Apush Unit 5

Front 1

“New South” ideology

Back 1

-increased involvement in commerce
-South incresed textile-producing capacity; tobacco industry and construction of RRs

Front 2

South seen as good place for industry

Back 2

b/c of low wages; many northerners invested in these industries; South still relatively poor and that was mainly due to weak agriculture

Front 3

Sharecropping and tenant farming

Back 3

many blacks and poor whites forced into this system of agriculture in which they worked land and gave part of their harvests to landlords and creditors

(crop-lien system)

Front 4

Jim Crow laws

Back 4

state-level segregation laws based on race

Front 5

requirements for blacks to vote

Back 5

literary requirements, grandfather clauses, poll taxes

Front 6

Plessy v. Ferguson

Back 6

“separate but equal” facilities were constitutional under equal protection clause of 14th Amendment; in reality, there were separate and Unequal

Front 7

The Birth of a Nation

Back 7

D.W. Griffith

Front 8

Great Migration

Back 8

many blacks moved to Northern cities to escape this discrimination and poverty and in search of jobs; early 20th C; 7 mil African Americans

Front 9

Ida B. Wells

Back 9

-newspaper, Free Speech
-helped found NAACP

Front 10

Tuskegee Institute

Back 10

vocational school in AL Booker T. Washington founded

Front 11

Atlanta Compromise

Back 11

way to equality is moderation and through vocational education and economic success not legal status
-accepted social segregation and was not that threatening thus popular to whites

( Booker T. Washington)

Front 12

W. E.B. DuBois

Back 12

-opposed Washington’s views; thought they were too slow
-African Americans need immediate and FULL political, social, economic equality

Front 13

Niagara Movement

Back 13

aim of securing full equality for blacks; eventually fed into NAACP

(W. E.B. DuBois)

Front 14

NAACP

Back 14

-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
-push gov’t for legal equality and fair treatment

Front 15

Problems for farmers

Back 15

-One-crop economy
-Deflation (harder to pay back)
-natural disasters
-inflated taxes
-high prices for things like machinery, fertilizer, RR transport

Front 16

Farmers Organize

Back 16

-Greenback Party
-Grange
-Farmer’s Alliance
-Populist Party or People’s Party

Front 17

Grange

Back 17

-original objective was bringing together farmers through social, educational activities
-eventually sought to work together to improve farmers’ livelihood by organizing their own stores called cooperatives, warehouses

Front 18

Oliver Kelley

Back 18

leadership of the Grange

Front 19

Munn v. Illinois

Back 19

states could regulate businesses of a public nature, such as RRs

Front 20

Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific RR Company vs. Illinois

Back 20

individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

Front 21

Interstate Commerce Act

Back 21

-regulated RRs by requiring them to have “reasonable and just” rates and by setting up the ICC which had the power to investigate and prosecute unfair practices

Front 22

Farmer’s Alliance

Back 22

-socializing and use cooperative buying/selling to break grip of RR and manufacturers
-weakened itself by excluding landless tenant farmers, sharecroppers, blacks

Front 23

Populist Party or People’s Party

Back 23

- formed in early 1890s out of Alliance
-a political party who direct election of senators, nationalizing RR

Front 24

who was behind the The Frontier Thesis

Back 24

Frederick Jackson Turner

Front 25

The Frontier Thesis was

Back 25

reckless American settlement had defined American character and had a high standard of living.

Front 26

#1 reason for moving to the west?

Back 26

RR's

Front 27

Transcontinental RR

Back 27

-being built by immigrants and African Americans
-Finished at Promontory Point, Utah

Front 28

6 reasons for moving westward.

Back 28

-RR's
-Mining
-Eastern capital
- Cattle industry
- Homesteaders
- Exodusters

Front 29

Eastern capital

Back 29

big compaines and rich men had control of mines

Front 30

Cattle industry

Back 30

-spurred by decreasing supply of beef in older states and availability of RRs to transport
-range wars w/ farmers and cowboys over land (grass)

Front 31

Homesteaders

Back 31

free land in West to those who would live on and farm it made possible by the homestead Act

Front 32

Exodusters

Back 32

African Americans who moved West (generally from the South)

Front 33

with increased westward movement, the policy of pushing Native Americans further west

Back 33

ended

Front 34

Native Americans were being forced to live in

Back 34

reservations

Front 35

“buffalo soldiers”

Back 35

wars/fighting between Native American tribes and U.S. forces

Front 36

Sand Creek Massarce

Back 36

Cheyenne were killed (200)

Front 37

“I will fight no more.”

Back 37

Chief Joseph

Front 38

Treaty of Fort Laramie

Back 38

Sioux agreed to live on reservation along Missouri River

Front 39

Mexicans are moved into

Back 39

barrios; segregated lands

Front 40

Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse demolished...

Back 40

George Custer and his army at Battle of Little Big Horn

Front 41

Massacre at Wounded Knee

Back 41

marked end of Indian wars

Front 42

Helen Hunt Jackson

Back 42

A Century of Dishonor

Front 43

Grant est’d

Back 43

Board of Indian Commissioners

Front 44

Dawes Severalty Act

Back 44

offer of citizenship to Indians, land for farming and -grazing for each family
-disregarded Indian culture (“Kill the Indian and save the man” -Pratt)

Front 45

“Captains of industry”

Back 45

innovative entrepreneurs who led the development of business

Front 46

“Robber baron”

Back 46

millionaires who were viewed as using unfair practices to gain riches at the expense of others

Front 47

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Back 47

RR

Front 48

Andrew Carnegie

Back 48

steel

Front 49

John D. Rockefeller

Back 49

oil

Front 50

J.P. Morgan

Back 50

banking

Front 51

James Duke

Back 51

tobacco

Front 52

Vertical integration

Back 52

-Carnegie
-combining all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing into one corporation
-(no middlemen = bigger profits)

Front 53

Horizontal integration

Back 53

-Rockefeller
-join w/ competitors to gain a monopoly over a single industry;
-led to trusts in which stockholders in smaller companies assigned their stock to a board of directors of one trust and those companies left out of trust agreement were forced out of business
Example: Standard Oil Company

Front 54

Mergers

Back 54

-merging of 4 leading tobacco competitors
-Big business justified by argument that this wealth was -deserved and would “trickle down”
-enabled U.S. to bypass Britain in industry and increased wealth of country
Example: American Tobacco Company

Front 55

National Labor Union

Back 55

-founded by William Sylvis
- collection of craft unions; excluded almost all blacks – Colored National Labor Union

Front 56

Molly Maguires

Back 56

labor union/secret Irish society that used guerilla tactics against mine owners in 1870s

Front 57

Knights of Labor

Back 57

Uriah Stephens and Terence Powderly became a nat’l fed of unions
-included skilled and unskilled workers, men and women, blacks and whites

Front 58

Samuel Gompers

Back 58

American Federation of Labor (AFL)
-accepted capitalist system and worked for change w/in it

Front 59

Social Darwinism

Back 59

Herbert Spencer and William Sumner

Front 60

______________________

Back 60

____________________________________________________________________________

Front 61

What best defines the Progressive Movement?

Back 61

middle-class response to industrialization and urbanization

Front 62

reforms were adopted during the Progressive era EXCEPT

Back 62

federal anti-lynching law

Front 63

Panic of 1873

Back 63

-led to increase in labor strife
-caused by over investments and poorly-backed loans
-led many ppl to blame depression on demonetization of silver

Front 64

Haymarket Square Riot

Back 64

-7 were sentenced to death
-consequently membership in Knights plummeted

Front 65

Panic of 1893

Back 65

-Jacob Coxey organized group known as Coxey’s Army to march in D.C. to press Congress to put them to work on RR and public works; they were arrested
-caused by overbuilding, speculation, and agriculture depression

Front 66

American Railway Union

Back 66

Eugene V. Debs

Front 67

Pullman Strike

Back 67

American Railway Union workers would not run any trains w/ Pullman cars; rail traffic paralyzed; President Cleveland sent in fed troops (against the workers)

Front 68

Industrial Ladies’ Garment Workers Union

Back 68

Pauline Newman (16 yr. old)

Front 69

Anthracite (hard) Coal Strike of 1902

Back 69

miners received more pay for fewer hours; the owners got a --higher price for coal
-first labor episode in which the federal government intervened as a neutral arbitrator.

Front 70

Industrial Workers of the World

Back 70

led by “Big” Bill Haywood (wobblies)

Front 71

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

Back 71

Bring public attention to the worker's conditions

Front 72

Old Immigrants

Back 72

-Pre-1871;
- North and Western Europe (Britain, Ireland, Germany, Sweden, Norway)

Front 73

New Immigrants

Back 73

-1871-1921
- Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Poland, Greece, Russia, Hungary, Yugoslavia) and Asia (China and Japan)
-called “new” to contrast them w/ “old” immigrants who were viewed as superior

Front 74

Mills/factories

Back 74

NE and clothing industry
– NYC; made-up 70% of workforce

Front 75

Mines

Back 75

in the East (Slavs, Poles, and Italians)

Front 76

Working conditions

Back 76

Better but now workers are just "machines"

Front 77

Groups that tended to favor immigration

Back 77

business leaders, manufacturers, political bosses

Front 78

Ethnic neighborhoods

Back 78

eventually led to growth of an immigrant middle class

Front 79

Nativism

Back 79

-favoritism toward native-born Americans
-growth of Know-Nothing Party and opposed to open immigration

Front 80

Groups that tended to be anti-immigration

Back 80

labor unions, nativists, social Darwinists

Front 81

Urbanization:
A. Definition
B. Factors that fueled it
C. New advances

Back 81

A:growth/development of cities and the surrounding areas
B:industrial growth brought jobs there, which brought people and RRs
C:needs led to development of public services like sewage and water systems and public mass transit

Front 82

Political Machines

Back 82

- pay offs of local officials in order to secure contacts (graft) became so popular it was a necessary part of business
built political machines to rig elections
-William “Boss” Tweed’s Tammany Hall in NYC

Front 83

Hull House

Back 83

Jane Addams

Front 84

Christian Science

Back 84

- Mary Baker Eddy
-true practice of Christianity heals sickness

Front 85

Family size decreased with?

Back 85

urbanization. because children became a burden and new birth control came out

Front 86

New Woman

Back 86

increasing numbers of college educated women

Front 87

Margaret Sanger

Back 87

birth control _________________________________________________

Front 88

anarchist Emma Goldman

Back 88

free love

Front 89

Wyoming becomes 1st state to grant ?

Back 89

women suffrage in 1869

Front 90

Anthony Comstock

Back 90

-Thought that the city life lead to the destruction of American culture

Front 91

“Comstock” law

Back 91

which prohibited transport of obscene/lewd materials/pics

Front 92

Anti-Saloon League

Back 92

Carrie Nation

Front 93

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

Back 93

Francis Willard

Front 94

John Dewey

Back 94

pragmatism -stress on practicality of ideas and gaining truth through experimentation

Front 95

Pulitzer and Hearst

Back 95

major publishers whose papers focused on sensational stories of crime/disasters and exposes on corruption ("yellow journalism")

Front 96

Ida Tarbell’s

Back 96

- exposing Rockefeller’s oil business
-The History of the Standard Oil Company

Front 97

Lincoln Steffens’

John Spargo’s

Back 97

The Shame of the Cities

The Bitter Cry of the Children

Front 98

“Realism” movement

Back 98

form of thinking that highlighted objectivity and skepticism and saw disconnect between Constitutional principles and way the gov’t was actually operating

Front 99

Mark Twain

Back 99

mixed realism and humor

Front 100

Stephen Crane

Back 100

realist author who wrote about fear and war in Red Badge of Courage

Front 101

Mary Cassatt

Back 101

-impressionism

Front 102

Frank Lloyd Wright

Back 102

harmony between building and natural surroundings

Front 103

P.T. Barnum and James Bailey’s

Back 103

Greatest show on Earth

Front 104

Gilded Age

Back 104

3 decades post-Civil War of corruption, conspicuous consumption; coined by Twain

Front 105

Republicans came from where? goals?

Back 105

Midwest, rural NE, blacks, business, Northern Protestants;

gov’t should regulate econ/moral affairs and encourage modernization

Front 106

Democratics came from where? goals?

Back 106

immigrants, Catholics, Southerners, industrial cities;

gov’t should not impose moral code

Front 107

party bosses and industry leaders had

Back 107

the most powers

Front 108

Gold Resumption Act

Back 108

discontinued silver coinage___________________________________________________________________________

Front 109

Free silver or Greenback

Back 109

-paper money
-farmers/miners: would increase amount of $ in circulation, inflation, so they could more easily pay off loans

Front 110

Bland-Allison Act

Back 110

remonetized silver

Front 111

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Back 111

Treasury would purchase lots of silver; however, much of it was not coined and most ppl redeemed silver for gold thus causing gold supply to plunge which could lead to unreliable currency and cripple U.S. trade internationally
-gets repealed by Cleveland

Front 112

William Jennings Bryan

Back 112

-“Cross of Gold”
-seen as champion of plain people; he opposed Wall Street, banks, and RRs

Front 113

Gold Standard Act

Back 113

U.S. went completely to gold standard

Front 114

Election of 1896 main issue?

Back 114

will the government coin sliver or not?

Front 115

Ulysses S. Grant

6 things

Back 115

“Black Friday”
Tweed Ring
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Whiskey Ring
Gold Resumption Act
Panic of 1873

Front 116

Tweed Ring

Back 116

exposed evidence of corruption; Boss Tweed jailed

Front 117

Rutherford B. Hayes

2 things

Back 117

-Comp. of 1877 (ended Reconstruction)
- Bland-Allison Act

Front 118

Half-breeds

Back 118

leader: James Blaine

Goal: flirted w/ civil service reform, but still somewhat corrupt

Front 119

Stalwart

Back 119

Leader:Roscoe Conkling

Goal: embraced patronage

Front 120

Mugwumps

Back 120

Reps who shifted support to Cleveland due to Blaine’s corrupt dealings w/ business

Front 121

McKinley Tariff Act

Back 121

highest peacetime tariff ever; hurt farmers who had to buy manufactured goods at high prices and sell their crops into competitive world market; rise in Farmer’s Alliance

Front 122

Dingley Act

Back 122

increased tariff in response to Wilson-Gorman Tariff

Front 123

Socialism

Back 123

-believed in transfer of industry control from a few Robber Barons to the masses of laborers

-gov’t takeover as a way to prevent elites from controlling society

Front 124

Socialist Party of America

Back 124

Eugene Debs

Front 125

Progressivism

Back 125

aimed to improve conditions for masses and viewed gov’t as avenue for these reforms

unlike Socialists, they only wanted to limit capitalism, not eliminate it

Front 126

Progressivism goals:

Back 126

-Gov’t controlled by THE PEOPLE
-Guaranteed econ opportunities through gov’t regulation
-End to social injustices

Front 127

Trustbusters

Back 127

Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson

Front 128

City Commissioner

Back 128

control shifted from mayor and aldermen to city commissioners who each governed part of the city

elected

Front 129

City Manager

Back 129

city commissioners set policy, but it had to approved by a city manager

appointed

Front 130

Initiative

Referendum

Recall

Back 130

voters in a state could propose legislation

voters could propose laws, placed on ballots

voters could remove gov’t officials who had betrayed their trust

Front 131

had made citizenship process more difficult

Back 131

Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization

Front 132

NAWSA strategy: gain suffrage state-by-state

Back 132

1st Wyoming

Front 133

Carrie Chapman Catt

Back 133

president of NAWSA

Front 134

Alice Paul

Back 134

-founded Congressional Union/National Woman’s Party

-accomplished goal in 1920 w/ 19th Amendment

Front 135

Sherman Anti-trust Act

Back 135

to break up a monopoly gaining him nickname “trust buster”

Front 136

“Square Deal”

Back 136

Limited power of trusts; Promoted public health/safety; Improved working conditions; Environmental conservation

Front 137

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Back 137

did not reduce tariff, angering progressives

Front 138

Federal Reserve Act

Back 138

reform banks

Front 139

Mann Act

Back 139

prohibited transportation of women across states lines for “immoral purposes”

Front 140

Muller v. Oregon

Back 140

SC upheld laws protecting women workers due to evidence of harmful effects of factory labor on women’s “weaker bodies"