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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
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The origins of the Revolution |
. Ancien regime holds deep rooted problems, influenced government, taxation, societies divides, and spread of ideas and englightement. . Before 1789 absolute monarchy however there were many independent bodies like the assembly of the clergy . Louis weak and indecisive, married Marie in 1770. She's labeled as the 'Austrian Whore' as she continually spends large sums of livres . Peasantry 85% of people. ANnoyed they paid tithe and feudal dues. Sent letters and Grievances.
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Taxation |
. Taille - Land tax, direct, hit the third estate, some people were granted exemption . Vingtieme - 5% income tax - direct - only third estate . Capitation - Poll tax - Direct - in theory second and third . Gabelle - salt tax - indirect - Everyone . Aidas - Food and drink tax - indirect - everyone . Octrois - Goods entering a town - indirect - everyone . Tithe - people paid to the church |
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Turgot |
. Louis appointed Turgot as controller-general. He was influenced by philosophes and embarked on reform. Establish trade guilds and reform taxation. He soon left office |
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Upper estate privalleges |
. Tried in their own courts . Exempt from military services . Exempt from Gabelle . Exempt from forced labour on roads . Decided feudal dues . Exclusive right to hunting . Join by hereditary or venal offices |
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Issues affecting french society |
First estate - The church . Vast differences in wealth between upper clergy and ordinary priests . Resentment against the church regarding tithes and the don gratuit Second estate - The nobility . Resentment against nobility for not paying direct taxes . Feudal rights resented by tenants First estate . Bourgeoisie had no political role under absolutism . Burden of taxation largely borne by third estate |
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Short term causes of french revolution |
Foreign policy and the American War of Independence . Government sought revenge against Britain following 1763 . Supporting American rebels against british 1778-83 resulted in additional debt and awareness of political liberty. Financial crisis . Verge of bankruptcy . Sought new measures to raise taxes The failure of the reform process . Assembly of notables refused to back reform . Dismissal of Calonne The political crisis 1787-9 . Louis' political weakness . Revolt of the Aristocracy The economic crisis . Bad harvests - Rising bread prices . Less consumption - unemployment . Grain and food riots |
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Long term causes of the french revolution |
. Problems of govermnent and finance . Tension in society - the church, nobility, Third estate . Impact of the enlightenment |
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The Estates-General |
. 1789 may 5th met - voting by order, and estate. favour the two privalleged states.The third estate wanted voting by head so they'd have a say . The composition of the deputies in the estates general = 291 in first. 282 in second. 580 in third. . Cahiers are lists of grievances and suggestions for reform. in 1789 they were all against absolutism, wanted constitutional monarch. Only third wanted voting by head. . The nobles rejected the third estate. So they called themselves the National Assembly. |
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The Tennis Court Oath |
After a direct challenge by the third estate to the authority of the king he held a royal session. Seanace royale. The deputies met instead on a tennis court. Creation of the National Assembly. Louis tried to ignore this and advice. He accepted: . No taxes imposed without representatives . Lettres de cachet abolished . Gabelle and corvee abolished He also considered militancy and deployed 4000 troops to paris and versailles. |
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Summary of Estates-General |
Drawing up of the cahiers Electing the estates general . Voting procedures . Profile of deputies The meeting of the Estates-General . The tennis court oath . Declaration of the National Assembly Reaction of the crown . Military deployment |
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The storming of Bastille |
Parisians searched for weaponry. 28,000 muskets, and 20 cannons. But they were short of gunpowder so they marched into Bastille. The imposing royal prison was a permanent reminder of the ancien regime. 5 out of 6 battalions were deserted, shows a lack of faith of the guards, louis's lack of support. Troops removed to Champs de Mars, 98 killed by De Launay. First of many journees. - King lost control - Lafayette appointed commander - emigration of some nobles |
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Citizens' milita. The establishment of the commune of paris |
The popular distubances in july 1789 were unplanned. People were worried. Middle-class parisians set up a new body to govern the city, known as the commune. Forefront clash between the king and parisians Shortly after they formed the citizens militia, mainly to protect property. |
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Summary of revolt in paris |
Economic crisis Rising bread prices Emergence of popular activity The first journee The capture of the bastille Search for arms Significance of the storming of the bastille |
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Revolution in provinces |
Municipal revolution in provinces meant Louis's autority collapsed in most towns. His orders would now be obeyed only if they'd been approved by the newly formed National Constituent Assembly. Citizens' Militia set up in several towns, such as marseille, before the National Guard was set up in Paris. They were setup to control popular violence and prevent counter-revolution. Rural revolts in bead riots. Over prices and hoarders. . Grain stores looted . Documents seized and destroyed . Chateaux were attacked freq and burnt, this was one of the reasons for the start of the great fear. |
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Dismantling the ancien regime |
The august decrees The changes proposed went farther than those demanded by cahiers. . Tithes payable to the church abolished . Venality abolished . All financial and tax privilege relating to land abolished . All citizens taxed equally . Special privileges abolished . All citizens were eligible for all offices, civil or military. Important in is dismantling. Marked the end of noble power. Quality in theory was different to practice though and it didn't all benefit the peasant as much |
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The declaration of the rights of man and the citzen |
The August decrees opened the ground for the creation of a constitution. Demanded cahiers from all three orders. . All men are born free and equal . Main rights being liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression . Power rests in the people . Freedom of worship, expression, and to own property |
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summmary of dismantling of the ancien regime |
The great fear The august decrees (see card) Declaration of rights of man and the citizen All men given more rights Nationalisation of church land The church land was nationalised and the state took over. Bonds called assignats issued. King given suspensive veto |
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The october days |
The kings refusal to approve the assembly's decrees caused considerable tension. Faced another journee. He saw an anti-revolutionary demonstations so news travelled and people decided he be brought back to paris. Food shortages as well. A crowd of women stormed the Hotel de Ville, the headquarters of the commune, demanding bread. 6000/7000 of them marched and 20,000 soldiers, under lafayette, followed them. They invaded the assembly in versailles and sent a deputation to the king. He agreed to send grain, approved the August decrees and the Declaration of rights. They were then sent to paris. King as a prisoner. The journees enabled his defeat. |
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Reform programmes of the National Assembly |
. local government . taxation and finance . economy . legal system . the Church . constitution Local government tried making it harder for the king to recover the power he had before. Made the decrees of December 1789 - France divided into 83 departments - Departments subdivided into 547 districts and 43360 communes (for municipalities) - communes grouped for elections - run by elected councils - paris government 48 sections. |
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The right to vote |
In December 1789 the assembly, and deputies, made the concept of 'active citizens' which were three tiers: . Men over 25, paid 3 days labour in taxes. Citizens who didn't pay were 'passive citizens'. In reality the only thing active citizens could do is choose electors. . Electors, active citizens who paid 10 days labour. They elected deputies to the National Assembly. . To be eligible to become a deputy in the national assembly. 54 days labour. Most unable to meet this requirement. Much less than 50,000. Weighted on the rich. |
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taxation and finance |
Royal commission collapsed in Dec 1789, very few taxes collected. Gabelle abolished in 1790, later nearly all. Sale of church land . to provide money for the state . Guarantee revolution success as people wouldn't want their bought land being taken back. . Hoped the clergy would support the new regime 25% of the land sold by 1799, peasants bought 52% and bourgeoisie bought 48%. The assembly abolished . indirect taxes (aidas, traites, octrois, gabelle) . State monopoly on selling tobacco . old indirect taxes (taille, capitation, vigiteme) New financial system introduced: . The contribution fonciere: A land tax for all . The contribution mobiliere: A tax on movable goods, such as grain. Paid by active citizens. . The patente: a tax on commercial profits People would pay according to their ability to do so. collected by municipal councils. It didn't work every well though. Did help the poor. |
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Economy |
All the deputies in the constituent assembly belived in laissez-faire. Internal terriffs abolished. Determined to get rid of organisations with special privileges and restrictions regarding employment. June 1791 90,000 parisian workers went on strike for a higher wage. Le Chapelier law. Collective bargaining and picketing then made illegal. Assembly regarded relief for the poor as a duty of the state. financed by taxation the assembly set up a committee which in 1791 showed how serious it was. 2 million could support themselves only by begging. |
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Legal system |
Removed: . Different systems in the north and south . different types of law court . the lettres de cachet, a reformed local government instead . serious civil cases dealt within a district court . judges elected by active citizens . Penal code made more humane: torture & mutilation abolished . Number of capital crimes reduced . Guillotine approved . Justice was free and equal. A lasting set of reforms |
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The church |
Wanted church to be: . Free from abuses like absenteeism and plurality . free from forgein control . democratic . linked to new gov . linked to the state . Abolished tithe, anates, and pluralism . ended church privileges |
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Civil constitution of the clergy |
The civil constitution of the clergy, it reformed the catholic church in france, adapting the organisation of the church to the administrative frame work of the local government. Dioceses were to coincide with departments. Ment reduction of bishops . Each department would form a diocese . all titles and offices abolished . all priests and bishops to be elected . elections to be done by ballot . priests paid by the state . no absenteeism allowed the church to take an oath of loyalty to the constitution. This split the clergy. 55% agreed. Two churches. Civil constitution of the clergy effectively destroyed the revolutionary consensus in 1789. Deputies in the assembly were shocked when so many clergy and the pope rejected it. The split brought counter-revolution. As they could deport priests villagers complained the assembly was trying to take away their religion. This and conscription lead to open revolt. |
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Summary of reform programmes of the national assembly |
Reform Programmes: . Local government, decentralisation and new voting qualifications . Economic, free trade, guilds abolished, le Chapelier law . Legal system, Justice of peace, District courts, criminal courts, courts of appeal . 1791 Constitution . Taxation, indirect taxes abolished, state monopolies, old indirect taxes and tax farming abolished, three new direct taxes . Church, End of privileges, tithes, annates and pluralism abolished, sale of church lands, civil constitution of the clergy, oath of loyalty |
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Rise of the jacobins and the Cordeliers |
Clubs were established to support the popular movment. No political parties. They kept the public informed, supported election candidates, acted as pressure groups. Provided education in political participation. The jacobin club, high entrance free, wealthiest sections, no obligation to free trade, pr abolition of guilds. Combination of enlightenment thought and revolutionary practice. SC supported. Maximilien Robespierre a leader. The cordeliers club, were more radical, no fee, objected active and passive. . Direct democracy where voters choose deputies . deputies account for their actions . right of insurrection/uprising support among WC/SC. In it were Georges Danton, Camille Desmoulins, Hebert, Brissot, and Marat. Mainly radical speakers and writers. |
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Summary rise of jacobins and Cordeliers |
Jacobins Robespierre Suppoted by wealthy rich deupties Key idea being centralisation Cordeliers Marat Hebert Desmoulins Danton Brissot supported by Bourgeoisie and WC radicals wanted direct democracy and right of insurrection. |
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Emergance of the rupublican movment |
Mirabeau spoke out against the king Flight to varennes. Louis and Marie flee from paris after regretting accepting the civil constitution of the clergy. Louis left 20 June 1791, 21-22 he was found and sent back to paris. . obvious Louis fails to understand the people and popular demand . Clear french would have to make choices they'd rather not . Renounced the revolution . Support for the republic grew, king's support declined . Jacobins split between those who wanted the king (feuillants) and those who did not . Champs De Mars massacre, 50,000 people flocked. Lafayette and soldiers opened fire and killed 50. |
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Legislative assembly |
The acception of the constitution by the king 13 September 1791 marked the end of the constituent assembly. 1 Oct legislative assembly called. It had come about as: . king's reluctance to accept measures he disliked . suspicion over king's acceptance of the revolution . fear of counter revolutionary plots . 136 Jacobin & Girondan . 345 Independents . 264 fuliants and constitutional monarchists |
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Outbreak of war |
Almost everything that happened after 1792 was caused or effected by war. It finally destroyed the consensus of 1789. Directly lead to the fall of the monarchy, to civil war, and the terror. The great powers were not interested but Prussia and Austria wanted to make a gesture of support for Louis. The Declaration of Pillnitz. 27 Aug 1971. It was a threat of foreign intervention. Those against the king saw it as opposition to the mistrust. It was a fake threat though so many ignored it. |
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Support & Opposition for war |
. There were rumours Marie was in an Austrian comittee that ran their policies .Army commanders like lafayette and Dumouriez wanted war. Lafayette brung the king to paris in October days and responsible for the Champs De Mars massacres. Thought to strengthen the king with a successful war. Also thought it'd increase his prestige. . Resulted in Brissotins wanting war too and the abolition of the monarchy. Thought the war would bring out the true Louis. . Successful conflict would rise enthusiasm for the war . War would spread revolutionary ideas abroad . French would have other repressed countries support . unlikely to unite against france --- . Robespierre said the real threat was soldiers like lafayette . Foreigners not support the french |
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Summery of the outbreak of war |
The 'Austrian comittee' The declaration of pillnitz 1791 French army commanders wanted war The brissotins wanted war |
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Over throw of the monarchy |
. Military crisis, officers emigrated, 150,000 men underarms, newly recruited, poorly trained, Marie sent war plans to Austria. . Royal vetoes, opposition from refractory priests and counter revolutionaries. Louis had to veto the laws on refractory priests and the federes camp. . the rise of the sans-culottes, leaders of the paris sections, armed demonstration 20 june. Louis's calmness may have saved his life. Journee didn't go as planned and louis. Wanted passive citizens vote . Tension in paris, from arrival of the federes (national guardsmen). |
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The federes |
Militant revolutionaries and republicans, expressed patriotism in rhine army songs. Girondins thought it's going too far. Robespierre wanted the other throw of the monarchy, universal male suffrage, abandonment of 1791 constitution, purge of departmental authorities. |
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The brunswick Manifesto |
. To ensure the wealthfare of france, not conquer territory . Restore the liberty of Louis XVI and his family . Paris to set Louis free . If the Tuileries and Louis attacked Austrian-Prussian armies would do this to the people. It was meant to help but it infuriated the french people, over foreign intervention. Legislative assembly 47 out of 48 sections demanded the abolition of the monarchy. The assembly refused. |
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Attack on Tuileries |
10 August 1792 thousands of national guard and 2000 federes marched on the tuileries, it was defended by 3000, 2000 were national guard, they joined the crowd, swiss opened fire but had to cease, 600 swiss died. 90 federes and 300 partisans killed. Bloodiest Journee. Rejection of the assembly and king lead to: . divorce legalised . house-to-house searches . feudal dues abolished . refactory priests deported |
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Girondans & Montagnards |
The girondans. Deputies are Bourgeois, lead by Brissot and Roland. . Believed in revolution and the republic . Hated privilege . Anti-clerical . Wanted more enlightenment . Free market economics . Favoured federalism . Committed to winning the war Support from the press, outside of paris, lost some support as they didn't back the 10A Journee. Suspected Robespierre of wanting a bloody dictatorship, accused by montagnards by being counter revolutionary. The Jacobins, Deputied by bourgeois. Lead by Robespierre, Danton, Marat, Couthon, Saint-Just. They believed in: revolution and republic, hated privilege, anti-clerical, more enlightenment, control over wages and 'maximum', strong central government, committed to winning the war but willing to make greater concessions. |
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Trial and Execution of Louis XVI |
Jacobins insisted on a trial. They held him responsible for the blood shed 10Aug 1792. His fate also sealed by: . Incriminating royal correspondence between Marie and Louis. Armoire de fer . Marat's proposal to vote, 693/749 deputies voted he was guilty, none he was innocent. . 387 voted death, 288 imprisonment Executed 21 January 1793, Jacobin victory, Girondan defeat. |
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Summary overthrow of the monarchy |
Military crisis plus actions of louis Rumour: Treason? Military coup? Calls for popular democracy Actions of federes Jacobin proposals Brunswick manifesto Attack on tuileries Proclamation of republic |
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The republic at war |
The september massacres. Prisoners thought to be conspiring to escape and kill. Marat called arms. 1100/1400 prisoners killed (about half) The battle of valmy. 20 Sept 1792 . At Valmy 52,000 french troops defeated 34,000 prussians. In november Dumouriez defeated the austrians. First major battle won by republican forces. From defence to offence. France tried to take areas, Robespierre correct in that the french would not be welcomed. The war of First Coalition. The convention unanimously declared war on britain and the netherlands. Then declared war on spain and most of europe. France thought there'd be a revolution in britain. Britain thought france was bankrupt, weak, and on the verge of civil war. A loose anti-french alliance created by britain. Dumouriez lost so he conspired with the Austrians to win back the convention. Army alliance questioned. Carnot joined the committee of public safety. CPS. His contribution was reorganising the army, Re-establishing discipline, leading by example in military engagements The Vendee Rebellion. winter 1792-3 counter-revolution had collapsed. was Anti not counter. Peasants were not pleased where the revolution was going (like civil constitution of the clergy and selling of french land). Did guerrilla warfare. Economic issues, assignat fallen by 50%. Harvest good but scarce. The republic saved. The allies blunder saved france |
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Summary the republic at war 1792-3 |
1792 War: Military crisis, Battle of valmy At home: September massacres 1793 War: Decrees of fraternity, Annexations, Declaration of war on britain and holland, war went badly At home: Popular discontent, Vendee Rebellion |
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Emergence of government by terror |
Journee of 31 may to 2 june 1793, girondin deputies arrested, Robespierre executed with his supporters in july 1794 Political crisis, republic's internal and external enemies. Montagnards and SC drew closer, shred hatred but they were responsible for war & dumouriez. The machinery of the terror, mounting crisis, military defeat, civil war, economic problems, anti-republican opposition. They wanted to punish suspects, make sure orders were carried out, meet some of SC's economic demands. Committee of general security, overall responsibility for police security, surveillance and spying. Revolutionary tribunal to get suspects. Summary execution decree, any rebels with arms could be executed. Committee of public safety 6 apr 1793, supervise and speed up the activities of ministers. Depended on support from convention. Revolutionary tribunals, representatives-on-mission, watch committees, the CPS and the summary execution decree - were vital machinery in the terror Overthrow of the Girondins, 2 June 80,000 NG demanded the expulsion of Girondins and a maximum price imposed on all essential goods. They agreed. Following the purge, Charlotte corday assassinated Marat in belief it'd end the revolution. Federal revolt, Montagnards did Federalism against the unity of republic, war, government resources. The new committee of public safety, Robespierre key member. expected to provide link MC and SC. He was however too self-righteous. a moral fanatic. |
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Summary Emergence of government by terror |
War crisis 1792-3 - Civil war in the Vendee 1793 - Overthrow and execution of Louis 1792-3 - Military defeats - September massacres 1792 CGS established Federal revolt CPS established Overthrow of Girondins Government by terror 1793-4 |
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Dominance of sans culottes |
Largely consequence of the war. They stormed the bastille, brought the king to paris during october days. NG kept them under control After Champs De Mars Massacres they grew in militancy. Brought Jacobins to power. . Hated aristocracy . Equality . Red caps, associated with freed slaves . passionate anti-clericalism . direct democracy The Paris Sections were all controlled by a small minority of militants, exercised their own power, not government. They supported gov on basic issues, not aristocracy or war. Jacobins in power because of them, economic concessions, a maximum, hoarding an offence. Fight the war effectively, part of levee en masse. The levee en masse marked the appearance of total war. half a million called to war, church bells melted for cannons. Gov took control of foreign trade. |
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summary of SC |
Under control of NG - 1789 Important role in revolution - 1792 Growing influence as national guard opened up Dominant position in control of paris - 1793 Responsible for Journee which brought Jacobins to power - 1794 Results were new constitution, levee en masse, economic concessions |
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Impact of the terror |
The Enrages, assignat below a third of its worth, grain reduced by three quarters bc of drought. Enrages demanded the convention to do something for the starving, wanted economic terror and death of hoarders. Robespierre wanted to destroy him. The armee revolutionnaire wanted: . To ensure food supplies in paris and provincial cities . round up deserters, hoarders, refractory priests, suspects and rebels . Mobilise national resources . Establish revolutionary justice Economic terror, the general maximum set peasants against each other, bread cost less than production. Political, CPS & CGS centered in paris. The terror in federal revolt, watch committees and representatives-on-mission ad revolutionary armies. Provincial repression, troops shot at peasants, crammed them in prisons, Vendee a wasteland. 16,600 executions in france during the terror. Law of suspects, anyone suspected of counter-revolutionary activity and undermining the republic could be arrested without trial. |
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Summary impact of the terror |
Repression - Enrages - Religious terror - Economic terror - Armee revolutionnaire - Political terror |
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Dictatorship of CPS |
. Federal revolts crushed . Food supplies to towns . Assignat value rising Law of revolutionary government, law of frimaire established revolutionary government. CGS more responsible CPS more power. Brought end of anarchy, broke the SC power, strong government. |
