Apush Test 13,14,15

Front 1

After the Era of Good Feelings, politics was transformed. What became the norm?

Back 1

universal white manhood suffrage (all white men could vote)

Front 2

In the election of 1824, who were four towering candidates?

Back 2

Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, Henry Clay of Kentucky, William H. Crawford of Georgia, and John Q. Adams of Massachusetts.

Front 3

In the election of 1824 all the candidates were _____?

Back 3

Republicans

Front 4

Three were a “favorite son” of their respective region but who thought of themself as as a national figure

Back 4

Henry Clay (he was Speaker of the House and author of the “American System”)?

Front 5

In the election of 1824, who got the most electoral and popular vote? Who came in last?

Back 5

Jackson got the most popular votes and the most electoral votes, but he failed to get the majority in the Electoral College. Clay was 4th in the electoral vote

Front 6

What was the 12th Amendment?

Back 6

the top three electoral vote getters would be voted upon in the House of Reps. and the majority (over 50%) would be elected president.

Front 7

In the election of 1824, after Clay got eliminated, who did he support and why?

Back 7

Clay was eliminated, but he was the Speaker of the House, and since Crawford had recently suffered a paralytic stroke and Clay hated Jackson, he threw his support behind John Q. Adams, helping him become president.

Front 8

who publicly assailed the alliance between Adams and Clay?

Back 8

John Randolph

Front 9

When Clay was appointed Secretary of the State, the traditional stepping-stone to the presidency, Jacksonians cried foul play and corruption. John Randolph assailed the alliance between Adams and Clay. This event was called a __________?

Back 9

Corrupt Bargain

Front 10

John Quincy Adams was a man of puritanical honor, and he had achieved high office by _________?

Back 10

Commanding respect rather than by boasting great popularity. Like his father, however, he was able but somewhat wooden and lacked the “people’s touch” (which Jackson notably had).

Front 11

In his first annual message, Adams _____?

Back 11

urged Congress on the construction of roads and canals, proposed a national university, and advocated support for an astronomical observatory.

Front 12

How did the public respond to Adam's first annual message?

Back 12

Public reaction was mixed: roads were good, but observatories weren’t important, and Southerners knew that if the government did anything, it would have to continue collecting tariffs.

Front 13

With land, Adams tried to _________?

Back 13

curb over-speculation of land, much to Westerners’ anger even though he was doing it for their own good, and with the Cherokee Indians, he tried to deal fairly with them although the state of Georgia successfully resisted federal attempts to help the Cherokees.

Front 14

Jacksonians argued, “Should the people rule?” and said that ________?

Back 14

the Adams-Clay bargaining four years before had cheated the people out of the rightful victor.

Front 15

However, Adams’ supporters also hit below the belt, even though Adams himself wouldn’t stoop to that level.
They called _____________?

Back 15

Jackson’s mother a prostitute, called him an adulterer (he had married his wife Rachel thinking that her divorce had been granted, only to discover two years later that it hadn’t been), and after he got elected, Rachel died. Jackson blamed Adams’ men who had slandered Andrew Jackson for Rachel Jackson’s death—he never forgave them.

Front 16

John Q. Adams had purchased, with his own money and for his own use, a billiard table and a set of chessmen, but the Jacksonians ________?

Back 16

had seized this, criticizing Adams’ incessant spending.

Front 17

Andrew Jackson was called “Old Hickory” by

Back 17

his troops because of his toughness.

Front 18

He was anti-federalist, believing _____?

Back 18

that the federal government was for the privileged only, although he maintained the sacredness of the Union and the federal power over the states. Still, he welcomed the western democracy.

Front 19

Jackson commanded fear and respect from his subordinates, and ignored the _______?

Back 19

Supreme Court on several occasions; he also used the veto 12 times (compared to a combined 10 times by his predecessors) and on his inauguration, he let commoners come into the White House.

Front 20

AS a result of Andrew Jackson letting commoners into the white house they?

Back 20

wrecked the china and caused chaos until they heard that there was spiked punch on the White House front lawn; thus was the “inaugural bowl.”
Conservatives condemned Jackson as “King Mob” and berated him greatly.

Front 21

The spoils system was when?

Back 21

they rewarded supporters with good positions in office

Front 22

Jackson believed that?

Back 22

experience counted, but that loyalty and young blood and sharp eyes counted more, and thus, he went to work on overhauling positions and erasing the old.

Front 23

Though he wanted to “wipe the slate clean,” only _____?

Back 23

1/5 of the men were sent home, and clean sweeps would come later, but there were always people hounding Jackson for positions, and those who were discharged often went mad, killed themselves, or had a tough time with it.

Front 24

The spoils system?

Back 24

denied many able people a chance to contribute

Front 25

Samuel Swartwout was?

Back 25

awarded the lucrative post of collector of the customs of the port of New York, and nearly nine years later, he fled for England, leaving his accounts more than a million dollars short, and thus becoming the first person to steal a million dollars from the government.

Front 26

In 1824, Congress had increased?

Back 26

the general tariff from 23% to 37%, but wool manufactures still wanted higher tariffs.

Front 27

In the Tariff of 1828?

Back 27

the Jacksonians (who disliked tariffs) schemed to drive up duties to as high as 45% while imposing heavy tariffs on raw materials like wool, so that even New England, where the tariff was needed, would vote the bill down and give Adams another political black eye. However, the New Englanders backfired the plan and passed the law (amended).

Front 28

What were Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun's opinions on the Tarrif of 1828?

Back 28

They reversed their positions from 1816, with Webster supporting the tariff and Calhoun being against it.

Front 29

The Southerners immediately branded the Tarrif od 1828 as?

Back 29

the “Tariff of Abominations.”

Front 30

In the South at this time, Denmark Vesey, a free Black did what?

Back 30

led an ominous slave rebellion in Charleston. This raised fears by Southern whites and led to a tightening of control over slaves.

Front 31

What wa the result/reaction of the whites tightening control over the slaves?

Back 31

The South mostly complained because it was now the least expanding of the sections.
Cotton prices were falling and land was growing scarce.

Front 32

What did the southerners do when the cotton prices were falling?

Back 32

Sold their cotton and other products without tariffs, while the products that they bought were heavily taxed. The South said all tariffs did for them was hike up prices.

Front 33

Tariffs led the U.S. to?

Back 33

buy less British products and vice versa, but it did help the Northeast prosper so that it could buy more of the South’s products.

Front 34

John C. Calhoun secretly wrote?

Back 34

“The South Carolina Exposition” in 1828, boldly denouncing the recent tariff and calling for nullification of the tariff by all states.

Front 35

However, South Carolina was alone in this nullification threat, since?

Back 35

Andrew Jackson had been elected two weeks earlier, and was expected to sympathize with the South against the tariff.

Front 36

South Carolinians, still scornful toward the?

Back 36

Tariff of 1828, attempted to garner the necessary two-thirds majority to nullify it in the S.C. legislature, but determined Unionists blocked them.

Front 37

In response to the anger at the “Tariff of Abominations"?

Back 37

Congress passed the Tariff of 1832, which did away with the worst parts of the Tariff of 1828, such as lowering the tariff down to 35%, a reduction of 10%, but many southerners still hated it.

Front 38

In the elections of 1832, the "Nullies" came out with?

Back 38

a two-thirds majority over the Unionists, met in the state legislature, and declared the Tariff of 1832 to be void within S.C. boundaries.
They also threatened with secession against the Union, causing a huge problem.

Front 39

After SC threstened to suceed, President Jackson issued a?

Back 39

ringing proclamation against S.C., to which governor Hayne issued a counter-proclamation, and civil war loomed dangerously.

Front 40

To compromise and prevent Jackson from crushing S.C. and becoming more popular, the president’s rival, Henry Clay, proposed a compromise bill that?

Back 40

would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of eight years, so that by 1842 the rates would be down to 20% to 25%.

Front 41

The bill that would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of eight years, so that by 1842 the rates would be down to 20% to 25%. was called the?

Back 41

Tariff of 1833 and narrowly squeezed through Congress.

Front 42

However, to save face, with the tarrif of 1833 the Congress also passed the?

Back 42

Force Bill (AKA the “Bloody Bill”) that authorized the president to use the army and navy, if necessary, to collect tariffs.

Front 43

No other states had supported South Carolina’s stance of possible secession, though Georgia and Virginia toyed with the idea. As a result SC?

Back 43

repealed the nullification ordinance.

Front 44

By 1830, the U.S. population stood at 13 million, and as states emerged?

Back 44

the Indians were stranded.

Front 45

Federal policy officially was to acquire land from the Indians through formal treaties, but too many times ______?

Back 45

they were tricked.

Front 46

Many people respected the Indians, though, and tried to Christianize them. The main group was called the ____?

Back 46

Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians

Front 47

Some Indians violently resisted, but the Cherokees were among the few that?

Back 47

tried to adopt the Americans ways, adopting a system of settled agriculture, devising an alphabet, legislating legal code in 1808, and adopting a written constitution in 1827.

Front 48

The Cherokees, the Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and the Seminoles were known as?

Back 48

the “Five Civilized Tribes.”

Front 49

However, in 1828, Congress declared the Cherokee tribal council illegal, and?

Back 49

asserted its own jurisdiction over Indian lands and affairs, and even though the Cherokees appealed to and won in the Supreme Court, Jackson refused to recognize the decision.

Front 50

Jackson, though, still harbored some sentiment of Indians, and proposed ?

Back 50

that they be bodily transferred west of the Mississippi, where they could preserve the culture, and in 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, in which Indians were moved to Oklahoma.

Front 51

The indian removal was a trail to Oklahoma. This trail was called?

Back 51

Thousands of Indians died on the “Trail of Tears” after being uprooted from their sacred lands that had been theirs for centuries.Also, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was established in 1836 to deal with Indians

Front 52

In 1832, in Illinois and Wisconsin, the?

Back 52

Sauk and Fox tribes revolted but were crushed.

Front 53

From 1835 to 1842, the Seminoles waged guerrilla warfare against the U.S., but?

Back 53

were broken after their leader, Osceola, was seized; some fled deeper into the Everglades of Florida; others moved to Oklahoma.

Front 54

Andrew Jackson, like most westerners, distrusted big banks, especially?

Back 54

the "B.U.S."—Bank of the United States

Front 55

To Jackson and westerners, the B.U.S. was?

Back 55

simply a tool of the rich to get richer

Front 56

The BUS minted?

Back 56

metal, coin money (“hard money”), but not paper money. Farmers out west wanted paper money which caused inflation, and enabled them to more easily pay off their debts.

Front 57

Jackson and westerners saw the BUS and eastern banks as?

Back 57

being in a conspiracy to keep the common man down economically. This conspiracy was carried out through hard money and debt.

Front 58

The B.U.S., led by Nicholas Biddle, was harsh on the volatile?

Back 58

western “wildcat” banks that churned out unstable money and too-lenient credit for land (which the westerners loved). The B.U.S. seemed pretty autocratic and out of touch with America during its "New Democracy" era, and it was corrupt.

Front 59

Nicholas Biddle cleverly?

Back 59

lent U.S. funds to friends, and often used the money of the B.U.S. to bribe people, like the press.

Front 60

The BUS?

Back 60

the bank was financially sound, reduced bank failures, issued sound notes, promoted economic expansion by making abundant credit, and was a safe depository for the funds of the Washington government.

Front 61

In 1832, Henry Clay, in a strategy to bring Jackson’s popularity down so that he could defeat him for presidency?

Back 61

rammed a bill for the re-chartering of the BUS—four years early.

Front 62

Henery Clay felt if Jackson signed the bill for the re-chartering of the BUS?

Back 62

he’d alienate his followers in the West and South, and if he vetoed it, he’d lose the supports of the “best people” of the East.
He failed to realize that the West held more power now, not the East.

Front 63

The re-charter bill for the BUS passed through Congress easily, but?

Back 63

Jackson demolished it in a scorching veto that condemned the BUS as unconstitutional (despite political foe John Marshall’s ruling that it was okay), and anti-American. The veto amplified the power of the president by ignoring the Supreme Court and aligned the West against the East.

Front 64

In 1832, new third party,made its entrance for the first time.

Back 64

the Anti-Masonic Party

Front 65

the Anti-Masonic Party?

Back 65

Opposed to the fearsome secrecy of the Masonic order, it was energized by the mysterious murder of someone who threatened to expose the Freemason’s secrets.
While sharing Jacksonian ideals, they were against Jackson, a Mason.
Also, they were supported by churches hoping to pass religious reform.

Front 66

For the first time in 1832,

Back 66

national conventions were held to nominate candidates.

Front 67

Clay had the money and the “support” of the press in 1832, but?

Back 67

the poor people voted too, and Jackson won handily, handing Clay his third loss in three tries.

Front 68

Hoping to kill the BUS, Jackson now began to?

Back 68

withdraw federal funds from the bank, so as to drain it of its wealth; in reaction, Biddle began to call for unnecessary loans, personally causing a mini panic.

Front 69

Jackson won, and in 1836, the ?

Back 69

BUS breathed its last breath, but because it had been the only source of sure credit in the United States, hard times fell upon the West once the BUS died, since the wildcat banks were very unreliable.

Front 70

Under Jackson, the modern?

Back 70

two-party system of politics came to be.

Front 71

Opponents of Jackson despised his iron-fisted nature and called him?

Back 71

“King Andrew.” This wide group coalesced into the Whig party, united only by dislike of Jackson.

Front 72

Generally, the Whigs ______.

Back 72

Disliked Jackson
Supported Henry Clay’s American System and internal improvements.
Once formed, American would have at least two major political parties thenceforth.

Front 73

In the election of 1836, “King Andrew” was too old to run again, but?

Back 73

offered Martin van Buren to follow in his coattails.

Front 74

The Whigs suffered from disorganization. They tried to offer a

Back 74

"favorite son" candidate from each section of the country—their hopes were that no one would win a majority of electoral votes, the election would thus be thrown to the House of Representatives, and they could win there. Their scheme failed, and van Buren won.

Front 75

Van Buren was the first president to?

Back 75

have been born in America, but he lacked the support of many Democrats and Jackson’s popularity.

Front 76

A rebellion in Canada in 1837 threatened to plunge America into war, and Van Buren also inherited?

Back 76

the depression caused by Jackson’s BUS killing.

Front 77

The Panic of 1837 was caused by?

Back 77

the “wildcat banks” loans, the over-speculation, the “Bank War,” and the Specie Circular stating that debts must be paid in specie (gold or silver), which no one had.

Front 78

Failures of wheat crops caused by the Hessian fly also?

Back 78

worsened the situation, and the failure of two large British Banks in 1836 had already started the panic going.

Front 79

Hundreds of banks fell, including some of Jackson’s?

Back 79

“pet banks,” banks that had received the money that Jackson had withdrawn from the BUS to kill it.

Front 80

The Whigs proposed?

Back 80

expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs, and subsidies for internal improvements, but Van Buren spurned such ideas.

Front 81

Van Beuren proposed?

Back 81

the “Divorce Bill” (separating the bank from the government and storing money in some of the vaults of the larger American cities, thus keeping the money safe but also unavailable) that advocated the independent treasury, and in 1840, it was passed.

Front 82

Americans continued to covet Texas, and in 1823, after Mexico had gained independence from Spain?

Back 82

Stephen Austin had made an agreement with the Mexican government to bring about 300 families into a huge tract of granted land to settle.

Front 83

Stephen Austin had made an agreement with the Mexican government to bring about 300 families into a huge tract of granted land to settle.
The stipulations were:

Back 83

(1) they must become Mexican citizens, (2) they must become Catholic, and (3) no slavery allowed. These stipulations were largely ignored by the new settlers.

Front 84

The Texans (among them Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie) resented?

Back 84

the “foreign” government, but they were led by Sam Houston, a man whose wife had left him.

Front 85

In 1830, Mexico?

Back 85

freed its slaves and prohibited them in Texas, much to the anger of citizens.

Front 86

In 1833, Stephen Austin?

Back 86

went to Mexico City to clear up differences and was jailed for 8 months.

Front 87

In 1835, dictator Santa Anna?

Back 87

started to raise an army to suppress the Texans; the next year, they declared their independence.

Front 88

After armed conflict and slaughters at the Alamo and at Goliad ____?

Back 88

Texan war cries rallied citizens, volunteers, and soldiers, and the turning point came after Sam Houston led his army for 37 days eastward, then turned on the Mexicans, taking advantage of their siesta hour, wiping them out, and capturing Santa Anna.

Front 89

The treaty Sam Houston was forced to sign was?

Back 89

later negated by him on grounds that the treaty was extorted under duress.

Front 90

Texas was supported in their war by the United States, but?

Back 90

Jackson was hesitant to formally recognize Texas as an independent nation until he had secured Martin Van Buren as his successor, but after he succeeded, Jackson did indeed recognize Texas on his last day before he left office, in 1837.

Front 91

Many Texans wanted to become part of the Union, but

Back 91

the slavery issue blocked this.

Front 92

The end of the texans proposal into the union was an unsettled predicament in which?

Back 92

Texans feared the return of Santa Anna.

Front 93

In 1840, William Harrison was nominated due?

Back 93

to his being issueless and enemyless, with John Tyler as his running mate.

Front 94

William Harrison had only been popular from?

Back 94

Tippecanoe (1811) and the Battle of the Thames (1813).

Front 95

stupid Democratic editor also helped Harrison’s cause when?

Back 95

he called the candidate a poor old farmer with hard cider and inadvertently made him look like many poor Westerners.

Front 96

With slogans of “Tippecanoe and Tyler too,” the Whigs?

Back 96

advocated this “poor man’s president” idea and replied, to such questions of the bank, internal improvements, and the tariff, with answers of “log cabin,” “hard cider,” and “Harrison is a poor man.”

Front 97

The popular election was close, but?

Back 97

Harrison blew Van Buren away in the Electoral College.

Front 98

Basically, the election was a protest against?

Back 98

the hard times of the era.

Front 99

Politicians now had to bend to appease and appeal to the masses, and?

Back 99

the popular ones were the ones who claimed to be born in log cabins and had humble backgrounds.
Those who were aristocratic (too clean, too well-dressed, too grammatical, to highly intellectual) were scorned.

Front 100

Jacksonian Democracy said that?

Back 100

whatever governing that was to be done should be done directly by the people.

Front 101

The time of Jacksonian Democracy was called?

Back 101

the "New Democracy", and was based on universal white manhood suffrage.

Front 102

The Democrats:

Back 102

Glorified the liberty of the individual.
Clung to states’ rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs.
Mostly more humble, poorer folk.
Generally from the South and West.

Front 103

The Whigs:

Back 103

Trumpeted the natural harmony of society and the value of community.
Berated leaders whose appeals and self-interest fostered conflict among individuals.
Favored a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms.
Mostly more aristocratic and wealthier.
Generally from the East.

Front 104

Things that Whigs and Democrats had in Common?

Back 104

Based on the people, with “catchall” phrases for popularity.
Both also commanded loyalties from all kinds of people.