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84 Cards in this Set
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Mayflower Compact
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The Mayflower Compact was an agreement among the Pilgrims of Plymouth Plantation (1620) to establish a body politic and to obey the rules of the governors they chose. The compact was signed by all adult males before their ship reached land.
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Mercantilism
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Mercantilism was a loose system of economic organization designed, through a favorable balance of trade, to guarantee the economic self-sufficiency of the British empire and the growth of its wealth and power.Mercantilists advocated possession of colonies as places where the mother country could acquire raw materials not available at home.
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Common Sense
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written by Thomas Paine, called for complete American independence, attacked George III and the idea of monarchy, said that America had the power to create new gov't, it was their natural right. Greatly affected public opinion, mad citizens want to revolt against Britian and begin their own nation.
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Thomas Paine, inspired American Revolution
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Salem Witch trials
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a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court trials to prosecute people accused of witchcraft in Essex, Suffolk, and Middlesex Counties of colonial Massachusetts, between February 1692 and May 1693. Over 150 people were arrested and imprisoned, with even more accused who were not formally pursued by the authorities. The two courts convicted twenty-nine people of the capital felony of witchcraft. Nineteen of the accused, fourteen women and five men, were hanged. One man (Giles Cory) who refused to enter a plea was crushed to death under heavy stones in an attempt to force him to do so. At least five more of the accused died in prison.
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John Locke
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politial philosopher
helped draft the Fundemental Constitutions for the Carolina Charter most famous idea: "Life,Liberty, and Property" wrote Second Treatise on Government (1690)--property ought never be taken from people without their consent, human liberty can never be secure when arbitrary power of any kind exists |
political philosopher, ideas inspired foundation of american government
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Jonathan Edwards
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Edwards was an American revivalist of the Great Awakening. He was both deeply pious and passionately devoted to intellectual pursuits.
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George Whitefield
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Whitefield was an Anglican minister with great oratorical skills. His emotion-charged sermons were a centerpiece of the Great Awakening in the American colonies in the 1740s.
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Anglo-French conflict in the colonies
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Fighting over power and territory in Americas Best Example: French and Indian War--the English began trading with Miami and Huron Indians who previously traded with the French
The French felt that England was encroaching on their territory Treaty of Paris: FRENCH LOST ALL CLAIM TO TERRITORY IN NORTH AMERICA except 2 small islands near Newfoundland |
French and Indian War
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The Declaration of Independence
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Written by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence justified the American Revolution by reference to republican theory and to the many injustices of King George III toward the colonies. The declaration's indictment of the king provides a remarkably full catalog of the colonists' grievances, and Jefferson's eloquent and inspiring statement of the contract theory of government makes the document one of the world's great state papers.
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Loyalists
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Loyalists (sometimes called Tories) hesitated to take up arms against England. They may have been as much as one-third of the colonists in 1776. Many were royal appointees, Anglican clergymen, or Atlantic merchants. They were poorly organized and of limited help to British armies, but the Patriots persecuted them.
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Shays’ Rebellion
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an armed uprising in Central and Western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787. The rebels, led by Daniel Shays and known as Shaysites (Regulators), were mostly poor farmers angered by crushing debt and taxes. Failure to repay such debts often resulted in imprisonment in debtor's prisons or the claiming of property by the state.
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Bank of the United States
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Tecumseh
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The Shawnee chief Tecumseh organized an Indian confederacy to try to defend Indian land and culture in the Ohio country. In 1811 his confederacy was shattered at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of the Thames during the War of 1812.
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Transportation in the 1820s & 1830s
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Judiciary Act of 1800
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Judiciary Act of 1789
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The Judiciary Act of 1789 giving the Supreme Court the authority to issue a writ of mandamus was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803). It was the first federal law to fall victim to judicial review.
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Lewis and Clark
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President Jefferson commissioned Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory and beyond to the Pacific Coast. Their expedition (1803-1806) brought back a wealth of data about the country and its resources.
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Washington’s first administration
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Jefferson and the Embargo
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Policies of parties: Whig & Democrat
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Compromise of 1850
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The Compromise of 1850 was Congress's attempt to settle several outstanding issues involving slavery. It banned the slave trade, but not slavery in Washington, D.C.; admitted California as a free state; applied popular sovereignty to the remaining Mexican Cession territory; settled the Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute; and passed a more stringent Fugitive Slave Act.
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Wilmot Proviso
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introduced on August 8, 1846, in the United States House of Representatives as a rider on a $2 million appropriations bill intended for the final negotiations to resolve the Mexican-American War. The intent of the proviso, submitted by Democratic Congressman David Wilmot, was to prevent the introduction of slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico. The proviso did not pass in this session or in any other session when it was reintroduced over the course of the next several years, but many consider it as the one of first events on the long slide to secession and Civil War which would accelerate through the 1850s.
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Reasons people moved west
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Denmark Vesey
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Vesey was a South Carolina free black who, in 1822, organized a slave revolt. The plan was exposed and the revolt never occurred, but its exposure frightened southern whites.
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Nat Turner
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In 1831, Nat Turner, a Virginia slave, led a brief, but bloody slave revolt against local whites. When his revolt failed, Turner was captured, tried, and executed. The revolt terrified southern whites.
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Percent of southerners who owned slaves on the eve of the Civil War
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John C. Calhoun
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a leading United States Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. Calhoun was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification. |
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Hinton R. Helper
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a Southern US critic of slavery during the 1850s. In 1857, he published a book which he dedicated to the "nonslaveholding whites" of the South |
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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wrote Uncle Tom's cabin, which attacked the cruelty of slavery. Energized anti-slavery forces in the North and embittered the South.
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How slaves resisted
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Status of free blacks in the North
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Frederick Douglass
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Douglass was a former slave who escaped to the North and became active in the abolitionist movement. He was a determined campaigner against both slavery and racial prejudice.
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John Deere
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Deere was a blacksmith who, in 1839, invented the steel plow. His plow cut easily through the tough and sticky prairie sod of the upper Mississippi Valley and opened it to extensive farming.
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Cyrus McCormick
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McCormick developed a mechanical, horse-drawn reaper that multiplied several times over the acreage of wheat that a farmer could harvest in a given time.
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Thaddeus Stevens
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Pennsylvania Congressman Thaddeus Stevens was the leader of the Radical Republicans in the House of Representatives during the Civil War and Reconstruction. He insisted on making emancipation a war goal, and granting full political and civil rights to blacks.
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Charles Sumner
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Sumner was an abolitionist senator from Massachusetts who, in 1856, was brutally beaten by a proslavery congressmen for his "Crime Against Kansas" speech, an abusive blast against proslavery politicians.
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Know-Nothing Party
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The Know-Nothing (American) party was a nativist, anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic political party organized in the early 1850s in response to the recent flood of Catholic immigrants from Ireland and Germany. The party enjoyed some success in local and state elections in 1854.
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Popular sovereignty and Kansas
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Bleeding Kansas
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The contest between pro and antislavery settlers for control of Kansas Territory provoked violence and bloodshed in 1855. For partisan reasons, President Pierce's administration failed to peacefully implement popular sovereignty in "Bleeding Kansas."
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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an abolitionist, whose novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) attacked the cruelty of slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the U.S. and Britain. It made the political issues of the 1850s regarding slavery tangible to millions, energizing anti-slavery forces in the American North. It angered and embittered the South. The impact is summed up in a commonly quoted statement apocryphally attributed to Abraham Lincoln. When he met Stowe, it is claimed that he said, "So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war!"[1]
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John Brown
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John Brown was a radical abolitionist who violently attacked slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre against proslavery settlers in Kansas in 1856. He also led the Harpers Ferry raid in Virginia in 1859. When he was arrested, tried, and executed for treason, he became a martyr to the abolitionist cause.
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South Carolina and secession
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Provisions of the Confederate Constitution
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The Crittenden Plan
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an unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860–1861 by addressing the concerns that led the states in the Deep South of the United States to contemplate secession. |
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Fort Sumter
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Built on a small island, Fort Sumter was designed to protect the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. When South Carolina seceded in December 1860, the garrison inside Fort Sumter remained loyal to the United States. When the fort's food supplies began to run out, President Lincoln's effort to replenish them generated military reprisal from Confederate forces. The shelling of Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, triggered open warfare between the United States and the Confederate secessionists.
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Union military advantage
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Confederate strategy
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How did the North and the South secure enough troops for the war?
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Lincoln and Davis as presidential leaders during the war
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Battle of Antietam
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The bloodiest one-day battle in U.S. history, Antietam was fought September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland. General Robert E. Lee had invaded Maryland, but was forced to regroup his forces along a hastily formed defensive line after his invasion plans fell into Union hands. The cautious Union commander, General George B. McClellan, delayed his counterattack, which did not go well when finally launched. Both sides lost heavily. Though badly wounded, Lee was allowed to escape back across the Potomac to the safety of Virginia.
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Emancipation Proclamation
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The Emancipation Proclamation went into effect on January 1, 1863. It freed all slaves in areas then in rebellion against the United States (i.e., the Confederacy). It made emancipation a war goal and speeded the destruction of slavery.
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Who was exempted from the draft in the North and South?
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New York City Draft Riot
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In July 1863, whites infuriated by the Conscription Act rampaged through New York City. Most rioters were Irish laborers who feared for their jobs. As the protest escalated into class and racial warfare that had to be quelled by federal troops, over 100 people were killed.
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Battle of Vicksburg
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the final major action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. After two assaults (May 19 and May 22) against the Confederate fortifications were repulsed with heavy casualties, Grant besieged the city from May 25 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union. The Confederate surrender at Vicksburg is sometimes considered, when combined with Robert E. Lee's defeat at Gettysburg the previous day, the turning point of the war.
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Copperheads
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Copperheads were mostly northern Democrats who opposed all measures in support of war against the Confederacy. They wanted a negotiated peace. Republicans also applied the term copperhead to those suspected of aiding the Confederate cause during the Civil War.
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10% Plan
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Abraham Lincoln offered a model for reinstatement of Southern states called the 10 percent Reconstruction plan. It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of voters (as counted in the presidential election of 1860) had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step in the process would be for the states to formally elect a state government. Also, a state legislature could write a new constitution, but it had to abolish slavery forever. At that time, Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government. By 1864, Louisiana and Arkansas had established fully functioning Unionist governments.
This policy was meant to shorten the war by offering a moderate peace plan. It was also intended to further his emancipation policy by insisting that the new governments abolish slavery. Congress reacted sharply to this proclamation of Lincoln's. Republicans feared that the planter aristocracy would be restored and the blacks would be forced back into slavery. Lincoln's reconstructive policy toward the South was lenient because he wanted to popularize his Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln feared that compelling enforcement of the proclamation could lead to the defeat of the Republican Party in the election of 1864, and that popular Democrats could overturn his proclamation. Some Republicans pushed through Congress the Wade-Davis Bill in July of 1864, which outlined more stringent requirements for re-admission. This was pocket-vetoed by Lincoln after it passed. The Radical Republicans opposed Lincoln's plan, as they thought it too lenient towards the South. They wanted more stringent requirements for Southern states' re-admission into the Union. Lincoln, however, chose not to punish the South. He wanted to preserve the Union and start rebuilding the wealth and prosperity of the country. |
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Thirteenth Amendment
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The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) freed the slaves. Ironically, by negating the Three-fifths Clause in the Constitution, it had the effect of increasing the representation of the southern states in Congress. Congressional Republicans balked at this.
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Fourteenth Amendment
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one of the post-Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first intended to secure the rights of former slaves. It was proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified on July 9, 1868.[1]
The amendment provides a broad definition of citizenship, overruling Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) which had excluded slaves and their descendants from possessing Constitutional rights. The amendment requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons within their jurisdictions and was used in the mid-20th century to dismantle racial segregation in the United States, as in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Its Due Process Clause has been the basis of much important and controversial case law regarding privacy rights, abortion (see Roe v. Wade), and other issues. |
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Fifteenth Amendment
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The Fifteenth Amendment (1870) forbade the states to deny the vote to anyone on the account of race, color, or for having been a slave. It was intended to guarantee blacks the right to vote in the South.
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Wade-Davis Bill
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Congress passed the Wade-Davis bill in 1864 as a substitute for Lincoln's ten percent plan. It required a majority of voters in a southern state to take a loyalty oath in order to begin the process of Reconstruction and guarantee black equality. It also required the repudiation of the Confederate debt. The president exercised a pocket veto, and it never became law.
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Tenure of Office Act
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The 1867 Tenure of Office Act prohibited the president from removing any official who had been appointed with the consent of the Senate without obtaining Senate approval. President Johnson challenged the act in 1868 when he dismissed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. For this, the House of Representatives impeached Johnson.
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Black Codes
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Black Codes were special laws passed by southern state and municipal governments immediately after the Civil War. The laws denied many rights of citizenship to free blacks and were designed to control black labor, mobility, and employment, and to get around the Thirteenth Amendment that freed the slaves. The laws outraged northerners.
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Ulysses S. Grant
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In 1864, President Lincoln placed General Grant, victorious commander at Vicksburg, in command of all Union forces. He slowly battered Lee's armies into submission around Richmond in 1864-1865, and received Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. He was elected president in 1868 and 1872. His administration was ridden with scandal.
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Who was disappointed by the 15th Amendment?
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The Ku Klux Klan
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Southerners who objected to congressional Reconstruction policies founded several secret terrorist societies, the Ku Klux Klan was one of these. It was organized in Tennessee in 1866 and became a vigilante group dedicated to driving blacks out of politics by using intimidation and violence.
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Election of 1876
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What revolutionized early (pre-European contact) Native American cultures
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Spain in the 16th century
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English colonization efforts
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Differences between New England and Chesapeake colonies
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Hamilton’s plans for the US
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Why were southerners likely to provide good conditions for their slaves?
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Master-slave relationship versus employer-worker relationship
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German immigrants
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act
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In 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, a proposal to organize the remaining Louisiana Purchase Territory. Since the Missouri Compromise had banned slavery in that territory, his proposal to use popular sovereignty to determine the fate of slavery in the territory outraged northerners. The bill passed, effectively repealing
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The Republican Party: support and 1860 platform
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The Dred Scott Decision
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In the Dred Scott decision (1857), the Supreme Court ruled that blacks were not citizens and could not sue in a federal court, and that Congress had no constitutional authority to ban slavery from a territory, that, in effect, the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. The decision threatened both the central plank of the Republican party platform and the concept of popular sovereignty. Scott, a slave, had brought the lawsuit demanding his freedom based on his residence in a free state and a free territory with his master.
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The Lecompton constitution
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the second of four proposed constitutions for the state of Kansas (it was preceded by the Topeka Constitution and followed by the Leavenworth and Wyandotte).[1] The document was written in response to the anti-slavery position of the 1855 Topeka Constitution of James H. Lane and other free-state advocates.[1] The territorial legislature, consisting mostly of slave-owners, met at the designated capital of Lecompton in September 1857 to produce a rival document.[1] Free-state supporters, who comprised a large majority of actual settlers, boycotted the vote. Buchanan's appointee as territorial governor of Kansas, Robert J. Walker, although a strong defender of slavery, opposed the blatant injustice of the Constitution and resigned rather than implement it.[2] This new constitution enshrined slavery in the proposed state and protected the rights of slaveholders. In addition, the constitution provided for a referendum that allowed voters the choice of allowing more slaves to enter the territory. |
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1860 presidential candidates
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Lincoln’s plans political experience and early plans as president
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Lincoln was a state legislator for 8 years and a U.S. Congressman for 2 years before he was elected president
he wanted to preserve the union antislavery--verbal about this before presidency whig then a republican |
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Border States
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South during the war
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Union diplomatic objectives
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Trent
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In 1861, a U.S. naval vessel intercepted a British ship, the "Trent," and removed two Confederate envoys. This was a clear violation of international law. The British objected and threatened war, but the crisis passed when Lincoln released the two Confederates. |
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