Apush Chapter 9

Front 1

Abigail Adams

Back 1

wife of John Adams advocated for women rights. She often would tease her husband about how women in society would rebel if not given the same rights.

Front 2

Daniel Shays and Shay's Rebellion

Back 2

Shays’ Rebellion, which flared up in western Massachusetts in 1786, attacked tax collectors, etc… and caused all sorts of violence. Shays was convicted but later pardoned. The fear of such violence lived on, though, and paranoia existed.

Front 3

Alexander Hamilton

Back 3

saved the convention from collapsing - delegates from only 5 states showed up. He called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with just commerce, but to fix then entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation.
Alexander Hamilton was an advocate of a super-powerful central government.

Front 4

Republicanism

Back 4

At the time of the American Revolu­tion, republicanism referred to the concept that sovereignty, or ultimate political authority, is vested in the people--the citizens of the nation. As such, republican governments not only derive their authority from the consent of the governed but also predicate themselves on the principles of rule by law and legislation by elected representatives.

Front 5

States' rights

Back 5

The federal government only has powers given to them given by the constition the rest is given to the states to control their local affairs. Also they are to have representatives in the house based on population and two senators.

Front 6

Popular Sovereignty

Back 6

Notion that political power or the power to govern is derived from the people. As such, the people retain the right to rescind any grant of power to the government.

Front 7

"Great Compromise"

Back 7

was worked out so that Congress would have TWO houses, the House of Representatives, were reps were based on population, and the Senate, where each state got two reps. All tax bills would start in the House. Also, there would be a strong, independent executive branch with a president who would be military commander in chief and could veto legislation.
Another compromise was the election of the president through the Electoral College, rather than by the people directly. Also, slaves would count as 3/5 of a person in census counts. Also, the Constitution enabled a state to shut off slave importation if it wanted after 1807.

Front 8

Articles of Confederation

Back 8

The Articles had no executive branch (hence, no single leader), a weak Congress in which each state had only one vote, required 2/3 majority on any subject of importance, and a fully unanimous vote for amendments. Also, Congress was pitifully weak, and could not regulate commerce or enforce tax collection.
Congress could only call up soldiers from the states, which weren’t going to help each other. However, it was a model of what a loose confederation should be, and was a significant stepping-stone towards the establishment of the U.S. Constitution.
Still, the states wielded an alarmingly too great amount of power. The Articles of the Confederation was finished in 1777, but in was finally completely ratified (that was needed) by the last state, Maryland, on March 1, 1781.

Front 9

Electoral College

Back 9

"Winner take all system" was the election of the president through the Electoral College, rather than by the people directly.

Front 10

Land Ordinance of 1785

Back 10

The Land Ordinance of 1785 provided the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that the proceeds be used to pay off the national debt.
This vast area would be surveyed before settlement and then divided into townships six miles square, which would then be divided into 36 square sections with one set aside for public schools.

Front 11

"three fifths compromise"

Back 11

Because of arguments over if the slaves would count towards the general population of the state, the "three-fifths compromise" was created. This was to ensure that the Southern states didn't have too much power over the northern ones.

Front 12

Northwest Ordinance

Back 12

1787 made admission into the union a two stage affair:
There would be two evolutionary territorial stages, during which the area would be subordinate to the federal government
When a territory had 60,000 inhabitants, Congress as a state might admit it.
It worked so well to solve a problem that others had plagued many other nations.

Front 13

Anti-federalists

Back 13

* opposed to the Constitution
* states' rights
* Fearful that there is no Bill of Rights
The antifederalists were mostly the poor farmers, the illiterate, and states’ rights devotees; it was basically the poorer classes.

Front 14

Federalists

Back 14

* in favor of the constitution
* strong central government
* post 1789 become a political party

The federalists were more respectable and generally embraced the cultured and propertied groups, and many were former Loyalists.

Front 15

The Federalist

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New York was swayed by The Federalist Papers, written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, and finally yielded after realizing that it could prosper apart from the union.

Front 16

James Madison

Back 16

helped write the Federalist papers and is called "The father of the constitution"