product?

People's views on what is acceptable or fashionable have changed through the ages. Products must therefore be designed to appeal to consumers. Wearing a bikini in England would have once been seen as outrageous. In fashion, products are seasonal and designers must constantly change colours and styles.




Political changes also affect the way products are developed. During the Second World War, efforts were concentrated on arms production; many other goods were limited to cost-effective utility items.

How does the environment affect the evolution of a product?

We have only recently begun to understand the impact on the environment we have. The 'disposable' culture is being replaced with a drive to rethink, refuse, reduce, re-use, repair, and recycle. Consumers are choosing to refuse to accept products that have a negative impact on the environment. Many governments are introducing laws to reduce the carbon footprint of specific products. The motor industry is working card to provide cleaner cars for the future.
Describe the Arts and Crafts Movement.

Designs for wallpaper, furniture, and textiles were inspired by organic shapes and patterns found in nature. Designers promoted the production of high quality products. Their work used expensive materials and traditional techniques.

Describe the Art Nouveau movement.

The design style is based on the organic lines of climbing plants and Japanese art, it was popular with designers of glass, furniture, fabrics, and wrought ironwork.

Describe the Modernism movement.

Modernist designs were made ergonomically, using appropriate materials and very little decoration. Designers moved away from organic lines and started to use geometric shapes, which were easier to produce.

Describe the Bauhaus movement.

Bauhaus designers used modern materials and mass-production methods. Experimental work using colour and form was encouraged to produce designs that were both artistic and skilled, while following the underlying principle that form should follow function.

Describe the Art Deco movement.

It was influenced by other design movements as well as ancient Egyptian art. It was used in interior design.

Describe the De Stijl movement.

Using basic shapes and primary colours, this movement took geometric design to another level. It was the inspiration for a range of furniture and architecture that used only the essential form and colour in the design.

What is continuous improvement?

Groups of employees, known as quality circles, ensure the product is continually improving through contact with the client and updating the product specification. This is a major influence in product evolution.

What is market pull?

Market pull describes how the inspiration for new products often comes from the needs of society. Market research and analysis of existing products can help manufactures improve their products. An example of market pull is the need for smaller, 'greener' cars.

What is technology push?

Technology push is the process in which the new advances in science and technology, discovered in research and development departments, are passed onto a design and development team so the advances can be used innovatively in technology and in the making of products.

What are the basic functions of packaging?

I PICT PD




Protection, Information, Containing, Transportation, Preservation, Display.

What labels should all packaging carry?

CE European Standards or BSI British Standards logos, stating that the product has been tested for safety and fitness for purpose. Labelling can also state the appropriate age of the user or warn the users of the dangers of the product (like on cigarette packets).

What are ways of printing on packaging?

Lithography - The most common form of commercial printing and works on the principal that water and oil do not mix.




Flexography - A form of relief printing used on packaging labels, bags, boxes, and banners.




Screen printing - A printing process that uses a mesh to support an ink-blocking stencil. The attached stencil forms open areas of mesh, and a squeegee is moved across the screen stencil forcing or pumping ink through the woven mesh in the open areas.

What is a way of cutting or creasing packaging?

Die cutting can be used. A die is made from cutting knives and score cutting rules.

What is blister packaging?

Blister packs are inexpensive, durable, transparent and tamper-proof. The blister cavity is vacuum formed to fit the product.

What is skin packaging?

Skin packaging involves sealing a product between a layer of heated plastic and a layer of adhesive coated paper. The plastic is trapped in a frame that travels between the oven and vacuum area. Once the plastic is secured and the frame lifted out of the way, the board is loaded into the vacuum machine and the product placed on top of the paper. The oven heats the plastic, the frame lowers, and the vacuum is activated, pulling the plastic down over the product against the paper. The hot plastic melts the adhesive and the paper and plastic are bonded together.

Why would you want to create a brand?

Branding makes a company's product or service more visible and recognisable. It also gives it a 'personality' with which consumers can engage. It builds up the company's reputation and makes customers feel secure.

What are ways to promote products?

Leaflets, flyers, point of sale, packaging, and digital media.

What is inclusive design?

The ideal product is one that meets everyone's needs. Designers should aim to make products accessible to all sections of society and exclude as few people as possible. Many products need to be adjustable and suit a wide range of users.


What is exclusive design?

Exclusive design excludes people by failing to meet their needs.

What is anthropometrics?

The study of people's size. To avoid excluding people, designers tend to use mathematical data known as the 5th to 95th percentile. Doorways are designed to accommodate the 95th percentile - most people can pass through them easily.

What is ergonomics?

The study of people's physical capabilities, such as their hand-eye co-ordination, size, strength, and stamina. These all affect the way they relate to the product. A good example of ergonomics can be seen in the design of cars, which drivers must be able to operate comfortable, efficiently and safely.




Ergonomics is also concerned with effective organisations of workspaces, such as kitchens or car interiors. We often use the term 'working triangle' to describe the range of movement needed to perform a certain tasks.

What psychological factors affect the development of a product?

The effect of colour is often used in product design to reinforce messages such as "danger" or to help produce moods such as "warmth".

What legislations are set up to ensure that products are safe to use?

The Trades Description Act - It is illegal to make false claims about a product




The Consumer Protection Act - Aims to prevent the sale of products that may be harmful or defective




The Sales of Goods Act - Goods should be fit for the purpose they are intended




The Consumer Safety Act - The government can ban the sale of dangerous products




The Weights and Measures Act - It is illegal to sell products which are underweight or to sell a short measure




The Food Safety Act and The Food Safety Regulations - Guidance is given on food hygiene management




The Food Labelling Regulations - Certain information is required to be shown on most food labels

What is the BSI?

The British Standards Institution. They help to ensure the safety and quality of products and services.

What are the European Standards?

'CE' marking tells a consumer the product conforms to minimum European Standards.

What is QA?

Quality assurance ensures that products attain a consistently high standard. Throughout the manufacturing process, materials, equipment, production processes and training of staff need to be checked and monitored. Customer views may also be considered in this process.

What is QC?

Quality control. As a product or its component parts are manufactured a series of samples may be taken from the production line and checked to make sure they meet a specific, previously set standard.

What are the six Rs?

Reduce, Refuse, Re-use, Repair, Recycle, Rethink

What is a carbon footprint?

Everything we produce has a carbon footprint: a total amount of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases emitted during a product's lifetime.

What is fair trade?

The Fairtrade Foundation was set to help alleviate poverty among farmers and workers in areas of the world where previously they had not received a fair price for the goods they produced.

What is one-off production?

It involves designing and making a single product. A one-off product is designed and made for a specific purpose.

What is batch production?

Batch-produced products are identical and made at the same time in either large or small numbers. Once these products have been made, more of the same products may be made using the same equipment.

What is mass production?

It involves the product going through many stages of a production line. The workers and machines at each stage are responsible for making certain parts of the product.

What is continuous production?

Where products are produced over a period of hours, days, weeks, or even years. The production never stops, running 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. It relies of high levels of automation.

What is just-in-time (JIT) production?

Where each part of the product is planned to arrive on the production line just in time for assembly. It involves working closely with suppliers.

What is stock control?

The process of managing stocks. It requires careful planning to ensure that the business has sufficient stock of the right quality available at the right time.

What can CAD be used for?

Making templates




Improving accuracy




Creating numerical data for the use of CNC machinary




Taking digital photographs




Working out manufacturing costs

What are some uses of ICT?

CAD/CAM. Video conferencing. Remote manufacturing. Data transfer. Modelling.

What is CNC?

Automation involves the use of CNC/computer numerical control. CNC uses computer systems to read instructions, drive, and control industrial tools, machines, and processes, and reduces the need for human intervention.