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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
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1890 book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, argued that every successful world power once held a great navy. This book helped start a naval race among the great powers and moved the U.S. to naval supremacy. It motivated the U.S. to look to expanding overseas.
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George Dewey
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On February 25, 1898, Roosevelt cabled Commodore George Dewey, commanding the American Asiatic Squadron at Hong Kong, and told him to take over the Philippines.
Dewey did so brilliantly, completely taking over the islands from the Spanish. Dewey had naval control, but he could not storm the islands and its fortresses, so he had to wait for reinforcements, but meanwhile, other nations were moving their ships into Manila Harbor to protect their men. The German navy defied American blockade regulations, and Dewey threatened the navy commander with war, but luckily, this episode blew over, due in part to the British assistance of America. |
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Jingoism
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helped start the Spanish American war and was created by Yellow Journalism and Roosevelts big stick policy extreme chauvinism or nationalism marked especially by a belligerent foreign policy
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Imperialism
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the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Exploiting smaller countries.
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Pan-American Conference
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The Conferences of American States, commonly referred to as the Pan-American Conferences, were meetings of the Pan-American Union, an international organization for cooperation on trade and other issues. They were first introduced by James G. Blaine of Maine in order to establish closer ties between the United States and its southern neighbors, specifically Latin America. Blaine hoped that ties between the USA and its southern counterparts would open Latin American markets to U.S. trade. International summits have been held in the following cities: Havana
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Teller Amendment
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Congress also adopted the Teller Amendment, which proclaimed that when the U.S. had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom and not conquer it.
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Rough Riders
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Usually old cowboys,
The “Rough Riders,” a regiment of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Leonard Wood, rushed to Cuba and battled at El Caney stormed up San Juan Hill. |
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Treaty of Paris
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In negotiations in Paris, America got Guam and Puerto Rico and freed Cuba, but the Philippines were a tough problem, since America couldn’t honorably give it back to Spain after decades of misrule, but the U.S. couldn’t just take it like an imperialistic nation.
Finally, McKinley decided to keep the Philippines, even though they had been taken one day after the end of the war, but he did so because of popular public opinion and because it meshed well with business interests. The U.S. paid $20 million for the islands. |
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Anti-Imperialist League
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The Anti-Imperialist League sprang into being, firmly opposed to this new imperialism of America, and its members included Mark Twain, William James, Samuel Gompers, and Andrew Carnegie.
Even the Filipinos wanted freedom, and denying that to them was un-American. However, expansionists cried that the Philippines could become another Hong Kong. British writer Rudyard Kipling wrote about “The White Man’s Burden,” urging America to keep the Philippines and “civilize them.” |
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Platt Amendment
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n 1902, the U.S. did indeed walk away from Cuba, but it also encouraged Cuba to write and pass the Platt Amendment, which became their constitution.
This amendment said that (1) the U.S. could intervene and restore order in case of anarchy, (2) that the U.S. could trade freely with Cuba, and (3) that the U.S. could get two bays for naval bases, notably Guantanamo Bay. |
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Spheres of Influence
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In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence (SOI) is a spatial region or conceptual division over which a state or organization has significant cultural, economic, military or political influence
Following its defeat by Japan in 1894-1895, China had been carved into “spheres of influence” by the European powers. |
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Open Door notes
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Secretary of State John Hay dispatched his famous Open Door note, which urged the European nations to keep fair competition open to all nations willing and wanting to participate. This became the “Open Door Policy.”
All the powers already holding spots of China were squeamish, and only Italy, which had no sphere of influence of its own, accepted unconditionally. Russia didn’t accept it at all, but the others did, on certain conditions, and thus, China was “saved” from being carved up. |
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big stick diplomacy
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As part of his annual address to Congress in 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt stated that in keeping with the Monroe Doctrine the United States was justified in exercising "international police power" to put an end to chronic unrest or wrongdoing in the Western Hemisphere. This came to be called the Roosevelt Corollary. Ironically, the Monroe Doctrine's purpose had been to prevent intervention in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. The Roosevelt Corollary sought to justify such intervention whenever the American government thought it was necessary.
It wasn't long before the corollary was put into action. The Dominican Republic could not pay its debts and to protect American interests the United States took over the customs houses and established a customs receivership. Roosevelt was fond of the African proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far." His foreign policy style has come to be called Big Stick diplomacy. |
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Panama Canal
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Panama was thus recognized by the U.S., and fifteen days later, Bunau-Varilla, the Panamanian minister despite his French nationality, signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty that gave a widened (6x10 mi.) Panamanian zone to the U.S. for $15 million.
TR didn’t actively plot to tear Panama away from Colombia, but it seemed like it to the public, and to Latin America, and his actions in this incident saw him suffer a political black eye. In 1904, construction began on the Panama Canal, but at first, problems with landslides and sanitation occurred. Colonel George Washington Goethals finally organized the workers while Colonel William C. Gorgas exterminated yellow fever. When TR visited Panama in 1906, he was the first U.S. president to leave America for foreign soil. The canal was finally finished and opened in 1914, at a cost of $400 million. |
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Roosevelt Corollary
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TR feared that if European powers interfered in the Americas to collect debts, they might then stay in Latin America, a blatant violation of the Monroe Doctrine, so he issued his Roosevelt Corollary, which stated that in future cases of debt problems, the U.S. would take over and handle any intervention in Latin America on behalf of Europe, thus keeping Europe away and the Monroe Doctrine intact.
It said in effect, no one could bully Latin America except the U.S. However, this corollary didn’t bear too well with Latin America, whose countries once again felt that Uncle Sam was being overbearing. When U.S. Marines landed in Cuba to bring back order to the island in 1906, this seemed like an extension of the “Bad Neighbor” policy. |
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Portsmouth Conference
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At Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1905, both sides met, and though both were stubborn (Japan wanted all of the strategic island of Sakhalin while the Russians disagreed), in the end, TR negotiated a deal in which Japan got half of Sakhalin but no indemnity for its losses.
For this, and his mediation of North African disputes in 1906 through an international conference at Algeciras, Spain, TR received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. |
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Gentlemen's Agreement
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1907 Gentlemen's agreement between Japanese and United States
* tired of Japanese working in America as cheap labor * japanese people were being attacked * Japanese said they would no longer give Visas to Japanese laborers * but the Japanese people who were already in the US were supposed to be protected but weren't * |
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Root-Takahira Agreement
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The Root-Takahira Agreement pledged the U.S. and Japan to respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door Policy in China.
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Maine
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USS Maine 1898 ship explodes off Cuba
* reported that a torpedo hit the USS Maine * Hearst wrote a yellow journalism article about the ship being attacked by the spanish * rally cry remember the USS maine * America goes to war against spain * lasts 10 months * spain loses their navy, their empire * ends with a treaty of paris |
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Ruso Japanese War
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Ruso-Japanese first time asian defeats a european nation. Russians and Japans fight against each other.
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