Apush Exam Unit 2

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St. Augustine (Florida)

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Established in 1565, it was never much more than a military outpost which originated when a French corsair intercepted a Spanish galleon that started the new trade of pirating from the Spanish. An unsuccessful missionary campaign among the North American natives was abandoned. It has the distinction of being the oldest city in the present day United States.

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Pensacola (Florida)

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It was originally founded in 1559 to make it the oldest outpost in the continental United States. A hurricane destroyed the original colony and the first of three presidios was established in 1698. The area was continually traded back and forth between Spain and France and ultimately the British gained control until it went back to Spain during the American Revolution. It became permanently a part of the United States as a result of the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819.

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Santa Fe (New Mexico)

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Became a colony in 1609 as a buffer against the advances of other European countries and established the encomienda system, which caused tension with the Pueblo Indians. Apache, Navajo, and Comanche Indians continually threatened the colony. Its economy was based on cattle and sheep raising along with trade with the Indians. Popé led a revolt of the Pueblo in 1680 that killed 400 Spanish settlers before Spain re-established control by 1697. Santa Fe is the oldest city in the United States west of the Mississippi river and the oldest capital city.

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San Antonio (Texas)

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The leading town established in Texas in 1718 and along with 30 missions, it acted as a barrier against the incursions of the French. It became the largest Spanish settlement in Texas. After the failure of Spanish missions to the north of the city, San Antonio became the farthest northeastern extension of the culture of Mexico.

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San Francisco and Los Angeles

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Pueblo settlements in California in 1776 and 1781 were begun in response to the Russian advance in the north and a desire to settle new land by eleven families coming from the Mission San Gabriel in the South.

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Spanish Borderlands

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The term Spanish borderlands refers to the Spanish colonial frontier in the land area that later became the United States. By the late 18th century, the Spanish land claims extended west along the southern rim of North America from Florida to California and north to Alaska. Once Mexico became independent from Spain in 1821, the Spanish claim to the borderlands was ended and over the next 33 years these areas would become a part of the U.S. Despite the loss of this territory to the U.S., their cultural legacy endured, and much of the American Southwest has a strong Spanish and Mexican influence.

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Encomienda

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A Spanish system of land tenure in their New World colonies which became one of serfdom for the Native Americans (Indians). They were required to work the land under the tutelage of their landlords by farming, ranching, or mining. Despite promises of treating them fairly, the landlords (usually the missionaries) often abused their charges and the system resulted in depopulation of the Native Americans (Indians).

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Hacienda

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In time, it replaced the encomienda system and was originally a land grant made to minor nobles in order to get them to come to the New World. It became an extensive system of land ownership where the Native Americans (Indians) became peons who worked for the owner of the hacienda. Although not as harsh as the encomienda system, it was still an institution of exploitation.

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Mission

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The mission served to introduce Native Americans into Spanish society. Catholicism, the foundation of Spanish culture, was a nationalistic religion controlled and subsidized by the Crown. The mission was both an arm of the church and an agent of the state. Twenty-one of these were established in California under Junipero Serra and Firmin Lasuen and more than 100 others in Texas and New Mexico. Religious orders like the Jesuits, Franciscans, and Dominicans established most of the missions.

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Presidio

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As an agent of the state the presidio or forts were garrisons where military officers commanded the soldiers to keep order and keep in check hostile Native Americans. Presidios existed throughout the frontier areas of Spain's colonies with prominent ones in California (San Diego, Monterey, San Francisco) and Texas. In all more than 100 presidios were established in the Spanish borderlands.

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Ranchos

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They covered much of the most fertile land in California. The Alcaldes (municipal magistrates) of the pueblos were given the authority to grant lots of land within their jurisdiction and this evolved to the granting of lands outside these jurisdictions--hence the ranchos. These were granted in order to encourage agriculture and industry, reward soldiers, and provide land for settlers who held no property. These rancho land grants were limited to a maximum size of eleven square leagues with most being considerably smaller. Of the 800-plus rancho grants made, the Spanish government granted approximately thirty and the rest were by the Mexican government.

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Fort Caroline

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This was a French attempt to settle Huguenots in Florida near present day Jacksonville in 1564. Spain became incensed at this and established St. Augustine where it launched an attack that wiped out the French by killing 500 of their colonists.

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Port Royal

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One of series of fur trading outposts established by the French in Acadia (Nova Scotia), it lasted from 1598 to 1604.

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Quebec

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Founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608, this colony's economic viability was based on good relations with the Hurons and the fur trade with them, as well as a French and Huron alliance against the powerful Iroquois Confederation.

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Fishing

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The Grand Banks off of Newfoundland in the North Atlantic were where plentiful catches of cod and haddock were supplied to "fish starved" Catholic Europe.

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Fur Trading

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This became the mainstay of the economy in New France. The posts and forts were designed to protect the valuable economic activity.

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Coureurs de Bois

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They emerged as the chief supplier of beaver furs after the early monopoly to licensed traders was ended. They roamed far and wide in the interior to supply the fur and were rugged individuals who often lived among Native Americans and took native women as their wives.

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Filles de Roy

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Between 1663 to 1673, Louis XIV personally contributed to the recruitment of approximately 775 of these women who were destined to marry settlers in the colony of New France where there were very few women of marriageable age. These "King's Daughters" were considered wards of the king.

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Seigneurs

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Feudal system adapted to New France in which the large landholders become an agent of the state in promoting colonization. In actuality they lived little better than the habitants who tilled the soil for them. Instead of promoting agriculture much of their time was spend hunting and fishing.

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Habitants

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This was the name given for the hired hands of the seigneurs who tilled the soil. Most of these agricultural workers were soldiers, workmen, or servants from northern France who came in very small numbers to work for he seigneurs.

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Huguenots

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France would not let these hard working Protestants colonize New France which could have given the colony a population base to help support its vast size. The colony of New France had a total population of 65,000 at the time of the French and Indian War and it would face a population of 2.5 million in the British colonies.

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Voyageurs

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A system devised by Champlain where young men would live among the Indians. This led to good relations between the Indians, especially the Huron and Algonquin. In time these men often married Indian women and became the middle-men in transporting furs in the fur trade. The French did not have the fear of miscegenation that the English colonies had.

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Plymouth (Massachusetts)

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English Separatists founded in 1620 the Plymouth colony in New England. Most of these Separatists (also known as Pilgrims) were farmers, poorly educated, and without social or political standing. They originally moved to the Netherlands because they had broken away from the Church of England. In 1617, discouraged by economic difficulties, the pervasive Dutch influence on their children, and their inability to secure civil autonomy, the congregation voted to emigrate to America. Fewer than half the 102 passengers on the Mayflower were Separatists. After first landing at Provincetown they soon discovered Plymouth Harbor, on the western side of Cape Cod Bay, and made their historic landing on December 21, 1620. They were able to survive the first winter with the help of the friendly Squanto and Samoset Native Americans. William Bradford served as governor for 30 years and his published journal, Of Plymouth Plantation, provides a rich history of the colony.

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Massachusetts Bay

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Unlike the other colonies which were sparse in number, the Puritan community at Massachusetts Bay were part of a "Great Migration" that sent 185,000 from England to New England, Chesapeake, and the West Indies from 1629 to 1660. Of these it was the Puritans who had the greatest impact. With 11 ships and 700 passengers arriving in 1630, the Puritans were able to establish, according to John Winthrop, their leader and governor, "a city upon a hill, the eyes of all are upon us." They attempted to build a godly community that would inspire those in England to reform the church. These middle class burghers in their "errand into the wilderness in this new world" would focus on brining a new sense of community out of their religious idealism. Their contribution to the development of the American character was greater than any other colonial group and much of it still exists today.

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Connecticut

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Primarily for economic reasons, different groups left Massachusetts Bay to settle the fertile lands of the Connecticut Valley. The most important of these was led by Thomas Hooker who established a colony at Hartford in 1636. His democratic views as well as those of others were incorporated into the "Fundamental Orders" that provided a framework for government.

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New Haven

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John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton founded the colony of New Haven in 1638 on Long Island Sound. The colony was dominated by Puritan church officials and was somewhat less democratic than the Connecticut colony. New Haven was absorbed, against its wishes, by the Connecticut colony in 1662.

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Rhode Island

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Four towns were established by buying land from Native Americans by dissenters from the Bay colony. Roger Williams secured a charter for Providence Plantations in 1636 that would unite the towns as well as instilling the concept of freedom and conscience in the colonies. This self-governing colony became a haven for the "otherwise minded," including Williams, Anne Hutchinson (who later migrated to Long Island and was killed in an Indian attack), and William Coddington. It was the contrarian colony of New England going against the Puritan dominated colonies.

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Maine and New Hampshire

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These colonies were created by land grants given to John Mason and Ferdinando Gorges for land between the Merrimack and Kennebec rivers in 1622. They further divided in 1629 as Gorges received the north (Maine) and Mason the south (New Hampshire). Maine would be absorbed into Massachusetts Bay as well as New Hampshire for a time, until it was made independent in 1680.

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Mayflower Compact

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While on board the ship Mayflower, the Separatists signed an agreement establishing a "body politic" and a basic legal system for the colony. This agreement created a legal authority and an assembly, and it also asserted that the government's power derived from the consent of the governed and not from God. It started the road to democracy in the colonies.

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"Blue Laws"

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Passed by the Puritans, these laws were aimed at limiting simple pleasures and suppressing some human instincts. Connecticut enforced these laws to such an extent that it became known as the "Blue Law State." The name was coined because of the blue paper on which these repressive or "sumptuary" laws were printed. For example, in New Haven a couple was fined twenty shillings for kissing in public. These laws also forbade stage plays, playing cards, dice, and "May games." Doing almost anything on the Sabbath was forbidden as well as "excessive hilarity."

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Bundling

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Courting practice of the Puritans which allowed young, courting couples to share the same bed separated by a bundling board. This was done to save wood but still allow social interaction among young people.

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Education

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Schooling was a mainstay in New England primarily for religious reasons. Harvard College (1636) was established to train ministers six years after the Puritans arrived. Because parents were not teaching enough about religion and the civil government according to a 1642 law, the Old Deluder Satan Act was passed in 1647 that required towns of 50 families to hire a school master to teach reading and writing.

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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

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Adopted in 1639 by the Connecticut council to state their principles. Some of the main ideas of the document are that the government is based on an individual's rights, free men elect magistrates by secret ballot, and that there are limits on the government's powers. The principles of individual rights in this document was applied later to the Constitution.

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Great Awakening

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The First Great Awakening occurred in the 1730s and 1740s. Protestants in the colonies, first stirred up by Jonathon Edwards and his call for a return to strict Calvinism and God-fearing in his most famous sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," became emotionally involved in their convictions. They displayed a new passion that greatly contrasted with the former method of worship of passive listening. People began reading the Bible in their homes, resulting in the decentralization of the church and a greater emphasis on individual worship. New colleges were founded in the spirit of this "new light" preaching. George Whitefield, the best known of the revivalist preachers, carried the movement into the South.

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Half-Way Covenant

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This was a decision made by the Congregational churches in New England in the 1950s. There was a concern about the lack of newcomers to the religion. Even more alarming was the decline of conversions (people's testimonial that they had received God's grace), which was the only way to be admitted to the church and to become part of the elect. To deal with the decline in new membership the Congregational churches promised the Half-Way Covenant. This offered partial membership rights to those believers who had not yet gone through regeneration.

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Anne Hutchinson

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She was a difficult woman who gained a following by criticizing the ministers and began practicing and advocating antinomianism -- the belief that faith and God's grace alone was enough to earn a place among the "elect." Her criticism of the clergy for being deficient in grace got her into "hot water" with the government officials. She was eventually tried for heresy, convicted, and banished from Puritan society. She was exiled to Rhode Island. Her contrarian views were accepted in this most "contrary" colony.

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King Philip's War (1675-1676)

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This was a devastating war between the colonists and the Native Americans in New England. Led by King Philip (Metacom), chief of the Wampanoag, the Indians maintained peace with the colonists for a number of years. Hostility eventually developed over the steady succession of land sales forced on the Native Americans because of their growing dependence on English goods. In the two-year conflict about 600 colonists and 3,000 natives were killed. The war resulted in the virtual extermination of the Native American's tribal life in New England and the disappearance of the fur trade.

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Puritan (Protestant) Ethic

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Business was a calling and success a sign of regeneration (God's grace) according to this fundamental Puritan belief. Hard work was considered character building and morally good. A distrust of leisure, which is a sign of the ungodly, would help to create a capitalist mentality that would contribute to making the U.S. a nation of hard working people. Many aphorism contain these sentiments such as the ones in Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac.

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Regeneration

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This was the concept of salvation in the Puritan religion where man faced God directly without an intermediary and became one of the elect (this had been predestined by God) through a concrete religious experience. Sometimes it is referred to as conversion or being "born again."

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New Netherlands

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After explorations of Henry Hudson for the Netherlands a group of Walloons became the first settlers. New Netherlands was established on Manhattan and other islands in 1624, as well as on land along the Hudson River. Peter Minuet purchased Manhattan Island for 60 guilders (or $24) in trade goods from the Indians and changed its name to New Amsterdam. It became a cosmopolitan mixture of Walloons, Huguenots, Swedes, Dutch, and Africans. Its unique system of landholding into patroonships established an aristocratic class of feudal lords among the Hudson River. England's defeat of the Netherlands in the Wars of Devolution or 2nd & 3rd Anglo-Dutch Wars resulted in New Netherlands being absorbed into England and being renamed New York after the king's brother, the Duke of York, in 1673.

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New Sweden

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Founded by a trading company financed by Dutch and Swedish investors in 1638 along the Delaware River. Dutch investors were bought out which increased hostilities between the two, leading to skirmishes ultimately resulting in a Dutch takeover.

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Leisler's Rebellion

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During the Glorious Revolution Jacob Leisler led a rebellion that took control of New York from 1689-1691. Backed by Dutch laborers and artisans who resented the English ruling elite, he enacted a government of popular representation. There was also a move to redistribute wealth to the poor. He earned the scorn of New York's predominantly Anglican merchant and aristocratic classes. The new king William of Orange (William III) sent a new governor in 1691 and after Leisler refused to give up his authority, English troops entered the city, arrested Leisler for treason, tried and found him guilty, and had him hanged, drawn, and quartered.

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Hudson River Settlements

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The Dutch established a series of trading posts, towns, and forts up and down the Hudson River. Fort Orange (Albany) was the northernmost of the Dutch outposts.

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Gambrel Roof

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A main feature of what is often called the Dutch Colonial style that was popular in all of the colonies is the gambrel roof. The idea of the slanted pitches came from Dutch windmill designs. This style would be revived in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

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Knickerbocker Literature

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Written in the 19th century, but the themes were based on the 40 year Dutch experience in the New World in such works by Washington Irving as Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

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Log Cabin

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This innovation was Sweden's original contribution to America that would become the standard home in frontier life.

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Patroonships

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In order to encourage settlement these large tracts of land were offered to anyone who would transport 50 people across the Atlantic to the colony. A few were established but the only partially successful one was owned by the Amsterdam jeweler Van Rensselaer. All the patroonships suffered from absentee management, quarrels with the Dutch West India Company, and conflict with the Indians.

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Pennsylvania

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In payment for a debt, the Crown offered to William Penn a large section of land west of the Delaware River. He was made absolute proprietor and extensively publicized his colonial venture to attract Welshmen, Quakers, Irish, Dutch, and other immigrants. Unlike most other colonizers, he signed treaties with the Indians to gain legal title to the land. From its inception in 1682, Pennsylvania's population dramatically increased and the liberal government made it an attractive haven for settlers from Europe. Penn's enlightenment policy toward the Native Americans insured an interval of peace that lasted for 75 years. The pacifism of the Quakers contributed to the peace and harmony that existed. The Scots-Irish immigrants on the western frontier with their anti-Indian sentiments would disrupt this tranquility.

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New Jersey

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After the Duke of York acquired his large holdings in the New World in 1665, he gave land already inhabited by Dutch settlers and New Englanders to George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley. The proprietors promised colonists religious liberty, land acquisition on easy terms, and the right to democratically elect the legislature. For a number of years the colony was in turmoil because ownership vacillated between the Dutch, Quakers, and ultimately, the Crown.

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"Bread Colonies"

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This was the name given to the Middle Colonies because of their agricultural surplus in wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn, and other grain crops. Exports went to Europe and the West Indies.

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Chief Tammany

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His settlement with William Penn on behalf of the Delaware tribe symbolized the good relations between Penn's settlers and the Native Americans. By the time of the revolution, his name would symbolize the spirit of independence and a New York political club would later adopt his name for their organization.

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Pennsylvania Dutch

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This was the name erroneously given to the German pietistic farmers (e.g. Amish and Mennonites) who emigrated in significant numbers from the Palatinate and settled in Pennsylvania where they spoke deutch (German). The inability of Americans to pronounce Deutch led to their misnaming it as Dutch.

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Scots-Irish

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Immigrant ethnic group who originated in the lowlands of Scotland, left that area for economic reasons to settle in Northern Ireland (Ulster), and ultimately came to Pennsylvania during the 17th and 18th centuries. Many also illegally "squatted" on land in the frontier along the "great wagon road" that went to the Carolinas. They incessantly quarreled with the Indians and movements like the Paxton Boys and Regulators kept the frontier in constant turmoil. These settlers were mobile, frequently illegally squatted on land they did not own, and tended to wear out the land. Many ended up going South along the Appalachian frontier interior of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia.

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Society of Friends

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Protestant sect commonly known as the Quakers who were founded in England by George Fox but many of its members moved to America because of being persecuted in England. They favored direct communication with God and with no intermediaries such as priests or ministers between them and the deity. Many moved to Pennsylvania after William Penn founded that colony as a sanctuary for persecuted people. They were industrious, pacifistic people who became the first abolitionists. Politically they tended to dominate the colony, especially in Philadelphia, or the "city of brotherly love."

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Jamestown

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This 1607 venture was a joint-stock company's settlement that was named for King James I. Many English settlers were the younger sons of aristocrats, who were not entitled to their parents' fortunes. These sons came to the New World to strike it rich and squandered their time searching for gold. In the short run, John Smith saved the colony made of "slackers" by his dictum of "he who does not work shall not eat." John Rolfe assured the long-term economic viability of the colony, when he perfected methods of cultivating tobacco that he had learned from the Indians. In 1619, the first Africans were purchased in Jamestown from a Dutch ship that had taken them off of a Portuguese ship. They became indentured servants.

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Maryland

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Founded by the first Lord Baltimore (George Calvert) in 1634 as a refuge for Catholics, this colony became profitable almost immediately. Wise Indian policy and the introduction of tobacco assured its economic success. A social hierarchy was established by the quit rent system of land tax that had long passed away in England. After Puritans from Virginia became the Protestant majority, the Toleration Act of 1649 was passed, granting liberty of conscience for all who believed in the divinity of Jesus.

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Roanoke Island

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Colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585 off the coast of Virginia. 114 settlers arrived in 1587. Here, Virginia Dare was born, but the colony was found mysteriously deserted with no sign of the colonists in 1590. Raleigh was forced to abandon the idea due to inadequate financial resources.

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North Carolina

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Originally part of South Carolina called Albemarle, it was an outpost that attracted malcontents from Virginia even before it was chartered in 1663. Like Rhode Island in New England, it was known as a place for those who did not fit in -- a place for runaway slaves, debtors, fugitives, and other "riff raff." Political turmoil ensued and it later became known as a center for paper-money agitation and other economic heresies. Its location between its two haughty neighbors of Virginia and South Carolina made it a natural abode for those who were uncomfortable with the aristocratic ways of those two colonies.

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South Carolina

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Founded by eight proprietors in 1670, they received their grant from Charles II during the Restoration. It was modeled after Maryland with a constitution drawn up by John Locke that was quickly abandoned. The proprietors established an aristocratic tone to Carolina society and helped to create a plantation based gentry in Charleston that became the cosmopolitan center of the South with settlers from Barbados, French Huguenots, and other colonies. Huge rice plantations made it a colony that resembled more the sugar plantations of the West Indies than the other North American colonies. Trade from the West Indies came to Charleston and it became the center of slave dispersal to the other southern colonies.

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Georgia

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It was a unique colony subsidized by the Crown when it was founded in 1732 as a buffer against attacks on South Carolina by Spanish Florida and as a refuge for bankrupt debtors. Its leader James Olgethorpe tried to keep out slavery and alcohol but to no avail. Few debtors actually arrived and immigrants from Germany, Switzerland, and Scotland, along with some Jews made it the least English of all of the colonies except for Pennsylvania.

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Cash Crops

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In accordance with the mercantilist system the southern colonies relied upon cash crops that were exported to England. Tobacco in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina, and rice and later indigo in South Carolina and Georgia were the main products.

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Indentured Servants

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They provided a solution to the shortage of labor, especially in the Chesapeake colonies. Immigrants paid for their passage by selling their future labor (four to seven years) to individuals who would use these credit as a way of obtaining 50 acre grants of land or "headrights" for importing the labor. About 50% of the immigrants came to the colonies as a result of indentured servitude.

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Joint-Stock Companies

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Joint-Stock Companies were the modern corporations of the early 1600s. Younger sons of wealthy aristocrats, hoping to make their fortune, chartered investors (called "adventurers") to pool their capital. The companies were supposed to cultivate in the New World, and then dissipate after a few years when the investors liquidated their profits. The colonist were encouraged to become successful before the companies liquidated.

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Headright System

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The Europeans who settled Jamestown were employees of the Virginia Company, whose stockholders controlled all the English claims to land in the colony. Once the English recognized that the colony's value was based on tobacco, and tobacco required large tracts of land, the company began encouraging immigration by promising land to settlers. The Virginia Company encouraged wealthy individuals to establish settlements by the "headright" system. It authorized the grant of 50 acres for every individual brought to Virginia. The colony had an excess of land and a shortage of people, so it was public policy to encourage population growth through immigration. In theory, the servants would work 5-7 years clearing new land. The indentured servants did not acquire title to land through their work during their term of service. At the end of their term of indenture, they were given some basic clothing and equipment, and expected to move to the unsettled frontier. They could purchase unimproved land and "improve" it by cutting down the trees and preparing fields suitable for growing crops such as corn and tobacco. They frequently moved to virgin land and did not purchase it but lived off it as "squatters."