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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Columbian Exchange
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Introduction of new products to New World and Europe
Wheat, coffee, horses, cows, diseases to New World Corn, potatoes, turkeys to Europe |
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Middle Passage
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Transportation of slaves trade from west coast Africa to Americas
Terrible conditions, 4-8 weeks, many died |
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Jamestown
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1st permanent colony in N America = 1607
Mostly men = search of gold/wealth Tobacco became cash crop |
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Pilgrims
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Separatists - dif from Puritans
Plymouth Colony = 1620 / William Bradford Mayflower Compact = written govt. |
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Plymouth
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Settled by Pilgrims / Separatists
Early govt = Mayflower Compact Became part of Mass. |
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New Hampshire
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Became part of Mass in 1641
Separated in 1690 |
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New Netherland
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Initial settlement by the Dutch
English take land in 1664 |
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Puritans
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Believed Church of England could be "purified"
Established Mass Bay colony = 1629 / John Winthrop "City on a hill" = model Christian community |
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Massachusetts Bay Colony
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Founded by Puritans / John Winthrop
Great Migration = population growth (Puritans) Govt. supported churches / only church members vote |
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Great Migration
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Puritans left Europe for New World = 1630-1640
20K to Mass Bay colony |
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Maryland
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Proprietary colony / Lord Baltimore
Toleration Act = religious freedom Royal Colony 1691 |
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Rhode Island
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Founded by Roger Williams = banished from Mass
Other religious dissenters followed = Anne Hutchinson Govt based on separation church and state |
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Connecticut
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Founded by Thomas Hooker = opposed to only church members having right to vote
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut = 1st written constitution / expanded voting rights |
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Half-Way Covenatnt
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Adopted in New England in response to declining church membership
Children of members allowed to join even if did not have a "conversion" experience |
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Carolina
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Charter granted by Charles II
South Carolina and North Carolina became royal colonies in 1729 |
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New York and New Jersey
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NY = Proprietary colony of Charles II brother
NY = most ethnically diverse colony NJ = Proprietary colony / Royal colony in 1702 |
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Bacon's Rebellion
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Largest pre-revolution rebellion / Nathaniel Bacon
Conflict of availability of land / Native Americans freedmen vs. wealthy planters and the govt. Jamestown burned / Rebellion died out after Bacon 's death |
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Pennsylvania
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Proprietary colony / Quaker / William Penn
Buy Native American land instead of seize |
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Quakers
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Protestants persecuted in England and Mass Bay
Refused to pay taxes to Anglican church Pacifists Equality of women in religion |
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Salem Witchcraft Trials
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Over 150 people charged with witchcraft
Mostly older women / 20 executed |
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First Great Awakening
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Religious revival in colonies = early 1700's
Jonathon Edwards / George Whitefield = preaches In response to declining religious particpation |
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Georgia
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Last English colony established
Used as destination for debtors and poor Used as a buffer against Spanish Florida |
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Stono Rebellion
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Largest slave revolt in America
100 slaves in South Carolina / all killed or captured Goal = reach Spanish Florida for freedom |
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Paxton Boys
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Pennsylvania farmers = demanded more protection from indians
Took matters into their own hands = killed peaceful indians |
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African Americans / American Revolution
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GB offered freedom in return for military service
Washington opposed recruitment, but gave in in the end Some freed / Many runaway |
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Women / American Revolution
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Some actually fought
Supported war by making clothes for soldiers and to raise $ Managed family farms and businesses |
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Shay's Rebellion
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Mass farmers wanted debt / tax relief / land foreclosures
Daniel Shays / 1K men attempted seize federal arsenal Showed weakness of govt. under Articles Confederation |
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Whiskey Rebellion
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Penn farmers angry over excise tax on whiskey
Pres. Washington led 13K troops to put down rebellion Showed strength of new Fed govt under Constitution |
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Second Great Awakening
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Religious revival movement early 19th century
Charles Finney / "burned over" district Encouraged temperance / abolition Growth of evangelical churches = Methodist/Baptist |
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Gabriel's Plot
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1800 - Gabriel Prosser - slave revolt
1K slaves in Richmond, Vir Discovered = leaders executed |
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Slavery in Antebellum Soth
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Slave population increased over 4 milion (natural reproduction)
75% White southerners did not own slaves Miss / SC slaves = over 50% population |
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Slave Family
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Slave marriages not recognized by courts
Owners ecouraged marriage = less likely to run away / natural reproduction |
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African American Religion
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Slaves converted to Christianity during 2nd Great Awakening
Attened church / secret services in slave quarters Religions used as a means of control |
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Temperance Movement
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Goal = drink in modertation or stop completely
Job loss, immorality, divorce, violence all problems from drinking Some states enacted prohibiton laws |
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Indian Removal Act
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Adrew Jackson - removal onf Native Americans to lands west of the Mississippi
Resistance led to Black Hawk War and Seminole War |
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Nat Turner's Revolt
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Turner = educated slave
Killed over 50 whites - men, women, children 100+ slaves killed in retaliation Let to tighter restrictions on free blacks and slaves |
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Trancendentalists
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New England intellectuals = Emerson / Thoreau / Hawthorne
Believed in basic goodness of man Critical of commercialism of society |
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Trail of Tears
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1838 = forced removal of Cherokee from Georgia to Oaklahoma under supervision of US army
16K began journey / 4K died along the way |
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Cult of Domesticity
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Division of reposnibilities in middle class families
Early 1800's = Wife takes care of family and house / Husband works to support family |
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Nativism
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Strong anti-immirant sentiment in US before Civil War
Irish = fear of Catholic Church takeover / political involvement |
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Manifest Destiny
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Belief = US had God given right to spread benefits of its civilzation across continent
Used as justification of US expansion before Civil War Oregon, Texas, Mexican-American War |
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Senaca Falls - Declaration of Sentiments
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1st written statement of women's rights movement
Created by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton Right to vote, property rights, divorce laws, discrimination in employment and education |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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Issued by President Lincoln
Freed slaves in parts under control of Confederacy Changed Civil War into a fight for slavery instead of a war to preserve the Union |
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Black Codes
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Created by southern states after Civil War to define status of former slaves
Labor contracts and vagrancy laws limited freedom of movement and opportunity |
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Freedman's Bureau
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Provided food, clothing, shelter, medical help and schools for freed slaves
Recharter vetoed by Pres. Andrew Johnson |
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Gilded Age
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Used to describe corruption, pursuit of wealth in politics and business
Period witnessed great industrial, economical and international growth |
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Old v. New Immigration
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Old = pre 1880 / Northern and Western Europe (Irish/German)
New = post 1880 / Southern and Eastern Europe (Russian/Italian) / large scale |
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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1882 = 1st federal law to limit immigration
Chinese in US could NOT become citizens Extended in 1892 / Permanent in 1902 / Repealed in 1943 |
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Dawes Severalty Act
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1887 = attempt to westerninze Native Americans
160 acres of land = transform into small farmers |
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Ghost Dance
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Purpose = bring back buffalo, and whites go away
Ghost shirt = believed protected against bullets Contributed to massacre at Wounded Knee |
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Turner Thesis
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1893 - Frederick Jackson Turner
Frontier = key factor in American experience Connection between frontier and freedom, independence |
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Settlement House Movement
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Located in immigrant neighborhoods / ran by college educated middle class women
Help for poor immigrants, women and children Services = nursery school, classes in Englishh, sewing, cooking |
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Social Gospel
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Response to social problems caused by industrialization
Concered with slums, living conditions, child labor Wealthy must give $ help the poor (Andre Carnegie) |
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Muckrakers
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Journalists who exposed need for reform in cities
Consumer protection, political corruption, big business Examples = Upton Sinclair (The Jungle), Ida Tarbel (History of Standard Oil_ |
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NAACP
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1909 = National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Civil Rights organization = challenged Jim Crow laws Guinn v. U.S. / Brown v. Board |
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African American Migration
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Great Migration 1910 - 1920
From the south to the north before and during WWI New industrial job opportunities / racial tensions |
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
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146 workers, mostly young women died
Doors locked so workers could waste time Led to call for improvements in factories |
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Committee on Public Information
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WWI / George Creel
Propaganda used to influence Americans during war for volutary compliance Strongly patriotic / anti-German |
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Volstead Act
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Provided for federal enforcement of Prohibition
Ineffectiveness led to organized crime (Al Capone) |
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American Birth Control League
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Founded by Margaret Sanger in 1921
Promoted birth control through education, legislation, dissemination Example of expansion of womens rights |
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Lost Generation
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Name given to dissillusioned writers after WWI
Focus on loss of life and destruction from WWI F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemmingway, T.S. Elliot |
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Movies and Raidos
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1920's = dramatic increase during decade
Jazz Singer = 1st talking movie Nickelodeons = 5 cent movie theatres Expansion of liezure time and consumerism |
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Flapper
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Young women in 1920's = change in look / attitudes
Short hair, short dresses, makeup Smoked, danced, drank, socialize with men in public |
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Harlem Renaissance
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Harlem = center of African American culture
Expression of culture through music, art, poetry, literatrue, music Evolution of Jazz music |
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Immigration Act 1924
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National Origins Act
Established quota of 2% based on 1890 census Reduced annual # immigrants to 167,000 Limited immigration from Southern / Eastern Europe |
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Scope's Trial
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Biology teacher on trial for teaching evolution in Tenn.
Battle between Fundementalists = Creation and Bible v. Evolution and Science Sign of changing times of 1920's traditon v. modern |
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Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
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Italian anarchists convicted of murder / executed
Little evidence - convicted because they were immigrants with radical political views Sign of Red Scare after WWI / fear of immigrants / radical |
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Hoovervilles
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Homeless towns emergd druing Great Depresson and filed with homeless/unemployed
Name given for blame put on Pre. Hoover for economic failure and lack of help |
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Dust Bowl
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Drought in midwest durning 1930's led to massive dust storms
Cuased farmers to leave region / migrate west Okies = Oaklahoma to California / "The Grapes of Wrath" |
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Bonus Army
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WWI veterans demanded early payment of bonus
Marched on Washington = Pres Hoover ordered US army to remove them Example of Hoover and failure to end Depression |
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CIvilian Conservation Corp
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CCC = jobs to young men / 17-25
Work in forests, parks, roads, flood control Lived in militaristic style housing / uniforms / $ |
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Federal Emergency Relief Administration
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FERA = direct $ / relief
Cash payments to those who could not work (handicapped/elderly/Mothers) Jobs for relief programs / construction projects |
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Indian Reorganization Act
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Ended land policy of Dawes Act
Provided $ for tribes to buy land Tribal Councils organized as legal governments |
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Social Security Act
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Old age pension = 65+
Paid for by income tax Not all people covered = Blacks, Immigrants, Women |
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Works Progress Administration
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WPA = expanded idea of public works to employ authors, painters, historians
Construction projects to improve communities = new jobs |
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Executive Order 9066
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Pres. FDR = declared west Coast theatre of battle
Ordered forceful removal of 100K Japanee Americans |
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Office of War Information
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Issued govt propaganda for WWII = film/radio/posters/tv
Emphasized evils of Japanese / Fascist / Nazis Encouraged support of war in variety of ways |
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Rosie the Riveter
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Symbol for women entering the workforce during WWII
Fed. govt used propaganda to recruit women Most women forced to give up jobs after men came back from war |
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Zoot Suit Riots
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Culture clash in Los Angelos / Mexican American v. whites
Zoot Suit = style of dress / long jacket, hat, watch chain Riots = sailors attacking anyone in a zoot suit |
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GI Bill of RIghts
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Provided benefits to WWII veterans
Unemployment up to 52 weeks $ for college / housing / loans for busines, home farm |
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Baby Boom
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Increase in birth rate after WWII
Veterans returned home = started families 78 million births 1946 - 1964 |
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Television
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Replaced radio as source of news /entertainment 1950's
Portrayed traditional American values and ideas (Father Knows Best) Gave image of middle class suburbia life and conformity |
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Rock and Roll
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Popular music born out of rythm and blues
Gave youth of 1950's a way to rebel against their parents lifestyes Popular artists = Elvis / Jerry Lee Luis / Chuck Berry |
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Beat Generation
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Group of writers in the 1950's / early 1960's
Rejected conformity and consumerism Accepted liberal sexuality and drug use |
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Montgomery Bus Boycot
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1955-56 = started with Rosa Parks regused to give up her seat
Triggered 1 yr boycott of city's bus system / led by MLK Supreme Court ruled segregated buses = unconstitutional |
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Sputnik
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1957 = Soviets launch 1st satellite into space
Convinced US has fallen behind in science / technology Resulted in funding for NASA, science/engineering education |
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Little Rock 9
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Federal court ordered high school to desegregate
Gov. Arkansas refused = Natl Guard blokced entrance Pres. Eisenhower sent Feeral troops to force desegregation |
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference
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Established by MLK after bus boycott
Nonviolent porotest = goal Challenged by Black Power movement of mid 1960's |
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"The Affluent Society"
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1958 = Analysis of post WWII economy
Critical of focus on consumption / consumer spending Wanted increased govt spending Ideas reflected in LBJ Great Society |
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Student Nonviolent Corrdinating Committee
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Civil Rigts organization
Organized Freedom Riders / 1964 Summer of Freedom Focus shifted to Black Power with Sokely Carmichael in mid 1960's |
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Freedom Riders
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Black and white students = rode buses into the south
Goal = test enforcement of bus desegregation Riders faced beatings, arrests, jail |
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"The Other America"
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1962 = Study on poverty in America
40 -50 million Americans extremely poor = migrant / tenant farmers, minorities in cities, rural whites Influenced LBJ to start war on poverty |
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"The Feminine Mystique"
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1963 = Betty Friedan book based on college survey
Challenged traditional view of women (family/marriage) Can a woman be happy if she is not a wife or mother? |
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March on Washington
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1963 = Peaceful demonstration - 250K people
Purpose = support civil rights bill promised by Kennedy |
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Antiwar Movement
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Opposition to Vietnam War in 1960's
Tactics = sitins, teachins, mass demonstrations / protests Kent State shooting 1970 |
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Freedom Summer
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Voter registration drive in Mississippi 1964
Many volunteers = white college students (2 killed) |
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Free Speech Movement
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1964 = student protest following UC Berkley enforcemnt of rules just off campus
Protests = takeover of Admin building |
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Medicare and Medicade
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Care = medical insurance for 65+
Caid = health coverage for the poor regardless of age |
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Selma to Montgomery March
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1965 = in support of voting rights in Alabama
1st attempt = violency by local / state police |
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Black Power
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Grew out of militant wing of SNCC
Influenced by Malcom X's ideas of black separatism, self-help and black pride Example = Black Panthers Oakland, Ca |
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Black Panther Party
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1966 = founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
Ten-Point Program = black self help, reparations for slavery, exemption from the draft, self defense agaisnt police brutality Police v. Panther confrontations = death |
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National Organization for Women
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1966 = NOW = largest civil rights organization for women
Goals = stronger enforcement of laws, broader job opportunities Pushed for Equal Rights Amendment |
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Woodstock
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1969 = Music festival in NY / 400K people
3 days of Peace, Love and Music Sex, drugs, Rock and Roll = counter culture |
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Gay Rights
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Stonewall Riots = beginning of movement
State / local govt. prohibited from discrimination based on sexual orientation |
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Equal Rights Amendment
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1972 = Equalr rights can NOT be denied based on sex
Apporvd in Congress but not ratified by 3/4 of states |
