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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Macon's Bill #2
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Passed in 1810, it lifted all embargos with England or France. If one country stopped molesting American ships than America would establish the embargo against the other country. France stopped the infringement and we placed the embargo against England, which began the War of 1812. This is a response to the ineffective non-Intercourse Act and Embargo Act. The French did not stop molesting American ships despite the agreement.
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Non-Intercourse Act
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1809- lifted all embargos on American shipping except those bound to French or British ports. It had little effect and indirectly led to the War of 1812. It was followed by Macon's Bill #2.
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DeWitt Clinton and Erie Canal
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A canal that runs from Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. Erie Canal was the first method of transportation that was faster than cars pulled by draft animals between the Eastern seabord and the Western interior and cut transportation costs into wilderness by about 10 times. It resulted in a massive population surge in Western New York and opened regions further west to greater settlement.
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Tecomseh
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With his brother, Elskwatawa, called "the Prophet", Tecomseh attempted to form an alliance of the native inhabitants of the upper midwest and Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes area against the expansion of White Settlers of the United States. He was defeated by Harrison by Tippicanoe.
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William H. Harrison
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Known for his victory at Tippicanoe and the election of 1840, when he won largely because of his heroic military record and the fact that there had been a severe economic downturn. His vice president was John Tyler. His slogan was "Tippicanoe and Tyler too", which is among the most famous slogans in American politics.
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Warhawks
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Young Western Congressmen with a lot of nationalistic ferver who pushed for the War of 1812
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Treaty of Ghent
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In 1814, the US and Britain signed the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812. Despite the signing of the treaty, the war continued for several weeks, including the battle of New Orleans, since news of the treaty took time to reach the hinterlands of America. The treaty did not resolve the main issue that started the war, namely the impressment of sailors. However, as the Napoleonic Wars ended, that practice too began to fade.
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Battle of New Orleans
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The only battle that the States won in the War of 1812. The War was actually over at the point the battle took place. It made Jackson a hero and it made Americans think that America had won the war.
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Hartford Convention
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The death of the Federalists. They met to discuss possible amendments to the Constitution and presented their list of grievances to the government just as the War of 1812 and nationalistic fervor was at an all-time high, making them extremely unpopular.
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Rush-Bagot Agreement
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Between Great Britian and US. It demilitarized the Great Lakes.
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John Quincy Adams
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Helped to negotiate the Treaty of Ghent. Served under president Monroe as secretary of state. In 1819 he drew up the Adams-Onis treaty, in which Spain gave the US Florida in exchange for the US dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adam's work. President from 1825-1829.
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Transcontinental Treaty
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(Adams-Onis Treaty)
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Monroe Doctrine- 1823
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Declared that Europe shouldn't interfere with affairs of Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the United States. It also declared that a new world colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. It was written at a time when many South American natives were gaining independence. Only England, and in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. It was a show of nationalism and had no major impact until later in the 1800's.
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Era of Good Feelings
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(Censored)
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Era of Good Feelings
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Okay, seriously now...
1817-1825. A name for president Monroe's two terms. It was a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one party and no partisan conflicts. |
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Missouri Compromise
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Admitted MO as a slave state and at the same time admitted Maine as a free state. Declared that all territory north of the 36-30 line would become free states with the exception of MO and all territory South would become free states.
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Tallmadge
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Thomas Ammendments. When MO applied for statehood, there was debate as to whether it would be a slave state or a free state. The Tallmadge amendment was a bill that would have admitted MO with its existing slave population but would forbid the introduction of additional slaves and free all slave children at the age of 25. It would have admitted MO as a slave state but banned slavery north of the 36-30 line in the LA Purchase Region. Neither of these bills were put into affect.
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"Corrupt Bargain"
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The charge made by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay had supported JQ Adams in the House Presidential vote in exchange for a position as secretary of state. Clay knew he could not win, so he traded his votes for an office.
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National Republicans
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The Democratic-Republican party split in the 1820's due mainly to the rivalry between Jackson and JQ Adams. The National Republican Party then emerged. Supporting the American System, a strong federal government, and anti-Jackson sympathy. It was led by Adams and later by Clay but never became a large force as its strength was mainly in New England and various small regions. Their end came when Clay lost the election of 1824 overwhelmingly to Jackson after concentrating on Jackson's veto of the second US bank.
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John C. Calhoun
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Vice Pres under Jackson. Anonymously published the essay South Carolina Exposition which proposed that each state in the union countered the tyranny of the majority by asserting their right to nullify an unconstitutional act of Congress. It was written in reaction to the tariff of 1828, which he said placed the union in danger and stripped the South of its rights. SC had threatened to secede if the tariff wasn't revoked. Calhoun suggested state nullification as a more peaceful solution. His views were so disputed and so different from Jackson's that Calhoun resigned and was appointed Senator in South Carolina to present their case to Congress. He was a spokesman for the South and states rights.
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American System
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A plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams. Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government. Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue. Reservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks. Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales revenues. the national system of internal improvements was never adequately funded; the failure to do so was due in part to sectional jealousies and constitutional scruples about such expenditures.
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Henry Clay
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(KY) Speaker of the House, desperate to be Pres, responsible for the American System and Missouri Compromise, charming, but reckless, led War Hawks, not as intellectually outstanding as others (Buren, JQ Adams, Calhoun) but perfect temperament for politics.
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Samuel Slater
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Responsible for the creation of America's first factory (1790). Slater immigrated secretly to America in 1789 in hopes of making his fortune in America's infant textile industry. Slater was the first who knew how to build as well as operate textile machines. Slater built the first successful water powered textile mill in Pawtucket in 1793. Because it was illegal to carry plans of factories when leaving the UK, Slater relied on his memory.
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Eli Whitney
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Inventor of the cotton gin (1793) and a pioneer in the use of mass production methods. Designed and constructed a machine called a cotton gin that quickly and easily separated cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber--its effect was far-reaching, making southern cotton a profitable crop for the first time.
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Boston Associates
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[Mass production of standardized product--Lowell improves Slater’s work—Boston Associates can mass produce standardized product. Walfa, MA: place for Walfum Sys] the shift to large scale production of cloth came about through an organization of merchants called the Boston Associates. In 1813, in the Massachusetts town of Waltham, the Boston Associates established the Waltham Company or the Boston Manufacturing Company. The Waltham Company became the first to process raw cotton into finished cloth. One of the major figures in the success of the Boston Associates was Francis Cabot Lowell (1775-1817).
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American Colonization Society
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(estab. 1816 by Robert Finley) an attempt to satisfy two groups in America. Ironically, these groups were on opposite ends of the spectrum involving slavery in the early 1800's. One group consisted of philanthropists, clergy and abolitionists who wanted to free African slaves and their descendants and provide them with the opportunity to return to Africa. The other group was the slave owners who feared free people of color and wanted to expel them from America. Both the groups felt that free blacks would be unable to assimilate into the white society of this country.
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Household System
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(aka Piecework / Putting Out) the old system of distribution. In the old system, products were made for personal consumption. For things such as clothes, shoes, and hats--raw materials provided by the merchants. Materials brought to one house and one part of a product made (ex: sleeves), then carried to next house (body of shirt made), etc., eventually product goes to market. Products made in pieces. System mainly in New England.
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Old National Road
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1811-1818; The National Road, today called U.S. Route 40, was the first highway built entirely with federal funds. The road was authorized by Congress in 1806 during the Jefferson Administration. Construction began in 1811. The National Road was the first attempt by the United States to provide a means to move people and goods across her vast territory. As time progressed the National Road crossed the continent becoming the primary transportation route. People also started to use stone, marking advances in road construction.
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John Marshall
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America's first Supreme Court Justice, a Federalist, ruled in favor of strengthening power of the central government by limiting individual state powers. His five most important cases (examples of growing federal government power): Marbury vs. Madison, Fletcher vs. Peck—1810, McCulloch vs. Md—1819, Gibbons vs. Ogden—1824, Darthmouth College vs. Woodard—1819
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Fletcher v. Peck
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1810; a U.S. Supreme Court case in which, for the first time, the Court declared a state law unconstitutional. The decision was the first step in establishing the supremacy of the Constitution and federal laws over state governments and laws. The Georgia legislature had given land grants to private speculators in return for bribes. The next legislature revoked the grants, but some of the original grants had already been sold. Chief Justice John Marshall held that the original grants were still valid because the Constitution prohibits any state from violating a contract.
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Dartmouth College vs. Woodard
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1819; Marshall sets foundation of how courts will deal with corporations. Dartmouth College had a contract from the British Crown, the state of NH wanted to make the college public, goes against the contract, the college sewed. Marshall rules in favor of the college; contracts can't be changed, Marshall's decision protects 'corporations'. Contracts are not above the law—they are protected by the law.
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McCulloch v. Maryland
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1819; Maryland, along w/5 other states, levied taxes against the 2nd Nat’l Bank; Marshall ruled that the bank was constitutional and therefore the tax was unconstitutional, saying "The power to tax involves the power to destroy ... the power to destroy may defeat and render useless the power to create." It also strengthened the implied powers of Congress and its confirmation of the Hamiltonian or "loose" interpretation of the Constitution and helped the economy grow. Later Jackson ignored this ruling when he vetoed the 3rd Bank, arguing it was unconstitutional
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Gibbons v. Ogden
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1824; the “steamboat case”; Odgen had a monopoly from the state of NY ferrying on the Hudson river; Gibbons, w/a federal coasting license, set up a competing business; Marshall ruled that a state can regulate commerce that begins and ends in its own territory, but not when the transaction involves crossing a state line; then the national authority takes precedence.
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Marbury v. Madison
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Madison, as Secretary of State, doesn’t deliver judgeship commissions; Marbury asks the Supreme Court (under Marshall) to force him to do so, using a writ of mandamus (see 1789 Judiciary Act); Marshall says 1789 law is unconstitutional and therefore cannot force Madison to deliver the commissions; establishes precedent of judicial review
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Judiciary Act
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1801; the dying Federalist legislature creates more judgeships, and John Adams appoints the “midnight judges”; leads to Marbury v. Madison.
Martin Van Buren: prez 1837-1841; became Jackson’s “heir apparent” when Jackson & Calhoun had falling out over Peggy O. Eaton & “Van Buren’s Discovery” that Calhoun wanted Monroe to chastise Jackson for invading Florida; introduced Tariff of Abominations back when he was in Congress; saw the Panic of 1837 (due to over speculation and inflation) as a result of Jackson’s poor economic policies |
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Tariff of Abominations
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1828; NE wanted duties raised on imports from 20% to 58% (protectionist measure); opposed by South and West (those w/out factories); passed under John Quincy Adam’s admin but supported by northern Jacksonians
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"Exposition and Protest"
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secretly written by Calhoun, who used to support tariffs and was a War Hawk but changed into a states’ rights sectionalist; argued that states could declare a law invalid if they feel it invades their sovereignty; based on states rights, which came before the Constitution and therefore took precedence
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The South Carolina Exposition
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further advanced Calhoun’s “theory of nullification”; no surprise, considering he’s from South Carolina
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Trail of Tears
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the Cherokee Indians didn’t want to leave their lands in Georgia and Jackson agreed with the Supreme Court’s ruling that no independent nation could exist in the US, so they forced the Cherokees to move to Oklahoma and 4,000 died along the way
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Webster-Haynes Debate
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The Webster-Hayne debate in 1830 was over an 1830 bill by Samuel A. Foote to limit the sale of public lands in the west to new settlers. Daniel Webster, in a dramatic speech, showed the danger of the states' rights doctrine, which permitted each state to decide for itself which laws were unconstitutional, claiming it would lead to civil war. States' rights (South) vs. nationalism (North).
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Maysville Road Veto
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1830; The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements
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Worcester v. Georgia
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1832; was a case involving two missionaries to the Cherokee who had not procured licenses required by Georgia law. Chief Justice Marshall ruled that the state could not control the Cherokee or their territory. Later, when a Cherokee named Corn Tassel was convicted in a Georgia court of the murder of another Indian and appealed on the grounds that the crime had taken place in Cherokee territory, Marshall declared the Georgia action unconstitutional on the same ground
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Nicholas Biddle
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Nicholas Biddle became the bank's president. He made the bank's loan policy stricter and testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. The bank went out of business in 1836 amid controversy over whether the National Bank was constitutional and should be re-chartered.
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Specie Circular
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July 11, 1863; was issued by Jackson and meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. The Circular required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
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"Pet Banks"
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Jackson was set on winning the "Bank War" so he withdrew all federal money from the national bank and put them into state banks that his enemies termed as pet banks; although, Taney took pains to make sure the money was kept in sound institutions, and by 1836 the government's funds were in about 90 banks. During 1833 and 1834, Taney insisted that the pet banks maintain large reserves. But other state banks began to offer credit on easy terms. Bank notes in circulation then rose rapidly, which led Jackson to issue the Specie Circular.
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Roger B. Taney
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Jackson went through two secretaries of the treasury (under the law, only secretary of treasury could remove deposits of government money from the vaults, previous two refused to do so) before finding a secretary that would listen to him. Taney carried out the order by depositing new federal receipts in seven state banks in eastern cities, while continuing to meet government expenses with drafts on the Bank of the United States
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Whig Party
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Whigs were conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Among the Whigs were Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and, for a while, Calhoun. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin.
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Log Cabin Campaign
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During the Election of 1840, W. Harrison and V.P. J. Tyler ran against M. Van Buren and James Birney. The Panic of 1837 and depression kept Van Buren from being reelected, and the Whigs rejected Clay and nominated war hero Harrison with the slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" while they depicted Van Buren living in luxury and Harrison as a "log cabin and hard cider" guy, which wasn't entirely true.
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