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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"Era of Good Feelings"
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The Era of Good Feelings (1817–25) describes a period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated. The phrase was coined by Benjamin Russell, in the Boston newspaper, Columbian Centinel, on July 12, 1817, following the good-will visit to Boston of President James Monroe.He straddled two generations: the one containing the founding fathers and the growing nationalistic one. Considerable tranquility
and prosperity did in fact smile upon the early years of Monroe, but the period was a troubled one. The acute issues of the tariff, the bank, internal improvements, and the sale of public lands were being hotly contested. |
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1824 election ( Jackson, Clay, Adams, Crawford)
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John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives. The previous few years had seen a one-party government in the United States, as the Federalist Party had dissolved, leaving only the Democratic-Republican Party. The race was between John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William Crawford. Such splintering had not yet led to formal party organization, but later the faction led by Andrew Jackson would evolve into the Democratic Party, while the factions led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay would become the National Republican Party and later the Whig Party.
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"Corrupt Bargain"
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The last of the old-style elections was marked by the controversial “corrupt bargain” of 1824. The popular vote went to Jackson and the House of Representatives now had to step in to break yet another dead lock. Clay, eliminated, was in charge of leading the House. By process of elimination- Crawford suffered a paralysis attack and Clay hated Jackson- Clay decided to support Adams despite their cold relation. Both were fervid nationalists and advocates of the American System. Thanks largely to Clay’s influence, Adams was elected president. A few days later, the Adams announced that Henry Clay would be the new secretary of state. By allegedly dangling the position as a bribe before Clay, Adams, the second choice of the people, apparently defeated Jackson, the people’s first choice. No positive evidence proved that Adams and Clay entered into a formal bargain. What had once been common practice was now condemned as furtive, elitist, and subversive of democracy. The next president would not be chosen behind closed doors.
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John Quincy Adams
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(1767- 1848) was the sixth president of the United States. He was also an American diplomat and served in both the Senate and House of Representatives. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties. He was severely austere. He was more successful as secretary of state under Monroe then as President. He was known as the minority president for he was the second choice in the popular vote next to Jackson to who he lost reelection to. He had his office from respect and not from popularity. He was decline in working under a system of spoils and was an honest Puritan. He was severely nationalistic and this stood against the times of sectionalism and state rights. Land policies antagonist the west. He was fair toward Indians and the south was scared of his use of public funds.
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1828 Election
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featured a rematch between incumbent President John Quincy Adams and rival Andrew Jackson. Incumbent Vice President John C. Calhoun had sided with the Jacksonians. Richard Rush was then the choice for the vice presidency by the Adams or National Republicans. no other major candidates appeared in the race, allowing Jackson to consolidate a power base and easily win an electoral victory over Adams. Jackson defeated Adams, becoming the first Democrat to be elected. Mudslinging reached an all new low in this election. transforming politics to public perception and scandal. The shift of political power went to the west and south were Jackson had most of his support. Claims included that Jackson's mother was a prostitute and that his wife an adulteress. Jackson states that these claims ended up killing her a month before he took office. Adams was accused of being a pimp and misusing funds.
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"Old Hickory"
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was the nickname given to Jackson by the public. He was a tall, lean,
with bushy iron-gray hair brushed high above a prominent forehead, craggy eyebrows, and blue eyes. His irritability and emaciated condition resulted in part from long-term bouts with dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis, and lead poisoning from two bullets that he carried in his body from near-fatal duels. His autobiography was written in his lined face. He was an orphan and did not answer to anyone. He had a violent temper but stop firm for what he believed in. He was a plantation owner. could not be put in a category. A Hickory stump was used during the election of 1828. |
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Spoils System
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Under Jackson the spoils system—that is, rewarding political supporters with public office—was introduced into the federal government on a large scale. Jackson said that the system was democratic in order to check any development of an aristocratic sense in government. It involved putting new blood and rewarding cronies. It allowed for loyalty and hence parties to develop.
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1828 "Tariff of Abominations"
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was a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States. It was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy.
The goal of the tariff was to protect industry in the northern United States, which were being driven out of business by low-priced European and particularly British manufactured goods. This prompted the U.S. to put a tax on imported goods. The South, however, was harmed by having to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce. South Carolina dabbled in the idea of nullification and secession. There was great debate over the influence of the state extending to emancipation and the southern state were up in arms. |
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Denmark Vesey/Slave rebellion (1822)
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The paranoia of the federal government dealing with the legality of slavery when there was a slaver rebellion in Charleston in 1822, led by a free slave Denmark Vessey. Abolitionism was beginning to spread and the Sothern state were beginning to get worried.
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John C. Calhoun
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(1782-1850) was a South Carolinian educated in Yale. Beginning as a strong nationalist and Unionist, he reserved himself and became the ablest of the sectionalists and disunionists in defense of the South and slavery. As a foremost nullifier he died trying to reconcile strong states rights with a strong Union. He advocated a Siamese-twin presidency. With one from the south and the other from the north. He was Jackson's vice president and wrote The South Carolina Exposition.
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South Carolina Exposition (1828)
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The South Carolina legislation went as far as to publish in 1828, though without formal endorsement, a pamphlet known as The South Carolina Exposition. It had been secretly written by John C. Calhoun, one of the few topflight political theorists ever produced by America. (As vice president, he was forced to conceal his authorship.) The Exposition denounced the recent tariff as unjust and unconstitutional it bluntly and explicitly proposed that the states should nullify the tariff.
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Nullification
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that states should consider federal legislation should declare
it null and void within their borders. |
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Clay's Compromise tariff of 1833
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most of the opposition naturally coming from protectionist New England and the middle states. Calhoun and the South favored the compromise this was after Jackson threaten to send militia to Southern Carolina. as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis. It was adopted to gradually reduce the rates after southerners objected to the protectionism found in the Tariff of 1832 and the 1828 Tariff of Abominations, which had prompted South Carolina to threaten secession from the Union. This Act stipulated that import taxes would gradually be cut over the next decade.
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Force Bill ( 1833)
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Congress passed the Force Bill, known among Carolinians as the “Bloody Bill.’’ It authorized the president to use the army and navy,
if necessary, to collect federal tariff duties. This was after the threat of South Carolina to set up arms against the government if they were to collect tariffs they deemed nullified. |
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Cherokee Nation/ Sequoyah
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The Cherokee Nation made attempts to become more white. They gradually abandoned their semi nomadic life and adopted a system of settled agriculture and a notion of private property. Missionaries opened schools among the Cherokees, and the Indian Sequoyah ( a blacksmith) devised a Cherokee alphabet. In 1808 the Cherokee National Council legislated a written legal code, and in 1827 it adopted a written constitution that provided for executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. Some became plantation owners as well as slave owners.
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"Five Civilized Tribes"
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The Five Civilized Tribes is the term applied to five Native American nations, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors.
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Supreme Court support of Indian rights
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In 1828 the Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee tribal council illegal and asserted its own jurisdiction over Indian affairs and Indian lands. The Cherokees appealed this move to the Supreme Court, which thrice upheld the rights of the Indians. Jackson wanted the Indians out in order for white settlers to move in. He refused to enforce it saying that John Marshall should.
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Indian Removal Act (1830)
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In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, providing for the transplanting of all Indian tribes then resident east of the Mississippi. In the ensuing decade, countless Indians died on forced marches to the newly established Indian Territory where they were to be “permanently” free of white encroachments. The most hurt were the five civilized tribes.
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"Trails of Tears"
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was the relocation and movement of Native Americans in the United States from their homelands to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) in the West. The phrase originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831. Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route to their destinations, many died, including 4,000 of the 15,000 relocated Cherokee. Andrew Jackson was the first U.S. President to implement removal of the Native Americans with the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. In 1831 the Choctaw were the first to be removed, and they became the model for all other removals. After the Choctaw, the Seminole were removed in 1832, the Creek in 1834, then the Chickasaw in 1837, and finally the Cherokee in 1838. By 1837, 46,000 Native Americans from these southeastern nations had been removed from their homelands thereby opening 25 million acres for settlement by European Americans.
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Bureau of Indian Affairs (1836)
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The Bureau of Indian Affairs was established in 1836 to administer relations with America’s original inhabitants. But as the land-hungry “palefaces” pushed west faster than anticipated, the government’s guarantees went up in smoke. The “permanent” frontier lasted about fifteen years.
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Black Hawk War ( 1832)
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was fought in 1832 in the Midwestern United States. The war was named for Black Hawk, a war chief of the Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo Native Americans, whose British Band fought against the United States Army and militia from Illinois and the Michigan Territory (present-day Wisconsin) for possession of lands in the area.They were bloodily crushed in 1832 by regular troops. Black Hawk and his son Whirling Thunder were captured and put on display throughout the United States.
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Seminole War ( 1835-1842)
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The Second Seminole War, often referred to as "The Seminole War", lasted longer than any other war involving the United States between the American Revolution and the Vietnam War.was a conflict from 1835 to 1842 in Florida between various groups of Native Americans collectively known as Seminoles and the United States, part of a series of conflicts called the Seminole Wars. The Second Seminole War, often referred to as the Seminole War, was the most expensive Indian War fought by the United States. The Indians fought guerilla style. In 1837 their spirit was crushed when their leader, Osceola, was captured under truce.
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Bank of the U.S.
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Jackson though that the Bank of the U.S. was a money monster. No bank in America had more power than the Bank of the United States. In many ways the bank acted like a branch of government. It was the principal depository for the funds of the Washington government and controlled much of the nation’s gold and silver source of credit and
stability, the bank was an important and useful part of the nation’s expanding economy. It was a private institution, accountable not to the people, but to its elite circle of moneyed investors. |
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Nicholas Biddle
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(1786-1844) was president of the Second Bank of the United States. He held an immense—and to many unconstitutional—amount of power over the nation’s financial affairs. Enemies of the bank dubbed him “Czar Nicolas I” and called the bank a “hydra of corruption,”
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Webster/ Clay and Recharter Bill (1832)
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The Bank War erupted in 1832, when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented Congress with a bill to renew the Bank of the United States’ charter. The charter was not set to expire until 1836, but Clay
pushed for renewal four years early to make it an election issue in 1832. Clay hoped that this put Jackson in a double bind when he ran against him for president. If Jackson signed it, he would alienate his worshipful western followers. If he vetoed it, as seemed certain, he would presumably lose the presidency in the forthcoming election by alienating the wealthy and influential groups in the East. This will not be the case when Jackson vetoes the bill. He acted with more authority over the judicial branch by ignoring the decision of McCulloch v. Maryland. |
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Election of 1832
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President Andrew Jackson, candidate of the Democratic Party, easily win reelection against Henry Clay of Kentucky. Jackson won 219 of the 286 electoral votes cast, defeating Clay, the candidate of the National Republican party, and Anti-Masonic Party candidate William Wirt. John Floyd, who was not a candidate, received the electoral votes of South Carolina.This was the first time that national nomination conventions were held and a third party introduced.
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Anti-Masonic Party
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was a 19th century minor political party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry and was founded as a single-issue party aspiring to become a major party. They introduced nominating conventions and the adoption of party platforms. Energized by the mysterious disappearance and probable murder in 1826 of a New Yorker who was threatening to expose the secret rituals of the Masons, the Anti-Masonic party quickly became a potent political force in New York and spread its influence throughout the middle Atlantic and New England states. The Anti-Masons appealed to long-standing American suspicions of secret societies, which they condemned as citadels of privilege and monopoly. Jackson himself was a Mason and glorified for it. the Anti- Masonic party was an anti-Jackson party. They also attracted support from many evangelical Protestant groups seeking to use political power to effect moral and religious reform.
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National nominating conventions
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further novelty of the presidential contest in
1832 was the calling of national nominating conventions (three of them) to name candidates. |
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"Biddle's Panic"
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In order to get back at Biddle, Jackson decide to remove federal deposits from the bank. This after he moved his cabinet until they bended to his will, something his advisers opposed. A desperate Biddle called in his bank’s loans, evidently hoping to illustrate the bank’s importance by producing a minor financial crisis. A number of wobblier banks were driven to the wall by “Biddle’s Panic,” but Jackson’s resolution was firm. If anything, the vengeful conduct of the dying “monster” seemed to justify the earlier accusations of its adversaries. But the death of the Bank of the United States left a financial vacuum in the American economy and kicked off a lurching cycle of booms and busts.
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"Pet" banks
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Surplus federal funds were placed in several dozen state institutions—the so-called “pet banks,” chosen for their pro-Jackson sympathies. Without a sober central bank in control, the pet bank flooded the country with paper money.
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"Wildcat" banks
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Without a sober
central bank in control, the pet banks and smaller “wildcat” banks—fly-by-night operations that often consisted of little more than a few chairs and a suitcase full of printed notes—flooded the country with paper money. |
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Specie Circular (1836)
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Specie Circular—a decree that required all public lands to be purchased with “hard,” or metallic, money. This drastic step slammed the brakes on the speculative boom, a neck-snapping change of direction that contributed to a financial panic and crash in 1837
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"King Andrew the First"
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Jackson’s opponents, fuming at his ironfisted exercise of presidential power, condemned him as “King Andrew I’’ and began to coalesce as the Whigs—a name deliberately chosen to recollect eighteenth-century British and Revolutionary American opposition to the monarchy.
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Whig Party
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was a political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Considered integral to the Second Party System and operating from 1833 to 1856,[1] the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party.supported the supremacy of Congress over the executive branch and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who saw themselves as opposing autocratic rule.[2] The Whig Party counted among its members such national political luminaries as Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison, and their preeminent leader, Henry Clay of Kentucky. They drew support from all the groups that disliked Jackson and thus becoming a party. This included the south and the Protestant sector. They said they represented the common man. They called themselves conservatives.
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Martin Van Buren
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(1782-1862) the eight American president and the first one to be born in America. He was a key organizer of the Democratic Party,he was not very popular. He inhereted all of Jackson's enemies but none of his popularity. He was dubbed the little magician for his surprised win in the election. He was the nominee that Jackson rammed down everyone's throat. He inhereted the financial crisis, a Canadian rebellion, slave troubles, and resentment from Democrats. He ran again in 1848 under the Free Soil Party.
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Panic of 1837
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Its basic cause was rampant speculation prompted by a mania of get-richquickism. Gamblers in western lands were doing a “land-office business’’ on borrowed capital, much of it in the shaky currency of “wildcat banks.’’ The speculative craze spread to canals, roads, railroads, and slaves. But speculation alone did not cause the crash. Jacksonian finance, including the Bank War and the Specie Circular, gave an additional jolt to an already teetering structure. Failures of wheat crops, ravaged by the Hessian fly, deepened the distress. The financial abroad also hurt the economy of America. American banks collapsed by the hundreds, including some “pet banks,’’ which carried down with them several millions in government funds. Commodity prices drooped, sales of public lands fell off, and customs revenues dried to a rivulet. Factories closed.
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"Divorce Bill"
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The beleaguered Van Buren tried to apply vintage Jacksonian medicine to the ailing economy through his controversial “Divorce Bill.’’ Convinced that some of the financial fever was fed by the injection of federal funds into private banks, he championed the principle of “divorcing’’ the government from banking altogether. By establishing a so-called independent treasury, the government could lock its surplus money in vaults in several of the larger cities. Government funds would thus be safe, but they would also be denied to the banking system as reserves, thereby shriveling available credit
resources. It was never popular. |
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Independent Treasury Bill 1840
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the Independent Treasury Bill passed Congress in 1840. Repealed the next year by the victorious Whigs, the scheme was reenacted by the triumphant Democrats in 1846 and then continued until merged with the Federal Reserve System in the next century was a system for the retaining of government funds in the United States Treasury and its subtreasuries, independently of the national banking and financial systems. In one form or another, it existed from 1846 to 1921
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Texas
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Americans, greedy for land, continued to covet the vast expanse of Texas, which the United States had abandoned to Spain when acquiring Florida in 1819. The Spanish authorities wanted to populate this virtually unpeopled area, but before they could carry through their contemplated plans, the Mexicans won their independence. The state was filled with Americans (Texans) and Mexicans. A clash was soon to erupt. the official petition for annexition was passed in 1837. This brought up the question of slavery once more putting Van Buren in a tight position but letting the slave holding state into the union.
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Stephen Austin (1823)
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(1793-1836) known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by settlers from the United States. A new regime in Mexico City thereupon concluded arrangements in 1823 for granting a huge tract of land to Stephen Austin, with the understanding that he would bring into Texas three hundred American families.
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Davy Crockett/James Bowie
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Davy Crockett (1786-1836) was a semiliterate Tennessean who won fame as a rifleman. soldier, and three time congressman. Rejected in politics, he left Tennese to fight for Texas against Mexico and died at the Alamo. An accomplished story teller and master of the frontier "tall tale" James Bowie (1796-1836) a nineteenth-century American pioneer and soldier, played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution, culminating in his death at the Battle of the Alamo the presumed inventor of the murderous knife that bears his name. Bowie’s blade
was widely known in the Southwest as the “genuine Arkansas toothpick.” They both became legendary when they died at the Alamo. |
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Sam Houston
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(1793-1863) He had a promising career as a Tennesse soldier, lawyer, governor and congressman. He became the chief leader and hero of the Texas rebels. Houston was a key figure in the history of Texas, including periods as President of the Republic of Texas, Senator for Texas after it joined the United States, and finally as governor. Although a slave owner and opponent of abolitionism, he refused, because of his unionist convictions, to swear loyalty to the Confederacy when Texas seceded from the Union, bringing his governorship to an end. To avoid bloodshed, he refused an offer of an army to put down the rebellion, and instead retired to Huntsville, Texas, where he died before the end of the Civil War.
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Santa Anna
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Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón (1794-1876) was a Mexican political leader who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government, first fighting against the independence from Spain, and then supporting it, rising to the ranks of general and president at various times over a turbulent 40-year career. He was President of Mexico on seven non-consecutive occasions over a period of 22 years. He suppressed the Texans under him the Texas Republic was born.
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Texas Republic
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The Republic of Texas was an independent state in North America, bordering the United States and Mexico, that existed from 1836 to 1845. Formed as a break-away republic from Mexico by the Texas Revolution, the state claimed borders that encompassed an area that included all of the present U.S. state of Texas Annextion was asked in 1837 independence was called in 1836.
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"Remember the Alamo"
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1836 was a pivotal point in the Texas Revolution. Following a twelve-day siege, Mexican troops under the President of Mexico General Antonio López de Santa Anna launched an assault on the Alamo Mission in San Antonio de Béxar. All but two of the Texian defenders were killed. Santa Anna's perceived cruelty during the battle inspired many Texians—both Texas settlers and adventurers from the United States—to join the Texian Army. Buoyed by a desire for revenge, the Texians defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto several weeks later, ending the revolution.Texan war cries—“Remember the Alamo
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Battle of San Jacinto (1836)
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1836 in present-day Harris County, Texas, was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston, the Texas Army engaged and defeated General Antonio López de Santa Anna's Mexican forces in a fight that lasted just eighteen minutes. About 700 of the Mexican soldiers were killed and 730 captured, while only nine Texans died. Santa Anna, the President of Mexico, was captured the following day and held as a prisoner of war. Three weeks later, he signed the peace treaties that dictated that the Mexican army leave the region, paving the way for the Republic of Texas to become an independent country.
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William Henry Harrison ( Whig, 1840)
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(1773-1841) was the ninth President of the United States, an American military officer and politician, and the first president to die in office. The last President to be born before the United States Declaration of Independence, Harrison died on his thirty-second day in office. His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis, but that crisis ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. He was a Whig. Learning from their mistake in 1836, the Whigs united behind one candidate, Ohio’s William Henry Harrison. He was not their ablest statesman—like Daniel Webster or Henry Clay—but he was believed to be their ablest vote-getter “Old Tippecanoe” was nominated primarily because he was issueless and enemyless. The Whigs, eager to avoid offense, published no official platform. Whigs gleefully adopted honest hard cider and the sturdy log cabin as symbols of their campaign. Harrisonites portrayed their hero as the poor “Farmer of North Bend,”
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" Tippecanoe and Tyler too"
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Tippecanoe and Tyler too", originally published as "Tip and Ty", was a very popular and influential campaign song of the colorful Log Cabin Campaign in the 1840 United States presidential election. Its lyrics sung the praises of Whig candidates William Henry Harrison (the "hero of Tippecanoe") and John Tyler, while denigrating incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren.
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