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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe covalent bonding |
Atoms share a pair of electrons in their outer shell |
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describe ionic bonding |
ions with opposite charges attract one another this is electrostatic attraction |
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describe hydrogen bonding |
electrons within a molecule are not evenly distributed but tend to spend more time at one position |
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what is the evidence of evoultion |
different organism share biochemistry and they contain the same groups of carbon based of compounds |
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describe condensation |
a reaction forms a chemical bond between monomers releasing a molecule of water |
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describe hydrolysis |
a reaction breaks the chemical bond between monomers using a water molecule |
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describe metabolism |
all the chemical processes that take place in living organism are collectively |
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what are monosaccharides |
sweet tasting soluble substances that have the general formula (CH2O)n and they are monomers for carbonhydrate |
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all carbohydrate have.. |
carbon hydrogen oxygen |
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what are isomers |
molecules with the same molecular formula but atoms connected in different ways |
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what does an alpha glucose look like |
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what does a beta glucose look like |
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describe the test for reducing sugar |
1. Add 2cm3 of the sample in test tube but grind it first 2. add an equal amount of Benedict's reagent 3.heat the mixture gently and if solution turns red then reducing sugar is present |
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how is a disaccharide formed |
2 monosaccharides join together |
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glucose+glucose= |
maltose |
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glucose+fructose= |
sucrose |
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glucose+galactose |
lactose |
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test for non-reducing sugar |
1. add 2cm3 of the sample in the test tube 2. add an equal amount of Benedict's reagent 3.warm the test tube gently 4.if there's no change add HCl acid to hydrolyses any disaccharide 5. Add sodium hydrogen carbonate to neutralise the acid 6.heat again and if it change colour then sugar is present |
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what are polysaccarides |
polymers formed by combining together many monosaccharide molecules |
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test for starch |
1.place sample in test tube 2.add iodine 3 if it turned black/purple then starch is present |
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where is starch found |
in plants |
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describe the structure of amylose |
long, unbranched chain of alpha glucose, angles of gylcosidic bonds give it a coiled structure which makes it compact so it can store more things in small space |
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describe the structure of amylopectin |
long branched- side branches allow the enzymes that break down the molecule to get gylcosidic bonds easily so it gets there quickly |
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where is glycogen found |
animal cells |
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describe the structure of glycogen |
lots of branches so it means that glucose can be stored and can be released quickly compact molecules |
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describe the structure of cellulose |
long unbranched chains of beta glucose when beta glucose molecule bond they form straight cellulose chains cellulose chains are linked together by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils |
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all lipids have... |
proportion of oxygen to carbon and hydrogen is smaller than in carbohydrates contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen insoluble in water they are soluble in organic solvents |
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role of lipids |
source of energy waterproofing insulation protect |
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what does a triglycerides look like |
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what does fatty acids look like |
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what is the difference between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids |
saturated don't have any double bonds and unsaturated does |
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how is the structure of triglyceride related to their properties |
have low mass:energy ratio-good storage molecules are large and non polar-insoluble high ratio hydrogen:oxygen atoms so releases water when oxidized high ratio of energy-strong carbon-hydrogen bonds:carbon atoms so excellent source of energy |
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what does phospholipid look like |
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where are phospholipid found |
in cell surface membrane |
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how is the structure of phopholipid related to their properties |
polar molecules -in an aqueous environment , phoslipid molecule form a bi layer with cell-surface membrane hydrophobic barriers is formed between the inside and outside of a cell hydrophilics heads help to to hold at surface of cell-surface membrane structure allows them to form gylcolipids by combing with carbohydrates within cell-surface membrane |
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test for lipids |
add ethanol and then add water if it turned cloudy then lipids is present |
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in the lipid test why is the solution cloudy |
light passing through the emulsion is refracted as it passes from oil droplets to water droplets making appear cloudy |
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what is the monomer of protien |
amino acid |
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how many amino acids are there |
20 amino acids |
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what does protein look like |
fill it later |
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describe primary sturcutre |
sequence of amino acid in specific order in polypeptide chain |
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describe secondary structure |
hydrogen bonds form between amino acids in the chain alpha helix beta pleated sheets |
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describe tertiary strucutre |
coiled or folded chain of amino acid is often coiled and folded even further hydrogen and ionic bonds and disulfide bridges are present and 3D shape |
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what is disulfide bridges |
they form when 2 molecules of amino acid cysteine bond to sulfur atom in the other atom |
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describe Quaternary structure |
more than 1 polypeptide chain and 3d shape |
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test for protiens |
1.add sodium hydroxide solution 2.add copper (2) sulfate solution 3.f it turns purple protein is present |
