Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Alexis de Toqueville
|
Came to America to see democracy at work. Said big middle class because Am lacks feudal past, thus has no history of aristocracy and serfs, and no institutions that perpetuate inequality thus encourage equality. Wrote Democracy in America, a two-volume study of the American people and their political institutions.
|
|
|
Dorothea Dix
|
Reformist. Early 19th century, devoted herself to campaign to improve care of insane--traveled extensively inspecting asylums, prisons, almshouses, but in long run hopes for reform were not realized.
|
|
|
Waltham System
|
Deteriorated horrendously with influx of immigrants (Irish). Sys introduced by Lowell. Sys where entire process of converting cotton into cloth took place under one roof. Before good treatment w/ women workers and employer, but immigrants work for less, also scorned because Cath, rapport lessened.
|
|
|
Temperance movement
|
Attracted many advocates in early 19th century. Waged national crusade against drunkenness. Advocates used both moral appeals and coercive power of law to reduce consumption of liquor. Considerably successful.
|
|
|
Second Great Awakening
|
Began as an emotional counteroffensive to the deism identified with the Enlightenment. Ministers assaulted Calvinism by stressing the mercy, love, and benevolence of God. Emphasized the ability of people to control their own fate, even to achieve their own salvation.
|
|
|
William Lloyd Garrison
|
Liberator: Radical abolitionist. Called for immediate emancipation of slaves. Racial equality. Confrontational tactics and extremist views repelled moderate abolitionists as well as general public. "The Liberator": an influential abolitionist newspaper by Garrison (called for immediate emancipation and treatment of blacks as equals).
|
|
|
Charles G. Finney
|
Probably the most effective of a number of charismatic evangelists who brought the S. G. Awakening to its crest in early 1830s. Encouraged by listeners to take their salvation into their own hands and preached that salvation was available to anyone. 'Free agent--free will'
|
|
|
Voluntary Association
|
People joining and forming organizations of their accord for a given cause. (ex: Temperance Movement organizations)
|
|
|
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
|
was a leading figure of the Women's rights movement in the United States. With her husband, Henry Stanton, she was also active in the anti-slavery Abolitionist movement. She wrote many of the more important documents and speeches of the movement, and was with Lucretia Mott the primary organizer of the 1848 Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls. In 1851 she met Susan B. Anthony; together, in 1869 they founded the National Woman's Suffrage Association, an organization dedicated to gaining women the right to vote; Stanton was its first president.
|
|
|
Mormons
|
founded in 1827 by Joseph Smith, who was persecuted for his eccentric beliefs and eventually killed by a mob. The sect continued under Brigham Young in 1846, but was forced westward into Salt Lake City, Utah. Known for polygamy.
|
|
|
Seneca Falls Convention 1848
|
held in Seneca Falls, New York on July 19 - July 20, 1848, was the first women's rights convention held in the United States, and as a result is often called the birthplace of the feminist movement.
|
|
|
Susan B. Anthony
|
was an American civil rights leader who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, led the effort to grant women the right to vote in the United States. She took a prominent part in the anti-slavery and temperance movements in New York; She was vice-president-at-large of the National Woman's Suffrage Association from the date of its organization in 1869 until 1892, when she became president.
|
|
|
American Anti-slavery Society
|
Established by the wealthy Tappan brothers in 1831 to push for abolition. Included members like the hot-headed William Garrison and former slave Frederick Douglass. The Grimke sisters, who gave up their Southern-bell lifestyle to petition for abolition, were also controversial lecturers for the society. Helped women discover they must first fight for their own rights.
|
|
|
Auburn System
|
a prison system first implemented in Auburn, New York, that focused on rehabilitating criminals through controlled social interaction.
|
|
|
Philadelphia System
|
the first prison system ever implemented; relied solely upon solitary confinement, which drove many prisoners crazy.
|
|
|
Samuel Howe
|
was a prominent 19th century United States physician, abolitionist, advocate of education for the blind (in 1832 he founds the famous Perkins institute).
|
|
|
Thomas Gallaudet
|
was a communitarian who took responsibility for caring for the physically and mentally disabled and for the rehabilitation of criminals. The work of Thomas Gallaudet in educating deaf people reflects the spirit of the times. Gallaudet's school in Hartford, Connecticut, opened its doors in 1817.
|
|
|
Grimke Sisters
|
Sarah and Angelina Grimke were among the first leading advocates of equal rights for women who began their public careers in the abolitionist movement. They were South Carolinians who abandoned their native state and the domestic sphere to devote themselves to speaking out against slavery. Male objections to the Grimkes' activities soon made them advocates of women's rights.
|
|
|
Frederick Douglas
|
(1817-1895) A self-educated slave who escaped in 1838 from Maryland. Settled in Boston and became an agent of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society and a featured speaker at its public meetings - Douglas became the best-known abolitionist speaker. Douglass insisted that freedom for blacks required not merely emancipation but full equality, social and economic as well as political.
|
|
|
Liberty Party
|
The first abolitionist party organized in 1840; believed in ending slavery.
|
|
|
Manifest Destiny
|
Phrase commonly used in the 1840's and 1850's. It expressed the inevitableness of continued expansion of the U.S. to the Pacific; Americans were God's chosen people. Manifest Destiny Issues: The annexation of Texas and the reoccupation of Oregon. Tariff reform. Polk promoted Manifest Destiny.
|
|
|
“Mr. Polk’s War”
|
1846; Many northerners feared that the war would lead to the expansion of slavery. Lincoln and others felt that Polk had misled Congress about the outbreak of fighting and that the United States was the aggressor. The farther from the Rio Grande, the less popular "Mr. Polk's War" became; in New England opposition was widespread. Polk's design for the war consisted of three parts: 1) clear the Mexicans from Texas and occupy the northern provinces of Mexico, 2) take possession of California and New Mexico, 3) march on Mexico City.
|
|
|
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
|
August 1842; agreement was concluded between. Webster (U.S.) and Ashburton (GB). The treaty settled the Northeast Boundary Dispute, which had caused serious conflicts, such as the Aroostook War. Over 7,000 sq mi of the disputed area, including the Aroostook valley, were given to the United States, and several waterways, including the St. Johns River, were opened to free navigation by both countries. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty also settled the disputed position of the U.S.-Canada border in the Great Lakes region.
|
|
|
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalg
|
1848; Trist negotiated this treaty after ignoring Polk’s recall to go home becuz he realized that no one in authority would be left in Mexico if he didn’t hurry since the Mexican government was disintegrating. This treaty required Mexico to cede the American Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S. U.S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that it would not look like conquest.
|
|
|
Oregon Trail
|
began at the western border of Missouri and followed the Kansas River and the Platte River past Fort Laramie to the Rockies. It crossed the Continental Divide by the relatively easy South Pass then ran through the valley of the Columbia to Fort Vancouver, a British post guarding the entrance to the Willamette Valley. It was a path followed by pioneers traveling to Oregon in the 1840s in a spirit of manifest destiny.
|
|
|
Free Soil Party
|
A combination of the anti-slavery faction of the Whig Party and the Liberty Party; ran the Wilmot Proviso as their platform and Van Buren as their candidate in the election of 1848. Also known as the Barnburners (they were willing to burn down the barn to get rid of the rats); they were their own party because the Van Buren wing of the Democrats didn’t like Cass because he was willing to allow slavery in the new territories and because he led the nomination of Polk in the 1844 election
|
|
|
Election of 1844
|
Candidates Clay (Whig) and Van Buren (Democrat) agree to not discuss the slavery/Texas issue; this leaks out and so Calhoun and the Southern Democrats no longer supported Van Buren. Instead they picked Polk, who ran under a manifest destiny campaign. Clay waffled on the issue, and the conscience Whigs formed the anti-slavery Liberty Party, running Birney as their candidate. In NY he took away enough votes from Clay so that Polk won.
|
|
|
“54-40 or Fight”
|
Polk’s campaign slogan in the 1844 election; reflected the spirit of manifest destiny by saying that we should re-annex Texas “(implying that it had been part of the Louisiana Purchase) and that all of Oregon be "reoccupied" (suggesting that the joint occupation of the region with Great Britain, which had been agreed to in the Convention of 1818, be abrogated).” 54º 40’ N is actually in southern Canada, the line to which Polk wanted the U.S. border extended
|
|
|
Young America
|
part of the ideals including manifest destiny and aggressive foreign policy, emphasizing nationalism and the ideas of democracy, individuality, and freedom; characterized by the push west and the championing of America, not ancient Rome
|
|
|
John Slidell
|
Was sent by Polk in Nov. 1846 to negotiate with Mexico, who refused to sell the disputed territory (the US said the boundary was the Rio Grande; Mexico said it was the Nucces River, to the north). Then there was a military coup and Mexico was controlled by anti-Americans who wanted to reclaim all of Texas.
|
|
|
Election of 1848
|
Whigs nominate Taylor and let Clay pick Fillimore as VP, avoid slavery issue; Democrats nominate Cass and run under popular sovereignty (letting states decide slavery issue for themselves); the anti-slavery Free Soil Party runs Van Buren, who takes enough votes away from Cass in NY to cost him the election so Taylor is elected
|
|
|
Zachary Taylor
|
general in the Mexican war, Whig elected prez in 1848 w/no real platform. He wanted to admit both CA and NM to the U.S. to solve the slavery issue, but then he died. Whoops.
|
|
|
Nicholas Trist
|
Sent as a special envoy by President Polk to Mexico City in 1847 to negotiate an end to the Mexican War.
|
|
|
Compromise of 1850
|
In 1849, the question of the extension of slavery into former Mexican lands was becoming critical. Enthusiastic Californians petitioned for admission statehood, after their population grew enormously during the Gold Rush, thus laying down a challenge to the existing sectional balance of 15 free states and 15 slave states. President Taylor was prepared to approve the admission of California. In 1850, his death brought Millard Fillmore into office. The 1850 compromise called for the admission of California as a free state, organizing Utah and New Mexico with out restrictions on slavery, adjustment of the Texas/New Mexico border, abolition of slave trade in District of Columbia, and tougher fugitive slave laws. Its passage was hailed as a solution to the threat of national division.
|
|
|
Popular Sovereignty
|
The political doctrine which provided for the settlers of federal territorial lands to decide the status (free or slave) under which they would join the Union. The concept was aired in the late 1840s, but was widely popularized by Stephen A. Douglas in 1854. Popular sovereignty was often termed “squatter sovereignty” by its critics, which included proslavery Southerners and many New Englanders.
|
|
|
Wilmot Proviso
|
(1846) Democrat David Wilmot of Pennsylvania introduced a rider to a bill being considered by the house which would provide funds for Mexico negotiations. It barred slavery from any territory acquired from Mexico. The bill containing the Wilmot Proviso passed the House in 1846 and 1847; both times, however, it was defeated in the Senate. The position in the proviso was the basic plank of the Free-Soil Party platform and would later become a fundamental position of the new Republican Party. Measures prohibiting the spread of slavery would be introduced repeatedly by Northern lawmakers in the coming years, thus sharpening tensions between the regions.
|
|
|
King Cotton
|
Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "You daren't make war against cotton! ...Cotton is king!". Cotton had become the dominant southern cash crop after Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, reviving the institution of slavery. Short-staple (green seed) cotton provided an alternative to tobacco, rice, and indigo as it could be grown in the inland “cotton belt”.
|
|
|
Nat Turner
|
In 1831, Nat Turner, who believed he was a divine instrument sent to free his people, led 60 slaves in an uprising, killing almost 60 Whites in South Hampton, Virginia. This led to a sensational manhunt in which 100 Blacks were killed. As a result, slave states strengthened measures against slaves and became more united in their support of fugitive slave laws.
|
|
|
Denmark Vesey
|
A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.
|
