Aqa Additional Physics

Front 1

What does the gradient of the line on a distance-time graph represent?

Back 1

An objects speed.

Front 2

Definition of velocity.

Back 2

Speed in a given direction.

Front 3

How do you work out acceleration?

Back 3

Front 4

What does the area under the line on a velocity time graph represent?

Back 4

The distance travelled in a given time.

Front 5

Definition of acceleration.

Back 5

The change of velocity in a given direction.
(Speeding up, slowing down, changing direction)

Front 6

Unit of force.

Back 6

Newton.
(N)

Front 7

What is a resultant force?

Back 7

The overall force.
Biggest force - smallest force = resultant force.

Front 8

Factors stopping stopping distance.
(7)

Back 8

Tiredness, alcohol, drugs, mobile phones, adverse road conditions, poorly maintained vehicles and if the vehicle is travelling quickly.

Front 9

Equation for stopping distance.

Back 9

stopping distance = thinking distance + breaking distance

Front 10

What is terminal velocity?

Back 10

Equal forces acting on an object, meaning it can no longer travel any faster.
eg. air resistance and gravity acting on a falling object.

Front 11

What is Hooke's Law?

Back 11

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied, provided its limit of proportionality is not exceeded.

Front 12

Definition of work done.

Back 12

Energy transferred. Work is done when a force makes an object move.

Front 13

What is gravitational potential energy?

Back 13

Energy stored in an object because of its position in the Earth's gravitational field.
The higher an object is, the more gravitational potential energy it has.

Front 14

What is momentum?

Back 14

The product of moving objects.
More mass = more momentum
Smaller product = more momentum

Front 15

What is conservation of momentum?

Back 15

Total momentum stays the same.
momentum before = momentum after.
Momentum has a size and direction.

Front 16

What happens to the momentum in an explosion?

Back 16

When two objects push each other apart, they move apart:
- with different speeds if they have unequal masses
- with equal and opposite momentum so their total momentum is zero
One direction is defined as positive, so the opposite momentum is negative.

Front 17

What is a crumple zone?

Back 17

An area of a car that is designed to fold in a collision. This increases the impact time so reduces the force on the car and then people in it.

Front 18

What happens when two vehicles collide?
(Forces and momentum)

Back 18

- They exert equal and opposite forces on each other
- Their total momentum is unchanged

Front 19

What do seat belts and air bags do to forces in a crash?

Back 19

They spread the force out over the biggest area of the body, the chest, to reduce the impact of these forces.

Front 20

How do you reduce impact force?
(2)

Back 20

- Increase distance
- Increase time

Front 21

What was the universe before galaxies and stars formed?

Back 21

Floating matter of hydrogen and helium.

Front 22

How are galaxies and stars formed?

Back 22

By gravity pulling the matter together. (Hydrogen and helium)

Front 23

What is a protostar?

Back 23

A dense ball of hot gas and dust that can go on to develop a star.

Front 24

Life cycle of a low mass star.

Back 24

Protostar - main sequence star - red giant - white dwarf, black dwarf.

Front 25

Life cycle of a high mass star.
(think of the sun)

Back 25

Protostar - main sequence star - red supergiant - supernova - neutron star - black hole.

Front 26

How are light elements formed?

Back 26

Inside the stars as a result of nuclear fusion.

Front 27

How are heavy elements formed?

Back 27

In supernovas.

Front 28

How was the sun and the rest of the solar system formed?

Back 28

From the debris of a supernova.

Front 29

Why does your hair stand up with you touch a Van de Graff generator?

Back 29

Because the electrons are trying to escape and your hair is the easiest way to get out if you're stood on a plastic box, otherwise the electrons will just escape to the ground.

Front 30

Circuit symbol for bulb.

Back 30

Front 31

Circuit symbol for switch.

Back 31

Front 32

Circuit symbol for voltmeter.

Back 32

Front 33

Circuit symbol for ammeter.

Back 33

Front 34

Circuit symbol for battery.

Back 34

Front 35

Circuit symbol for cell.

Back 35

Front 36

Circuit symbol for resistor.

Back 36

Front 37

Circuit symbol for variable resistor.

Back 37

Front 38

Circuit symbol for diode.

Back 38

Front 39

Circuit symbol for thermistor.

Back 39

Front 40

Circuit symbol for fuse.

Back 40

Front 41

Circuit symbol for LDR resistor.

Back 41

Front 42

Definition of current.

Back 42

Flow of charged particles. (electrons)

Front 43

What is a parallel circuit?

Back 43

The current has a choice of roots. The current will go down the easiest path, it may split at a junction.
The voltage will always be the same across each component. eg. the battery is 4 volts, each bulb will have 4 volts.

Front 44

What is a series circuit?

Back 44

There is the same current through each component.
The total potential difference of the supply is shared between the components.

Front 45

What is resistance?

Back 45

Anything that will resist a current. Its measured in Ohms.

Front 46

Resistance rules for series circuits.

Back 46

Total resistance = resistance one + resistance two + resistance three...

Front 47

Resistance rules for parallel circuits.

Back 47

1/total resistance = 1/resistance one + 1/resistance two + 1/resistance three...

Front 48

What is a a.c current?

Back 48

A current which is constantly changing direction. It flows one way, then reverses its direction. This is in cycles.

Front 49

What is a d.c current?

Back 49

The current passes in one direction. This is direct from a battery or cell.

Front 50

What is mains electricity supply?
(a.c or d.c)
(what voltage/hertz?)

Back 50

a.c
50 hertz
230 volts

Front 51

What colour is the earth wire?

Back 51

Green and yellow.

Front 52

What is the brown wire on a three pin plug?

Back 52

Live wire.

Front 53

What is the blue wire on a three pin plug?

Back 53

Neutral wire.

Front 54

What is a fuse?

Back 54

A thin wire that heats up and melts if too much current passes through.
The fuse should always be in series with the live wire, so if the fuse blows, the appliance is cut off from the live wire.

Front 55

What is a circuit breaker?

Back 55

Can be used in place of a fuse. There is a switch that opens and cuts off the supply if the current is bigger than a certain value. It 'trips'.

Front 56

What are the three main types of radiation?

Back 56

Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiation.

Front 57

What is background radiation?

Back 57

Radiation that is around us all the time. This can be from radioactive substances in the environment, x rays, from space.

Front 58

In alpha decay, what happens to the nucleus? What particle is emitted?

Back 58

The nucleus loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons. These are emitted as alpha particles.

Front 59

In beta decay, what happens to the nucleus? What particle is emitted?

Back 59

A neutron changes into a proton and an electron. The electron is emitted as a beta particle.

Front 60

How is a alpha particle represented?

Back 60

Front 61

How is a beta particle represented?

Back 61

Front 62

What is alpha radiation stopped by?

Back 62

Paper or a few centimetres of air.

Front 63

What is beta radiation stopped by?

Back 63

Thin metal or about a metre of air.

Front 64

What is gamma radiation stopped by?

Back 64

Thick lead and unlimited range in air.

Front 65

When is a gamma (y) particle emitted?

Back 65

After an alpha or beta particle has been emitted. Its uncharged and has no mass.

Front 66

How do you work out the half life?

Back 66

Half the largest number produced.
eg, the half life of 600 would be 300, then 150, then 75, ect.

Front 67

Name one way alpha, beta and gamma radiation can be used in industry.

Back 67

Alpha - used in smoke alarms.
Beta and gamma - used as tracers in medicine. Its progress around the body can be detected and measured from outside the body.

Front 68

What is Nuclear Fission?

Back 68

Occurs in Uranium 235/Plutonium 239. The splitting of an atomic nucleus. This releases three neutrons. These go on to strike more uranium atoms. This is a chain reaction.
Control rods are needed to soak up some of these extra neutrons so the chain reaction doesn't get out of control.

Front 69

What is Nuclear Fusion?

Back 69

Forcing two nuclei close enough together so they form a single larger nucleus. Two protons collide, one turns into a neutron (1). Two more protons collide separately with these (1) atoms. It produces helium which is now useless, but the energy it produces is not useless.
This is what happens in the sun and stars. Two hydrogen atoms react to produce a helium atom.