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50 Cards in this Set

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Natty Bumppo (James Fenimore Cooper)
was an isolated figure that praised isolationism just as Jacksonian politics aimed to emancipate the lone-wolf. is the protagonist of James Fenimore Cooper's pentalogy of novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales.
Captain Ahab ( Herman Melville)
was an isolated figure that praised isolationism just as Jacksonian politics aimed to emancipate the lone-wolf. Ahab is the tyrannical captain of the Pequod who is driven by a monomaniacal desire to kill Moby Dick, the whale that maimed him on the previous whaling voyage. Despite the fact that he's a Quaker, he seeks revenge in defiance of his religion's well-known pacifism. Ahab's name comes directly from the Bible.
"Rugged Individualism"
The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. The phrase is often associated with policies of the Republican party.
'"Rendezvous system"
The fur-trapping empire was based on the “rendezvous’’ system. Each summer, traders ventured from St. Louis to a verdant Rocky
Mountain valley, made camp, and waited for the trappers and Indians to arrive with beaver pelts to swap for manufactured goods from the East. This trade thrived for some two decades; The trade of buffalo and bear was almost extinct at the end.
George Catlin
(1796-1872) was an American painter, author and traveler who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the Old West. He was among the first Americans to advocate the preservation of nature as a deliberate national policy. Appalled at this spectacle and fearing for
the preservation of Indians and buffalo alike, Catlin proposed the creation of a national park. His idea later bore fruit with the creation of a national park system, beginning with Yellowstone Park in 1872.
Urbanization
the physical growth of urban areas from rural areas as a result of population immigration to an existing urban area. This included areas such as New York, Chicago, and New Orleans. over rapid urbanization unfortunately brought undesirable by-products. It intensified the problems of smelly slums, feeble street lighting inadequate policing, impure water, foul sewage, ravenous rats, and improper garbage disposal.
Immigration (first wave)
The first wave of immigration occurred in the 1840s and the 1850s. These immigrants were mostly Irish and German. Europe was running out of room and the potatoes famine was running wild in Ireland. 35 million came to America. The seek freedom for aristocratic rule, broad acres, low taxes, and no compulsory military service. They fueled the Industrial revolution.
Irish Potatoe Famine (1840s)
The first wave of immigration occurred in the 1840s and the 1850s. These immigrants were mostly Irish and German. Europe was running out of room and the potatoes famine was running wild in Ireland. 35 million came to America. The seek freedom for aristocratic rule, broad acres, low taxes, and no compulsory military service. They fueled the Industrial revolution.
"Biddies" and "Paddies"
Barely literate “Biddies’’ (Bridgets) took jobs as kitchen maids. Broad-shouldered “Paddies’’ (Patricks) were pushed into pick-and-shovel drudgery on canals and railroads, where thousands left their bones as victims of disease and accidental explosions.
Ancient Order of Hibernians
The friendless “famine Irish’’ were forced to
fend for themselves. The Ancient Order of Hibernians,
a semisecret society founded in Ireland to fight
rapacious landlords, served in America as a benevolent
society, aiding the downtrodden. is an Irish-Catholic fraternal organization. Members must be Catholic and either Irish born or of Irish descent. Its largest membership is now in the United States, where it was founded in New York City in 1836. Its name was adopted by groups of Irish immigrants in the United States,[1] its purpose to act as guards to protect Catholic Churches from anti-Catholic forces in the mid 19th century, and to assist Irish Catholic immigrants, especially those who faced discrimination or harsh coal mining working conditions. This came from the constant stigma that the Irish felt from everyone in the social ladder. There were signs that said No Irish need apply. There was a constant resentment from Irish taking jobs from the rest of "native" Americans.
Molly Maguires
a shadowy Irish miners’ union that rocked the Pennsylvania coal
districts in the 1860s and 1870s.were members of a secret Irish organization. Many historians believe the "Mollies" were present in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania in the United States from approximately the time of the American Civil War until a series of sensational arrests and trials in the years 1876−1878. Evidence that the Molly Maguires were responsible for coalfield crimes and kidnapping in the U.S. rests largely upon allegations of one powerful industrialist, and the testimony of one Pinkerton detective.
Tammany Hall
As the Irish grew in number they grew in power as well. They soon began to gain control of powerful city machines, notably New York’s Tammany Hall, and reaped the patronage rewards. Before long, beguilingly brogue Irishmen dominated police departments in many big cities. immigrants (most notably the Irish) rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. It usually controlled Democratic Party nominations and patronage in Manhattan
European Democratic Revolutions ( 1848)
Europe exploded into revolution. From Paris to Frankfurt to Budapest to Naples, liberal protesters rose up against the conservative establishment. The revolutions of 1848 were a "turning point in modern history that modern history failed to turn." Every one was an utter failure; though minor reforms emerged in the Germany provinces and in Prussia, the conservative regimes that canvassed Europe remained in power. This forced many to move to America.
Kindergartens
Germans contributed to American history to a great extend. Better educated on the whole than the stump grubbing Americans, they warmly supported public schools, including their Kindergarten (children’s garden).They likewise did much to stimulate art and music. As outspoken champions of freedom, they became relentless enemies of slavery during the fevered years before the Civil War.
American or "Know- Nothing" Party (1849)
movement was a nativist American political movement of the 1840s and 1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to U.S. values and controlled by the Pope in Rome. Mainly active from 1854 to 1856, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, though its efforts were met with little success. There were few prominent leaders, and the largely middle-class and entirely Protestant membership fragmented over the issue of slavery. Most ended up joining the Republican Party by the time of the 1860 presidential election. origin of the "Know Nothing" term was in the semi-secret organization of the party. When a member was asked about its activities, he was supposed to reply, "I know nothing."
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution was accompanied by a no-less-spectacular
transformation in agricultural production and in the methods of transportation and communication. The Industrial Revolution (1820-1870) was of great importance to the economic development of the United States. The Industrial Revolution refers to a change from hand and home production to machine and factory increase in America’s growth. The industrial revolution changed American society and economy into a modern urban-industrial state. Embracing the Industrial revolution took a while though. virgin soil in America was cheap. Land-starved descendants of land-starved peasants were not going to coop themselves up in smelly factories when they might till their own acres. Labor was therefore scarce—until immigrants began to pour ashore in the 1840s. Money for capital investment, was not plentiful in pioneering America. Raw materials lay undeveloped, undiscovered, or unsuspected. They lacked consumers and market. They had competition from Great Britain.
Factory System
was a method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later spreading abroad. Fundamentally, each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories. Workers, paid by wage, and machines were brought together in a central factory. All the processes of production would be carried out under one roof, and would continue as long as it was practical.The factory system was a new way of organizing labour made necessary by the development of machines which were too large to house in a worker's cottage. Working hours were as long as they had been for the farmer, that is, from dawn to dusk, six days per week. It reduced the worker to an unskilled commodity who could be easily replaced.Moral debate over the brutality of system rose.
Samuel Slater (1791)
(1768-1835) has been acclaimed the “Father of the Factory System’’ in America and its Industrial Revolution for that matter. skilled British mechanic of 21 he was attracted by bounties being offered to British workers familiar with the textile machines. After memorizing the plans for the machinery, he escaped in disguise to America, where he won the backing of Moses Brown, a Quaker capitalist in Rhode Island. he put into operation in 1791 the first efficient American machinery for spinning cotton thread. He also established the Sunday School system.
Eli White
(1765-1825) His cotton gin revolutionized southern agriculture, ushering in the Cotton and Slave Kingdom of the early 19th century. His system of interchangeable parts revolutionized the northern industry giving the north economic and technological superiority in teh Civil War and ultimately extinguishing slavery. He graduated from Yale.
Cotton Gin
Eli White in 1793 built this crude machine. short for engine) that was fifty times more effective than the handpicking process. Almost over night, raising cotton was profitable again. and the South was tied hand and foot to the throne of King Cotton. Human bondage had been dying
out, but the insatiable demand for cotton retrieved the chains on the limbs of the downtrodden southern blacks. It is a machine that is a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously done by hand.
Interchangeable Parts
The principle of interchangeable parts was
widely adopted by 1850, and it ultimately became
the basis of modern mass-production, assemblyline
methods. It gave to the North the vast industrial
plant that ensured military preponderance over the
South. It was invented by Eli White who ironically gave the south the Cotton Gin. Whitney helped factories to
flourish in the North, giving the Union a decided
advantage when that showdown came.
Elias Howe (1846)
(1819-1867) was an American inventor and sewing machine pioneer. He was born in Spencer, Massachusetts. The Beatles' movie Help! is dedicated to him. Howe contributed much of the money he earned to the Union Army during the Civil War. Howe served in the U.S. Army in the Civil War as a private from August 14, 1862, to July 19, 1865. It was the foundation for the cotton industry.
Isaac Singer
(1811-1875) was an inventor, actor, and entrepreneur. He made important improvements in the design of the sewing machine and was the founder of the Singer Sewing Machine Company
Patents
is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state (national government) to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention.These rose during the industrial revolution when more creative inventions were popping up.
"Limited Liability" corporations
The principle of limited liability aided the concentration of capital by permitting the individual investor, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, to risk no more than his own share of the corporation’s stock. the vast majority of United States jurisdictions is a legal form of business company that provides limited liability to its owners. A shareholder in a limited company is not personally liable for any of the debts of the company, other than for the value of his investment in that company.
Samuel F.B. Morse (1844)
(1791-1872) was the American creator of a single-wire telegraph system and Morse code and (less notably) a painter of historic scenes.He put distant people in direct communication and had increased business. It then expanded to other continents changing gathering news, diplomacy, and finance.
"Wage Slaves"
refers to a situation where a person is dependent for a livelihood on the wages earned, especially if the dependency is total and immediate.workingpeople often wasted away at their workbenches.
Hours were long, wages were low, and
meals were skimpy and hastily gulped. Workers
were forced to toil in unsanitary buildings that were
poorly ventilated, lighted, and heated. They were
forbidden by law to form labor unions to raise
wages. Children were the most vulnerable.
Ten Hour Day (1840)
workers gave their loyalty to the Democratic party of Andrew Jackson, whose attack on the Bank of the United States and against all forms of “privilege” reflected their anxieties about the emerging capitalist economy. In addition to such goals as the ten hour day, higher wages, and tolerable working conditions, they demanded public education for their children and an end to the inhuman practice of imprisonment for debt. Employers fought the claim for the ten hour work day. They argued that reduced hours would lessen production, increase costs, and demoralize the workers. Laborers would have so much leisure time that the Devil would lead them into mischief. A red letter gain was at length registered for labor in 1840, when President Van Buren established the ten-hour day for federal employees on public works. In ensuing years a number of states gradually fell into line by reducing the hours of working people.
Trade Unions
They were forbidden by law to form labor unions to raise wages, for such cooperative activity was regarded as a criminal conspiracy .Day laborers at last learned that their strongest weapon was to lay down their tools, even at the risk of prosecution under the law. Labor’s early and painful efforts at organization had netted some 300,000 trade unionists by 1830. But such encouraging gains were dashed on the rocks of hard times following the severe depression of 1837. As unemployment spread, union membership shriveled. Yet toilers won a promising legal victory in 1842. The supreme court of Massachusetts
ruled in the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies, provided that their methods were “honorable and peaceful.’’
"Factory Girls"
“Factory girls” typically toiled six days a week, earning a pittance for dreary, limb-numbing, earsplitting stints of twelve or thirteen hours—“from dark to dark.’’ Factory jobs promised greater economic independence for women, as well as the means to buy the manufactured products of the new market economy.
Lowell Mills
The Boston Associates,
proudly pointed to their textile mill at Lowell, Massachusetts,
as a showplace factory. The workers were virtually all New England farm girls, carefully supervised
on and off the job by watchful matrons.
Escorted regularly to church from their company
boardinghouses and forbidden to form unions, they
had few opportunities to share dissatisfactions over
their grueling working conditions.caused two social effects: a close examination of the women's moral behavior, and a form of labor agitation.
The Lowell female textile workers wrote and published several literary magazines, including the Lowell Offering, which featured essays, poetry and fiction written by female textile workers. They also actively participated in early labor reform through legislative petitions, forming labor organizations, contributing essays and articles to a pro-labor newspaper the Voice of Industry[1] and protesting through "turn-outs" or strikes.
Catherine Beecher
(1800-1878) was an American educator known for her forthright opinions on women’s education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education.unmarried
daughter of a famous preacher and sister of Harriet
Beecher Stowe, tirelessly urged women to enter
the teaching profession.
"Cult of Domesticity"
Women left the factory when they were married. There new job was as wives and mothers. In the home they were enshrined in a “cult of domesticity,’’ a widespread cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker. From their pedestal, married women commanded immense moral power, and they increasingly made decisions that altered the character of the family itself. This included piety, purity, submission, domesticity.
"Women's Sphere"
The husband had to be out in the public sphere creating the wealth, but his wife was free to manage the private sphere, the "women's sphere." Together, a successful husband and wife created a picture of perfect harmony. As he developed skills for business, she cultivated a complementary role. A true woman, on the other hand, was virtuous. Her four chief characteristics were piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity. She was the great civilizer who created order in the home in return for her husband's protection, financial security and social status. The Industrial Revolution brought changes though. Women now married for love and not money, and the family had more of a take in the decision forming more close knit families.
Fertility Rate
During the Industrial Revolutions families became smaller. The “fertility rate,’’ or number of births among women age fourteen to forty-five, dropped sharply among white women in the years after the Revolution and, in the course of the nineteenth century as a whole, fell by half. birth control was taboo but limitation was being practiced. Women undoubtedly played a large part—perhaps the leading part—in decisions to have fewer children. This newly assertive role for women has been called “domestic feminism, ’’because it signified the growing power and independence of women, even while they remained wrapped in the “cult of domesticity.’’ Smaller families meant more focus on the children that were in the family. They were known as brats but were not spoiled. They were punished rather then beaten. Which is BAD.
"Modern Family"
good citizens were raised not to be meekly obedient to authority, but to be independent individuals who could make their own decisions on the basis of internalized moral standards. Thus the outlines of the “modern’’ family were clear by mid century: it was small, affectionate, and child centered, and it provided a special arena for the talents
of women. For women it was a huge step in equality.
John Deere (1837)
(1804- 1886) was an American blacksmith and manufacturer who founded Deere & Company— the largest agricultural and construction equipment manufacturers in the world. Born in Rutland , Vermont, Deere moved to Illinois and invented the first commercially successful steel plow in 1837.John Deere of Illinois in 1837 finally produced a steel plow that broke the virgin soil. Sharp and effective, it was also light enough to be pulled by horses, rather than oxen This got rid of the obstacle that frustrated the farmers was the thickly matted soil of the West, which snagged and snapped fragile wooden plows.
.
Cyrus McCormick (1830s)
(1809-1884) of Rockbridge County, Virginia was an American inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of International Harvester Company in 1902. He invented the mechanical mower-reaper. The clattering cogs of McCormick’s horse-drawn machine were to the western farmers what the cotton gin was to the southern planters. Seated on his red-chariot reaper, a single husbandman could do the work of five men
with sickles and scythes .It made ambitious capitalists out of humble plowmen, who now scrambled for more acres on which to plant more fields of billowing wheat. Subsistence farming gave way to production for the market, as large-scale (“extensive’’), specialized, cash-crop agriculture came to dominate the trans- Allegheny West. This increased the West's business and forced them for new markets toward the north. Transportation was now looking to take center stage.
"Cash Crop agriculture"
Crops that are grown not to survive but to make a profit. This type of agriculure dominated the West in the 1800s. With it followed mounting indebtedness,
as farmers bought more land and more
machinery to work it. Soon hustling farmerbusinesspeople
were annually harvesting a larger
crop than the South—which was becoming selfsufficient in food production—could devour. They
began to dream of markets elsewhere. Particularly the East urban areas. The West was lan locked so in order for this to take place a transportion revolution would have to occur as well.
Lancaster "Turnpike" (1790s)
The west needed new roads in order to expand their business to the east. A promising improvement came in the 1790s, when a private company completed the Lancaster Turnpike in Pennsylvania. It was a broad, hard surfaced highway that thrust sixty-two miles westward
from Philadelphia to Lancaster. As drivers approached the tollgate, they were confronted with a barrier of sharp pikes, which were turned aside when they paid their toll. Hence the term turnpike. The Lancaster Turnpike proved to be a highly successful venture, returning as high as 15 percent annual dividends to its stockholders. It attracted a rich trade to Philadelphia and touched off a Turnpike-building boom that lasted about twenty years. It also stimulated western development.
National/Cumberland Road ( 1811- 1852)
Private industry was not enough. Eastern residents did not support the government building roads for the west. Westerners scored a notable triumph in 1811 when the federal government began to construct the elongated National Road, or Cumberland Road. This highway ultimately stretched from Cumberland, in western Maryland, to Vandalia, in Illinois, a distance of 591 miles. The War of 1812 interrupted construction. But the thoroughfare was belatedly brought to its destination in 1852 by a combination of aid from the states and the federal government.
Robert Fulton (1807)
((1765-1815) was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat. He also designed a new type of steam warship. In 1800 he was commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte to design the Nautilus, which was the first practical submarine in history. He installed a powerful steam engine in a vessel that posterity came to know as the Clermont but that a dubious public dubbed “Fulton’s Folly.’’ in 1807, the quaint little ship, belching sparks from its single smokestack, churned steadily from New York City up the Hudson River toward Albany. It made
the run of 150 miles in 32 hours. The success of the steamboat was sensational. People could now in large degree defy wind, wave, tide, and downstream current. Fulton had changed all of America’s navigable streams into two-way arteries, thereby doubling their carrying capacity. The steamboat craze trumped the turnpike craze.
Erie Canal ( 1817-1825)
The canal craze soon followed. New Yorkers, cut off from federal aid by states’ righters, themselves dug the Erie Canal, linking the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. Under the leadership of Governor DeWitt Clinton. Begun in 1817, the canal was 363 miles. On its completion in 1825. Ever-widening economic ripples followed The value of land along the route skyrocketed, and new cities blossomed. Industry in the state boomed. The new profitability of farming in the Old Northwest. attracted thousands of European immigrants to the untaxed lands now available. Interior villages like Detroit boomed into cities. The price of potatoes in NYC was cut in half, and New England farmers, no longer able to face competition, abandoned their holdings and went elsewhere. speeding the industrialization of America. Others, finding west over the Erie Canal, took up new farmland south of the Great Lakes. others shifted to fruit, vegetable, and dairy farming. The transformations in the Northeast canal consequences showed how long-established local market structures could be swamped by the emerging behemoth of a continental economy.
DeWitt Clinton
(1769-1828) was an early American politician who served as United States Senator and Governor of New York. In this last capacity he was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal. Unlike his adversary Martin Van Buren, who invented machine politics, Clinton became the leader of New York's People’s Party. Clinton was an authentic but largely forgotten hero of American democracy. The infrastructure he worked to create would transform American life, enhancing economic opportunity, political participation, and intellectual awareness.
Railroad (1828)
From the canal craze, Americans turned to railroads. It was fast, reliable, cheaper than canals to construct, and not frozen over in winter. Able to go almost anywhere, it defied terrain and weather. The first railroad appeared in 1828. By 1860 the United States boasted 30,000 miles of railroad track, 3/4 of it in the rapidly industrializing North. the railroad faced strong opposition from vested interests, especially canal backers. Anxious to protect its investment in the Erie Canal, the New York legislature in 1833 prohibited the railroads from carrying freight, temporarily. Early railroads were also considered a dangerous public menace flaming funeral pyres for their riders. Brakes were so feeble that the engineer might miss the station twice, differences in gauge meant frequent changes of trains for passengers. America was now united.
Cyrus Field (1858)
(1819-1892) was an American businessman and financier who led the Atlantic Telegraph Company, the company that successfully laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1858. The cable broke down three weeks afterward. Heavier cable laid in 1866 to reconnect the continents. This permenantly linked America and Europe.
"Clipper" ships
was a very fast sailing ship of the 19th century that had multiple masts and a square rig. They were generally narrow for their length, could carry limited bulk freight, small by later 19th century standards, and had a large total sail area. Yankee naval yards, notably Donald McKay’s at Boston, began to send down the ways sleek new craft called clipper ships. Long, narrow, and majestic, they glided across the sea under towering masts and clouds of canvas. In a fair breeze, they could outrun any steamer .clippers sacrificed cargo space for speed, and their captains made killings by hauling high-value cargoes in record times. This Yankee supremacy in the sea ended by the Civil War when Britain came out with iron tramp Steelers.
Pony Express (1860)
the Pony Express, established in 1860 to carry mail speedily the two
thousand lonely miles from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California. Daring lightweight riders, leaping onto wiry ponies saddled at stations approximately ten miles apart, could make the trip in an amazing ten days. These unarmed horsemen galloped on, summer or winter, day or night, through dust or snow, past Indians and bandits. The speeding postmen missed only one trip, though the whole enterprise lost money heavily and folded after only eighteen legend-leaving months. ponies ushered out a dying technology of wind and
muscle. In the future, machines would be in the saddle. It became the nation's most direct means of east-west communication before the telegraph and was vital for tying California closely with the Union just before the American Civil War.
John Jacobs Astor
(1763-1848) was the first prominent member of the Astor family and the first multi-millionaire in the United States. He was the creator of the first trust in America, from which he made his fortune in fur trading, real estate, and opium.This represented the colossal financial success that was strutting across the national stage.
"Social Mobility"
is the degree to which an individual's family or group's social status can change throughout the course of their life through a system of social hierarchy or stratification. Mobility did exist in industrializing America—
but not in the proportions that legend often portrays. Rags-to-riches success stories were relatively few. undoubtedly provided more “opportunity’’
than did the contemporary countries of the Old
World—which is why millions of immigrants packed
their bags and headed for New World shores.improvement
in overall standards of living was real. Wages for
unskilled workers in a labor-hungry America rose
about 1 percent a year from 1820 to 1860. This general
prosperity helped defuse the potential class
conflict that might otherwise have exploded.