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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alexander Hamilton
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Federalist
• Washington’s treasurer • Had to deal with a LOT of national debt- after the revolution • Report on public credit • Report on manufactures • National bank • Burr duel • Didn’t really advocate for states rights- supported a central and powerful govmt |
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Bill of Rights
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• First 10 amendments in the constitution
• Anti federalists encouraged a bill of rights to protect state’s and citizens’ rights |
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Report on the public credit
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• Issued by Hamilton in an attempt to control national debt
• Congress will redeem old continental bank notes for new bank notes with a 6% interest • Trying to encourage the wealthy to invest in the government by building the people’s trust in the government • The national government would assume all state debt o The south voted for this when Hamilton said he’d move the capital to between MD and VA |
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Report on the Manufactures
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• Hamilton encourages big factories where a manager oversees many workers at once
• Thought factories and industry was the path to the country’s wealth |
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Necessary and proper clause
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• Hamilton justified the national bank by saying it was “necessary and proper”
• The constitution gives the government the right to anything that’s “necessary and proper” ← it’s vague so Hamilton could use it to justify the national bank |
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Federalists
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• Supported the British and Jay’s treaty
• Feared mob rule- supported a strong powerful central government • Wanted a country ruled by strong upper class leaders in a govmt • John Adams, Alexander Hamilton |
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Democratic Republicans
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• Believed an all powerful government is prone to corruption
• emphasized states rights • believed liberty is preserved when the power is distributed among the citizens • emphasized the individual and self interests • Supported the French and American revolution→ individuals are seeking out their own self interests • Jefferson Madison and Monroe |
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Whiskey Rebellion
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• Hamilton taxes whiskey to raise revenue
• Whiskey brewers protest- they rebel and violently protest- threatened the secede- attacked tax collectors • Washington leads an army himself to suppress the rebellion o The leaders of the rebellion are arrested- nobody dies- the rebellion is ended peopl learn that they can't just rebel against the government like the american revolution- they had to do it under a constitutional framework washington |
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Citizen Genet
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• Tried to get America to ally with the French (the French were at war with the British)
o Said America had an alliance with France because of the revolutionary war o Tried to enlist American mercenaries to attack British shipping and conquer Spanish territories • America says the treaty isn’t valid because King Louis is dead o Turns Genet away • Neutrality is Washington’s top priority |
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Jay's Treaty
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• Britain was seizing American ships because America was trading with France (even though America was neutral)
• Treaty established a method of trial for the Americans if the British seized their ships • Treaty removed British from British forts in America if Americans paid back the money owed to british creditors • Was seen as a pro british treaty o Federalist supported it, republicans didn’t (they supported the French) washington |
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Pinckney's treaty
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• Spain gets worried b/c America is allied with their enemy the British (b/c of jay's treaty)
• Spain allows America to use New Orleans for trade in exchange for new borders • Westerners love this treaty- they can ship things down the Mississippi washington |
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Washington's farewell address
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• Washington advices his countrymen to stay out of foreign wars and foreign affairs
• Encouraged neutrality • Discouraged permanent foreign alliances • Encouraged support for the federal government |
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XYZ affair
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• US meets with Monsieur Tolerant to try to negotiate peace
• Tolerant says either the US gives France a ton of money or there’s no peace treaty • JA releases this information but gives the French diplomats the names XYZ to disguise their identity o Otherwise people would get mad and want to go to war with the French john adams |
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Quazi war
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• During JA
• France and England at war- America was neutral • French ships attack American trade ships o French thought America was helping the british • America makes a navy and first federal army (in case the French invade)- but really Hamilton built an army/navy to give more power to the federal govmt • America gets involved in a mini war against the French john adams |
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Alien and Sedition acts
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• These acts made JA unpopular
• Passed in response to Jay’s treaty and Quazi war- very anti French • Naturalization act o Citzenship after 14 years o Immigrants had to declare themselves an alien- the govmt had documentation of all immigrants o Passed to prevent French extremists from becoming citizens • Alien Act- Authorized deportation of any foreign resident thought to be dangerous • Alien Enemies Act- could imprison people who owed allegiance to the enemy country we’re at war with (but was not enforced b/c we weren’t technically at war with the French) • Sedition act- forbade publication of anything against the govmt o Was really passed to protect the federalist’s power from the demo republicans • The alien and sedition acts were more geared towards protecting the federalists from the republicans • The acts were mainly a Federalist attack on their opposers john adams |
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Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
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• Secretly made in response to alien/sedition acts
• The states have the right to nullify the federal government’s laws • Said states have the authority called interposition • Passed by Jefferson and Madison in Kentucky and VA john adams |
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Interposition
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• The states have the right to protect their individual interests from federal violation
o If the violation is seen as “unconstitutional or harmful” • If the federal govmt tries to intrude on a state the state has the right to protect itself |
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Nullification
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• The states have the right to refuse to recognize or enforce a federal law
• Calhoun supported nullification • Some whigs supported nullification |
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Fries' Rebellion
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• Demonstrated the potential for disunion during the 1790’s
• A bunch of Germans in PA released prisoners jailed for refusing to pay taxes needed to fund the national army’s expansion • Federal troops intervened and the rebellion was suppressed John adams |
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Election of 1800
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• Adams (federalist) against Jefferson (republican) and Burr
• Voters were mad at Adams and the federalists for increasing the national debt when Adams was president (b/c the Quazi war created more debt) • Voter participation doubled since the last election • Both houses voted for the republicans but Jefferson was tied with Aaron Burr in electoral votes o Burr tried to rally support from the Federalists • Jefferson won by one vote when Hamilton turned one federalist against Burr • The constitution didn’t say anything about how to handle a tie- that’s why the twelfth amendment was created |
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Aaron Burr
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• Hamilton made him lose the presidency by one vote
• Hamilton continued to attack Burr o Made sure Burr didn’t get elected Governor of NY • Burr gets mad at Hamilton for always making him fail • When Burr was Jefferson's VP he challenged Hamilton to a duel o Hamilton gets killed o Burr is seen as a murderer and a criminal o Burr runs away, but then comes back to resume his vice presidency |
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Twelfth Amendment
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• Required separate and distinct ballots in the electoral college for the presidential and vice presidential candidates
• So there can’t be an electoral tie Jefferson |
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Alexander McGillvray
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• Creek chief
• The Americans experimented their new Indian policy on the creek indians • Only ¼ creek (very light skinned) • Educated in European literature • Spoke creek English and Spanish • Very anti American • Was mad that the Americans were migrating into Creek territory • Treaty of New York- America promises to treat the Creeks like foreign friends- established peace • Treaty of New Orleans- McGillvray allies with the Spanish against the Americans- treaty of new york becomes meaningless • Indians and Americans failed to prevent white expansion into the west Washington |
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Judiciary act of 1789
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• During Washington’s presidency
• Created a hierarchical federal court system o One court for each state, three district courts, one supreme court • Gave more power to the central government b/c courts were at the natinal level • Established a set number of people per court Washington |
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Barbary Pirates
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• Jefferson’s first foreign dilemma
• Jefferson sends the American navy against the Barbary pirates in North Africa o Was trying to gain respect for the American flag • The pirates in North Africa regularly pirated European and American ships o Europeans and Americans paid tribute to the African cities for protection from the pirates • Jefferson figured the cost of war was cheaper than dealing with the piracy and the cost of protection • 1805- peace treaty with Tripoli ← a city in Africa Jefferson |
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Judiciary act of 1801
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• Was during John Adam’s presidency
• there weren’t any republicans on the federal judiciary during his presidency • federalists sponsored the judiciary act • reduced the number of supreme court justices from six to five o this made it harder for Jefferson to appoint a justice when he became president • created 16 new federal judge positions o john adams filled these with the midnight judges last minute • Jefferson saw the act as proof that the federalists were using the judiciary to rid the government of republicanism • Jefferson eventually won congressional repeal of the act in 1802 when he became president • Was a desperate federalist attempt to maintain power |
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Midnight Judges
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• Were federalists
• Were appointed during the two weeks between the passage of the judiciary act and the end of Adam’s term • Appointed last minute by the John Adams administration to fill the new 16 spots in the federal judiciary • Adams filled the judiciary with more federalists- midnight judges • Was a desperate federalist attempt to maintain power John Adams |
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Marbury vs. Madison
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• Adams appoints William Marbury (a federalist) as justice of the peace during his last day in office
o But didn’t deliver Marbury’s commission before midnight • James Madison (the new secretary of state) refused to release Marbury’s commission • Marbury petitions the supreme court- said the judiciary act required that Madison release the commission o Chief justice Marshall (a federalist) rules that the judiciary act was unconstitutional so Madison doesn’t have to release the commission- Madison won • The supreme court ruled an act of the federal congress unconstitutional for the first time- ruled the judiciary act unconstitutional John adams/Jefferson |
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John Marshall
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• Federalist
• Was supreme court Chief justice during Jefferson’s presidency • His decisions were generally demonstrative of a broad interpretation of the constitution |
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lewis and Clark expedition
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• Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the new Louisiana territory
• Lewis and clark mapped out the territory and drew/located the borders on the map Jefferson |
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Sacajawea
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• Acted as a guide and interpreter for Lewis and Clark during their expedition
• Was an indian |
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Impressment
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o Britain was impressing American soldiers into the british navy (forcing them to serve in the british navy)
o Violated American neutrality in the Britain vs. France war o One of the lead ups to the war of 1812 |
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Chesapeake Leopard Affair
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• British warship the Leopard attacks the American vessel Chesapeake and forced the Chesapeake to surrender
o The british captured four supposed deserters of the british army from the Chesapeake • One was actually a deserter • The other three only deserted the british army because they were impressed- they were actually American • People got really mad- it was a violation of American neutrality • Jefferson responds by passing the Embargo act Jefferson |
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Embargo Act
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Passed in response to the Chespeake Leopard Affair
o Jefferson imposes Embargo act o No American trade with any foreign ports- Jefferson was trying to economically hurt the British and French but it ended up hurting the Americans more o Tried to preserve American neutrality o But this upset the NE merchants and hurt the Americans more than hurt the british/French o It encouraged American manufacturing (b/c now they can’t trade) |
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Non Intercourse Act
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o Jefferson replaced the embargo act with the non intercourse act
o No American trade with Britain and France jefferson |
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Macon's bill no2
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o Replaced the non intercourse act
o Opened trade with Britian and France o But if either Britain or France violated America’s demand for NEUTRAL trade the US would end trade with that nation Jefferson |
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war Hawks
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o Leady by Henry Clay and John Calhoun
o Preferred war to solve their problems o Was a group of angry leaders who rose to Congress o Were southern and western republicans who wanted to take Canada from Britain and Florida from Spain o Urged the US to declare war on great Britain in 1812 (war of 1812) |
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John C Calhoun
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• Leading war hawk
• Jackson and JQA’s vice president • There was a lot of tension between him and Jackson because of Margaret Eaton o Jackson thought he was using Margaret Eaton to discredit Jackson o In the end Jackson favored Van Buren over Calhoun but then Van Buren resigned • Drafted the South Carolina Exposition and Protest o Was a protest against the tariff of 1828 o If the tariff wasn’t repealed SC would secede o Was a big statement about a state’s right to nullify a federal law National republican/Whig |
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Henry Clay
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• Proposes the American system
• Leader of the war hawks • Speaker of the house • Leading Whig- tried to re charter the second national bank proposed the compromise tariff Whig/National republican |
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American system
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• Proposed by Clay JQA and Calhoun
• Federal govmt will support the states through internal improvements (roads, canals etc.) o Helps develop the western territories • Impose a tax on imports to raise money for internal improvements o This angered the southerners b/c it decreased the demand for exported cotton- thinks the north is profiting at the expense of the south • Put revenues in the Second National Bank to handle all the money • Jackson hates the american system- said it imposes on states rights |
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canal system
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o Revolutionized trade and transportation
o Created more work opportunities o New towns developed along the canals o By the time the canals were at their peak the railroads took over |
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Eerie canal
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o Made it possible to connect the Mississippi with the east
o Revolutionized transportation- trade becomes cheaper and more common |
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Tecumseh
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• Political leader
• Formed a confederacy against Americans • Shawnee Chief • His confederacy allied with the British and battled against the Americans during the battle of Thames- but Harrison defeated the british and indians- Tecumseh died at the battle of thames • Encouraged the indians to renew their traditional ways and stay away from white ways |
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The Prophet
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• Tecumseh’s brother Lalawéthica
• Seen as a drunken loser by most indians • Had spiritual visions – preached to indians to resist the whites |
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William Henry Harrison
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• Eager to conquer Indian lands
o Signed treaties that tricked Indians to cede hundreds of acres of land • This angered Tecumseh a lot • Governor of Indiana territory Victories at Battle of Tippecanoe and Battle of Thames |
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battle of Tippecanoe
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• Harrison plans to attack a Shawnee encampment near the Tippecanoe River
• Tenskwatawa orders an attack on Harrison’s encampment • Indians suffered a humiliating defeat • Harrison becomes a national hero |
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battle of Thames
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• General William Henry Harrison defeats a combined British and Indian force
• Tecumseh dies at the battle of Thames • During war of 1812 |
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battle of Lake Eerie
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• Commodore Perry defeats the British at lake Eerie
• The british are totally defeated • Lake Eerie becomes an American lake during war of 1812 |
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Treaty of Ghent
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• Restored the status quo ante bellum- state of things before the war- between the US and Britain
• The US doesn’t gain or lose any territory • The boundary between Canada and the US is officially declared • Declared the end of the war of 1812 |
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battle of New orleans
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• British attack Americans at New Orleans
• Jackson wins a huge british defeat at New Orleans after the treaty of ghent is signed • North America didn’t know the war was over yet • Jackson becomes a famous war hero |
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Hartford Convention
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• During war of 1812
• The federalists- especially New England federalists- hated Madison (republican) • New England mad b/c of Embargo act (it hurt new England merchants) • 1814- Hartford Convention o Federalists meet in Hartford Connecticut o Mad about the war of 1812 and the economic/political effects it has on them o Talked about secession from the union o Protested that New Englanders were being overpowered by southern Republicans • Protested that southerners were using new englanders for their own economic interest o Came up with resolutions • Abolish 3/5 clause- it gave the south an unfair advantage • Require a 2/3 vote in congress to declare war and admit new states • Limit the president to a single term • Prohibit consecutive presidents from coming from the same state • Abolish embargos lasting more than 60 days • In the end the Hartford convention wasn’t effective • The federalist party lost power after the Hartford convention |
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Era of Good Feelings
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• The nation was relieved the war of 1812 was over
• Monroe was careful to avoid political controversies • the economy was doing really well • Rush Bagot treaty and Adams Onis treaty are peaceful and good • Monroe and the Democratic Republicans didn’t have any major political rivals b/c the FEDERALISTS were gone |
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Dartmouth college vs. Woodward
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• Can NH transform a private college into a state university?
• Marshall concludes the college was established under a contract and the constitution says the federal govmt can’t ineterfere with contracts- so it’s unconstitutional • Marshall basically proclaimed that once a state has chartered a college/buisiness it gives up its power to alter that charter |
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McCulloch vs. Maryland
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• Can the state of Maryland tax a national corporation (specifically the national bank)?
• Marshall concludes the states don’t have the power to tax the nation • The tax is unconstitutional • Republicans got mad- the bank was tightening its loan policies which caused a bunch of people to fall into depression o They blamed the bank o marshall’s decision attacked the states rather than defend the bank • it gave the bank more power than the states • Marshall’s decision was against the republican belief that the union was really a collection of powerful states |
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John Quincy Adams
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• Monroe’s secretary of state
o Author of the Monroe doctrine o Purchased Florida (Adams Onis Treaty) • Corrupt bargain (with Clay) o Won over Jackson • Was president |
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Rush Bagot treaty
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• Limits the amount of warships in the Great Lakes- reduces militaristic tensions between Britain and America
• Decreased the tensions between Britain and the US Monroe |
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Adams Onis treaty
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• JQA makes a treaty with Spain- spain gives FL to US
• In exchange the US will assume Spanish debt related to the US (meaning the damage done during the Seminole War when Jackson was at war with the indians in Florida) Monroe |
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Monroe Doctrine
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• Declared US foreign policy
• Made b/c Monroe and JQA feared France might interfere with Latin America and restore Spanish rule • Was a statement against recolonization • The doctrine was written mostly by John Quincy adams • Announced… o Unless American interests are involved the US will abstain from European wars o The American continent is no longer subject to foreign colonization by any foreign power o The US will confront any attempt at European colonization in north America as “unfriendly” • The US declared its permanence and power in North America Monroe |
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Lancaster Pike
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• First major road – really improved transportation
• Was built by a private company (back then most roads were built by private companies) • Started to link cities together • In PA |
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First Seminole War
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• After the Adams Onis treaty when Florida was given to the US the indians resisted
• Jackson becomes a war hero for fighting in the Seminole war jackson crushes the seminoles |
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Panic of 1819
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• Economic recession
• Massive land sales b/c of Louisiana purchase= high inflation • Lots of debt from the Louisiana purchase and the war of 1812 • Was caused by… o Increasing world prices for American farm products o A land boom (the Louisiana purchase) o The state banks were giving out easy credit – giving out loans too leniently • Westerners start to really hate the NB |
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Missouri Compromise
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• Missouri wanted to apply to be a slave state
• But if Missouri was a slave state than there would be 12 slave states and 11 free states o The north didn’t want this b/c then the north would be at a disadvantage when it comes to representation • Maine would be admitted as a free state and Missouri would be a slave state • 36 30 line becomes the boundary in the west- no states above the line could be a slave state |
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Flecher Vs. Peck
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• Georgia claims a 35 million tract of land near Mississippi and Alabama
• Georgia passes a law that gives the land to the four yazoo land companies o But the yazoo companies really sold the land to powerful men and politicians o Georgia repeals the law and declares all the claims to that land invalid a year later • Peck acquired land under the original contract • Peck sold the land to Fletcher after Georgia declared the land claims invalid • Fletcher argues that since the land was declared invalid Peck had no right to sell the land and so he committed a breach of contract • The court rules that the contract between Peck and Georgia and the contract between Fletcher and Peck was binding • The contract clause in the constitution says the govmt can’t interfere with contracts b/c they’re binding • Flecher lost |
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Cohens vs. Virginia
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• Congress authorizes a lottery in DC
• The Cohen brothers sell DC lottery tickets in VA (this was illegal in VA) • VA convicts the Cohen brothers- Cohen brothers sue VA • The court rules that the federal government has the right to review state criminal proceedings – so the federal govmt has the right to review the Cohen’s conviction even though they were tried and convicted at the state level • Marshall declares that this was a local issue and the VA courts were correct in convicting the Cohen brothers • The Cohen brothers were fined- they lost |
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Gibbons vs. Ogden
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• Ogden had a permit to have a steamship from the state- had a permit from Fulton and Livingston's steamship monopoly in NY
• Gibbons had a permit to have a steamship from the federal govmt. • There was competition on the hudson river- nobody knew which permit was more valid • Gibbons sues Ogden and demands that Ogden's steamships be repressed b/c of the competition • The supreme court decision was the federal government had power to regulate interstate commerce over the state Gibbons won- Ogden's steamships were suppressed |
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Joseph Smith Jr.
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• Founder of the Mormon faith
• Wasn’t very well liked among the christians- Claimed to be a new prophet • Wrote the book of Mormon (about his revelations) • Joseph was kicked out of NY and killed by the Christians (there was a lot of violence against the mormons) Mormonism is one of the religions that rose from the second great awakening |
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Brigham young
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• Mormons got kicked out of the east
• Young leads the mormons to Deseret Utah to form a separate community- to live freely - Mormons lived in Deseret- their own utopian community |
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Polygamy
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• Mormons practice polygamy- you have to reproduce as much as you can to pass on the mormon faith
• Christians thought this was offensive |
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Shakers
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• Headed by Mother Ann Lee
• Sex was forbidden among the shakers- the shakers only survive when people join the faith b/c they can’t have children • Make really nice furniture religion that arose during the second great awakening |
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Railroad boom
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o Most railroads were in the NE and West (they linked the NE and West together)
o They replaced canals when canals were at their peak o The south begins to lag economically b/c there weren’t that many railroads down there |
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factory system
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o Slater becomes “father of the factory system”
o Most Americans were artisans before factories- factories were more efficient than private artisans more jobs more efficient most factories were in NE (NE was the center for industry) especially MA lots of immigrants (especially irish) worked in the factories |
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Eli Whitney
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o Invents the Cotton gin
o Increase demand for slaves o Increases cotton industry in the south o Invents interchangeable parts o More practical- you can fix a broken part by replacing it with another one |
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Lowell Massachusetts
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o Young unmarried girls worked in the mills under harsh conditions
o Women did the manual labor and men did the supervising o Famous textile mill in MA o NE becomes center of textile industry o Textiles were the first factory good during the industrial revolution |
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Commonwealth vs. Hunt
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o At the state court level
o Workers wanted to strike because they wanted to have a closed shop (where all workers are required to join the union) o The decision was the workers have the right to strike |
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Early unions
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o Lowell workers formed a union
o Early unions were weak o Early unions was the start of movements towards workers rights o Workingman’s party- early union founded by Robert Owen o Didn’t have a lot of power- but campaigned for rights |
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Samuel Morse
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o Invents the telegraph and telegrams
o Improves communication dramatically |
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Sewing machine
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o Howe and Singer invent the sewing machine
o First American invention recognized around the world o More households can sew now |
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Robert Fulton
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o invented the steamboat
o His ship was the Clermont o Totally changed transportation- now boats can go upstream and against winds |
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Results of industrialization
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o Factories replace independent artisans
o NE becomes the center of industry o More inventions o Less farmers (tools make it so less people are needed to farm) o Rise of market economy- you earn money to buy what you need o People don’t produce their own goods they buy it |
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Jacksonian era- changes in democracy
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• More states are moving towards universal male suffrage- no longer enforcing voting qualifications (like land or tax qualifications)
• Increased voting participation • Presidents are no longer automatically nominated- they campaign and try to gain support from the common people not the elitists o Voters choose their representatives not the state • Before the governors chose representatives- now the common people do • Spoils system • People don’t automatically vote for notables (elitists) anymore |
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second american party system
jacksonian era |
• Emerged as a response to Jackson’s election
• The two parties are Democrats and Whigs • Democrats- Jackson • Whigs- Clay • Eventually the National republicans-→ Whigs-→ Republicans o The Know Nothing party, the Liberty Party, and the Anti Mason party stemmed off from the national republicans as well • Example of how democracy was changing whigs vrs. democrats emerge during Jackson's second term |
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Democrats
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• Emerges from the democratic republicans
• Van Buren was the creator of the democrats, but Jackson represented the democrats part of the second american party system |
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Andrew Jackson
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democrat
• Tried to keep the union together- battled against nullification • Supported Indian removal • Was the first president that wasn’t an elite o War hero for his victory at Horseshoe bend and New Orleans- also Seminole wars o Relatively uneducated (didn’t go to college like the other presidents did) o Represented the common man • Campaigned for his presidency (had parades, handed out whiskey, speeches) while his rival JQA didn’t • Controversial b/c he dueled and killed British citizens during the Seminole wars |
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The Corrupt Bargain
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• It was between JQA and Jackson
• Henry Clay gets people to vote for JQA • JQA wins and makes Clay his secretary of state- clay has a bigger chance to become president • Jackson sees it as a corrupt bargain- bribery the corrupt bargain looms over JQA for his entire term |
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margaret peggy eaton affair
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• Calhoun’s wife was shunning John Eaton’s (secretary of war) wife Margaret because Margaret had a reputation of being an adulterer
• Calhoun doesn’t support the eatons • Jackson supports the eatons b/c there were rumors about his own wife and he was sympathetic to the eatons o He was also trying to protect John Eaton • Emily Donelson doesn’t like the Eatons- this eventually leads to her leaving the white house • The Eaton affair created a lot of tensions within Jackson’s cabinet and white house |
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spoils system
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• Jackson gets associated with the spoils system a lot
• When a politician awards his supporters jobs • If you vote for me I’ll make you postmaster general |
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Tariff of Abominations
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• During JQA
• Raised taxes on raw and manufactured imports • The south really hates this tariff b/c England begins to demand less cotton • Calhoun drafts the south Carolina exposition and protest in response • The compromise tariff convinces SC not to secede |
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Kitchen Cabinet
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• Instaed of relying on his cabinet Jackson relies on his friends from TN
• Called his kitchen cabinet b/c they met in the kitchen • Elitists get mad b/c the mob is ruling (Jackson’s TN buddies are ruling the government!) |
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John C Calhoun
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• JQA and Jackson’s VP
• Drafted the south Carolina exposition and protest • Pro nullification and states rights • Leading war hawk and Whig |
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South Carolina exposition and protest
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Written in response to the tariff of abominations
• Written anonymously by Calhoun (b/c he didn’t want Jackson to find out) • The constitution is a contract between the states • The majority is less important than the state • If the federal law is unlawful to a state the state can nullify the law • It’s like the Kentucky/VA resolutions if the government doesn't amend the constitution to account for the unlawful law SC has the right to secede |
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nullification crisis
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• SC decides to nullify the tariff (Ordinances of Nullification)
o They stop collecting import taxes • When Jackson passes the force act in response SC threatens the secede o Hoped Georgia would secede also- but the outcome of Cherokee vs. Georgia made Georgia unlikely to secede • After the compromise tariff SC decides not to secede • Afterwards SC nullifies the force act Jackson and Calhoun were arguing over nullification- jackson doesn't support it and calhoun does |
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Force act
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• Jackson passed it in response to the nullification crisis
• The government can send in troops to enforce federal laws • SC threatened to secede if the force act was enforced |
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Compromise tariff of 1833
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• created by Henry Clay
• Between 1833-1842 the tariff would be gradually reduced until it was restored to its original value before it was increased • SC decides not to secede o But they nullify the force act- just so they can have the last word in this whole argument |
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Whig Party
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• Grew from the national republican party
• Were opposed to Jackson • Emerged when Jackson abolished the national bank and fired his cabinet members w/o congress’ consent o Believed Jackson was a dictator and was exercising too much power • Calhoun Webster and Clay→ leading whigs • People who joined the whigs o Support internal improvements, protestant and evangelical protestants, support tariffs, support the NB, support nullification, anti masons • Whigs attacked Jackson and censured Jackson when they began to see him as a dictator part of the second american party system |
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Henry Clay
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• War hawk
• Proposes the American system • Proposes the Compromise Tariff of 1833 • Involved in the “corrupt bargain” • Leading whig |
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Second national bank of the US
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• Was chartered for 20 years under Madison
• Private institution that controlled federal funds • Was a critical part of Clay’s American system • 20% of stocks belonged to federal govmt • 80% of stocks belonged to private investors (mostly members of congress) o Jackson criticized the NB b/c a small group of elites were profiting from the wealth of the nation • $ from taxes/land sales went to the bank • The NB loaned $ to state banks to gain interest o state banks must pay NB back in hard specie (to prevent inflation) • State banks loan $ in form of soft specie (paper money) o Debtors must pay loans back to SB in hard specie (so the SB can pay the NB back in hard specie) o Less people are able to take loans out • So progress in the west slows down • Jackson says the bank is corrupt and unconstitutional and wants to end it president was nicholas biddle |
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Nicholas Biddle
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• President of the NB
• Boasted that he had more power than the president |
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Pet banks
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• Jackson gets reelected and decides to get rid of the national bank
• asks his secretary of the treasury Roger B Toney to withdraw all the federal funds in the NB and put them in “pet banks” o had to replace his secretary of the treasury twice b4 he found somebody willing to withdraw the funds • pet banks were banks that Jackson approved and liked • National republicans and Whigs begin to see Jackson as a dictator o He keeps firing cabinet members w/o congress’ consent o He withdrew federal funds in the NB and killed the NB • Jackson bankrupted the bank |
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Specie Circular
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• When the NB went bankrupt there wasn’t any regulation over the state banks
o State banks became known as “wildcat” banks b/c they kept loaning money o Causes land sale prices to rise b/c there’s so much buying • Jackson passes Specie circular to establish some control over the state banks o Required all federal land transactions to be made with hard specie (so inflation of soft specie would stop) o Bank notes begin to lose their value, land sales plummet, credit not available (banks don’t have money), businesses begin to fail, unemployment rises o Since there's no national bank there's no regulation--> state banks give out excessive loans o Panic of 1837 begins just as Jackson’s term ends- economic crisis • Van Buren begins president when the Panic starts- people blame him for the panic |
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Independent Treasury act
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• Van Buren decides to put federal funds in a Treasury
• Wanted a treasury b/c the treasury wouldn’t have any private investors (like the NB did) |
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Five civilized tribes
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• Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole
• Were considered civilized b/c they adopted white lifestyles • Located around Georgia and Florida • The Indian removal act affected these tribes- they were forced to leave • Cherokees were the last to leave |
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Cherokee nation vs. Georgia
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• Georgia was trying to kick the Cherokees out
• Cherokees claim that the Supreme Court has the power to resolve disputes between states and foreign nations- so the Supreme court can forbid Georgia from removing the indians from their land • The court decides that the Supreme court has no power to resolve the dispute because the Cherokees are not foreign nations- they are a domestic dependent nation • Georgia gets to kick the Cherokees out • Because Georgia got to claim Cherokee land they were unlikely to secede from the union (SC was hoping Georgia would secede with them) o Now SC doesn’t have any other state to join them in secession |
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Worchester vs. Georgia
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• Georgia requires all whites living on Cherokee territory to have a license
• Seven missionaries (including Worchester) disobeyed this rule and didn’t have a license- they were convicted • They protested to the court that the laws under which they were convicted were unconstitutional because the state has no right to pass laws concerning foreign nations • Marshall declares the Cherokees a foreign sovereign nation and the US national government has authority over Indian affairs not the states- Worcester was released from his conviction |
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Indian removal act
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• Jackson wanted to remove the indians- said it was for their own good
o Argued that if the indians weren’t removed the tribes would be doomed b/c Indians can’t coexist with whites • 1830- Indian removal act- forced indians to exchange their land with land in the west • This caused a lot of conflict in the west o The Mexicans were mad about the indians moving into their territory o The preexisting indians tribes in the west were mad too- not all indians get along Believed Indians were living in state territory and they wouldn't/couldn't obey state laws |
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trail of tears
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• The Cherokees were the last to move westward
• The federal govmt had to send in militia to march them out • The Cherokees were marched during the wintertime to the west • Many died of starvation and cold along the way- about 1/3 died |
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Robert Fulton
Robert Livingston |
• Operated a monopoly in NY that issued state permits to people to operate steamships on the Hudson river
• Involved in Gibbons vs. Ogden • Fulton invented the steamship • Livingston was involved in the negotiation of the Louisiana Purchase o He was the one that made the decision to accept Napoleon’s 15 million offer for Louisiana and West Florida He and Fulton introduced the Clermont on the Hudson river |
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Black Hawk War
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• Indians in Northwest territory are forced to sign treaties and move westward also
• An Indian chief named Black Hawk leads an uprising when they’re forced to move west o Resisted removal until he moved his people westward o Black Hawk returned the following year o Federal troops and Illinois miliia attack and annhilate black hawk and his followers • BlackHawk’s defeat convinced other northwest Indians to cede their lands |
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Order of Presidents
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Washington
Adams Jefferson Madison Monroe John Quincy Adams Jackson |
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Andrew Jackson- controversial
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• Maysville road project- vetoed a plan to build a road in Kentucky b/c the road wasn’t interstate so it violated states rights
• Cherokee vrs. Georgia- supported states rights to kick the indians out • Nullificiation- Jackson against nullification- against states rights • Indian removal- supports Indian removal • Adopted an Indian orphan |
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Second great awakening
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• Revival of protestant religion- Mormons and Shakers
• American born cultural movement- the ideas come from America not from Europe (like in the first great awakening) • Religious based communities arise- socialism→ everybody works for the good of the community- community > individual • People think they can reform society o Upper class protestants (especially women) try to reform lower class morals o Temperance movement, prison reform, abolition, women’s rights, education reform, anti prostitution • Rise of popular religion and utopian communities o Oneida, New Harmony, Brook Farm |
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Oneida
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• Secular utopian community
• Lead by John Humphrey Noyes • Believed Christ had already been reborn so people don’t have to follow old morals • Everybody in the community was married to each other • Noyes would pick couples and procreate perfect children |
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Brook farm MA
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• Lead by George Ripley
• Utopian community- the community is isolated form society • Example of a utopian socialist community where community > individual and people work for the good of the community |
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New Harmony Indiana
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• Robert Owen headed the community
• Idealistic town separated from society • Utopian and socialist |
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Francis Wright
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• Woman abolitionist and feminist
• One of the woman reformers during the second great awakening • Established the Nashoba community in TN to educate and emancipate slaves |
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Nashoba TN
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• Established by Francis Wright
• Wright would compensate the slave owners for their slaves • Slaves would be trained and educated in Nashoba and be prepared for resettlement in Liberia and Haiti where they would be free |
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Hopedale MA
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• Was a utopian Christianity based religious community
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Asylums
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• At first the mentally ill were chained up and locked away
• During the second great awakening the mentally ill were rehabilitated instead • idea of rehabilitation and reform is a new idea |
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Auburn NY
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• becomes first city to have a prison based on the idea of rehabilitation
• has a work prison- prisoners work to rehabilitate themselves |
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Eastern State Penitentiary
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• Established on the belief that prisoners should be reformed not punished
• Tried to reform prisoners- put prisoners in solitary confinement with a bible and a craft to work on- tried to encourage/spark a revelation • Prisoners had to do penance for their sins and reach some kind of atonement for their sins • In Philadelphia |
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Dorothea Dix
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• Comes up with idea that prisons are meant to reform criminals not punish them
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anti prostitution reform
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• Sarh Ingrahm advocates against prostitution
o Upper class protestants trying to reform lower class morals |
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Horace Mann
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• Father of American Education
• Ideas that children can be molded by educators • Children are a blank slate • Against corporal punishment • Established state teacher training programs→ created some standardization • Standardized public education |
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Parochial Schools
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• Religion specific schools
• Schools that educate kids of a certain religion • Sponsored by the church |
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Henry Barnard
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• Editor of the American Journal of Education
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Lyman Beecher
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• Leader of American Temperance Society
• Big advocate for anti alcohal |
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Women's Christian Temperance Union
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• Union of women against alcohal
• Alcohal was dirty and corrupted immigrants and workers |
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American Society for the promotion of Temperance
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• Lead by Lyman Beecher
• Advocated for temperance (abolish alcohal) |
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"the drunkard's progress"
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• Propaganda that advertized how alcohal will inevitably lead you to the grave
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Timothy Shaw Arthur’s Ten Nights in A Barroom (1853)
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• Anti alcohal article
• Talked about how alcohal was dirty and uncivilized |
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the life of a woman in the mid 19th century
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• Legal status of a minor
• Unable to vote, own property when married, call a case in court, sign legal documents, own her children/property, file a divorce • Was expected to stay at home and raise the kids and civilize the family (the men were working in the cities and factories now)→ cult of domesticity |
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Seneca Falls convention 1848
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• Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton call a meeting at Seneca Falls to draft the Declaration of Sentiments
• Women’s rights meeting |
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Declaration of Sentiments
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• Drafted at the Seneca falls convention
• Was a declaration of women’s rights |
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Grimke Sisters
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• Abolitionist leaders and also advocates for women’s suffrage
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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• Women’s rights leader
• Called the women’s rights meeting at Seneca Falls |
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Harriet Beecher stowe
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• Abolitionist
• Wrote Uncle Tom’s cabin→ anti slavery novel |
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Brigham Young
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• Mormons got kicked out of the east
• Young leads the mormons to Utah to form a separate community- to live freely mormons settle in Deseret Utah- form a separate community |
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Louisiana Purchase
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1803
• France becomes an imperial threat to America- they occupy New Orleans and Louisiana territory- they’re very powerful • Jefferson sends Du Pont and Livingston to negotiate with the French- the Americans will offer 6 million for the purchase of New Orleans and West Florida • Napoleon had plans to conquer Santo Domingo and then occupy New Orleans o Toussaint L’Ouverture leads a slave rebellion and the French can’t take Santo Domingo o Napoleon abandons plans to conquer Santo Domingo and New Orleans- decides to sell Louisiana to the Americans for 12 million • Livingston accepts Napoleon’s proposal- buys Louisiana for 15 million • the purchase removed Britain and French imperial influence- there’s no more land left to claim! • America almost doubles in size |
