Apush Chapter 12

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Three Pronged Invasions of 1812

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Once the warhawks decided to invade Canada they devised a plan that was doomed for failure before it even began. Instead of focusing on the population center of Montreal. the Americans frittered away their strength in the three-pronged invasion of 1812. The trio of invading forces that set out from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain were all beaten back shortly after they had crossed the Canadian border.

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Oliver Hazard Perry

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(1785-1819) He managed to build a fleet of green-timbered ships on
the shores of Lake Erie, manned by even greener seamen. When he captured a British fleet in a furious engagement on the lake, he reported to his superior, “We have met the enemy and they are ours.’’ Perry’s victory and his slogan infused new life into the drooping American cause. Forced to withdraw from Detroit and Fort Malden, the retreating redcoats were overtaken by General Harrison’s army and beaten at the Battle of the Thames in October 1813.He is often known as the hero of Lake Erie. His victory was important because control of the Great Lakes was vital.

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Thomas Macdonough

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(1783-1825) challenged the British when they prepared in 1814 for a crushing blow into New York along the familiar lake-river route. The ensuing battle was desperately fought near Plattsburgh on September 11, 1814, on floating slaughterhouses. The American flagship at one. Macdonough, unexpectedly turning his ship about with cables, confronted the enemy with a fresh broadside and snatched victory from the fangs of defeat. The invading British army was forced to retreat. Macdonough thus saved at least upper New York from conquest, New England from further disaffection, and the Union from possible dissolution. He also profoundly affected the concurrent negotiations of the Anglo-American peace treaty in Europe.

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Fort McHenry/Francis Scott Key

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The British fleet hammered Fort McHenry with their cannon but could not capture the city. Francis Scott Key, a detained American anxiously watching the bombardment from a British ship, was inspired by the doughty defenders to write the words of “The Star- Spangled Banner.” Baltimore stood firm even after the British had set fire to the capital after they landed in the Chesapeake Bay area
in August 1814.

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New Orleans

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A third British blow of 1814, aimed at New Orleans, menaced the entire Mississippi Valley. Andrew Jackson was put in command. His
hodgepodge force consisted of seven thousand sailors, regulars, pirates, and Frenchmen, free slaves, as well as militiamen from Louisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The overconfident British, numbering some 8,000 battle-seasoned veterans, blundered badly. They made the mistake of launching a frontal assault, on January 8, 1815, on the entrenched American riflemen and cannoneers. The attackers suffered the most devastating defeat of the entire war, losing over 2,000. Jackson was a national hero. It hardly mattered when word arrived that a peace treaty had been signed at Ghent, Belgium, ending the war two weeks before the battle. The Battle of New Orleans restored that honor, at least in American eyes, and unleashed a wave of nationalism and self-confidence.

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Andrew Jackson

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(1767-1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829–1837). He was military governor of Florida (1821), commander of the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans (1815), and eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy.He was in charge of crushing the southwest Indians at the Battle of Horseshow Bend.

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The Treaty of Ghent

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The Treaty of Ghent, signed on Christmas Eve in 1814, was essentially an armistice. Both sides simply agreed to stop fighting and to restore conquered territory. No mention was made of those grievances for which America had ostensibly fought: the Indian menace, search and seizure, Orders in Council, impressment, and confiscations. Rather, they are proof that the Americans had not managed to defeat the British. With neither side able to impose its will, the treaty negotiations—like the war itself— ended as a virtual draw. This proved the insincerity of the war hawks.

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Hartford Convention: content and outcome

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Manifestation of Federalist discontent was the Hartford Convention. Late in 1814, Massachusetts issued a call The states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island dispatched full delegations; New Hampshire and Vermont sent partial representation. They meet in complete secrecy from December 15, 1814, to January 5, 1815—to discuss their grievances and to seek redress. It was not as radical as people made it out to be. Though a minority of delegates talked of secession, the convention’s final report was moderate. It demanded, financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a two thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared. Demands reflected Federalist fears that New England was falling subservient to an South and West. Delegates sought to abolish the three-fifths clause, to limit presidents to a single term, and to prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state. aimed at the “Virginia Dynasty". The Hartford resolutions were the death of the Federalist party.
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Rush-Bagot agreement

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1817 the Rush-Bagot agreement between Britain and the United States severely limited naval armament on the lakes. Better relations
brought the last border fortifications down in the 1870s,the United States and Canada came to share the world’s longest unfortified boundary—5,527 miles long. This came under the growth of Canadian nationalism and discontent with the Treaty of Ghent.

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Heightened nationalism

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The most impressive by-product of the War of 1812 was a heightened nationalism—the spirit of nation consciousness or national oneness. America emerged as a nation. National literature, arts, and international recognition as scholars rose. The rising tide of
nation-consciousness even touched finance more handsome national capital began to rise from the ashes of Washington. The army was expanded to ten thousand men. The navy further covered itself with glory.

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Tariff of 1816

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Tariff of 1816—the first tariff in American history instituted primarily for protection, not revenue. Its rates—roughly 20 to 25 percent on the value of dutiable imports—were not high enough to provide completely adequate safeguards, but the law was a bold beginning. A strongly protective trend was started that stimulated the appetites of the protected for more protection.

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Henry Clay/ American System

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(1777-1852) nineteenth-century American statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the House of Representatives and Senate. He served as Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829. Nationalism was further highlighted by his plan for developing a profitable home market 1824s the American System. This system had three main parts. It began with a strong banking system, which would provide easy and abundant credit. Clay also advocated a protective tariff, behind which eastern manufacturing would flourish. Revenues gushing from the tariff would provide funds for the third component of the American system—a network of roads and canals, especially in the burgeoning Ohio Valley. food stuffs and raw materials from the South and West to the North and East. In exchange, a stream of manufactured goods would flow in the return direction, knitting the country together economically and politically.

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Internal improvements

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Congress voted in 1817 to distribute $1.5 million to the states for internal improvements. But President Madison sternly vetoed this handout measure as unconstitutional. The individual states were thus forced to venture ahead with construction programs of their own. New England, in particular, strongly opposed federally constructed roads and canals, because such outlets would further drain away population and create competing states beyond the mountains.

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The Era of Good Feeling/Sectionalism

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The Era of Good Feelings (1817–25) describes a period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated. The phrase was coined by Benjamin Russell, in the Boston newspaper, Columbian Sentinel , on July 12, 1817, following the good-will visit to Boston of President James Monroe. He straddled two generations: the one containing the founding fathers and the growing nationalistic one. Considerable tranquility and prosperity did in fact smile upon the early years of Monroe, but the period was a troubled one. The acute issues of the tariff, the bank, internal improvements, and the sale of public lands were being hotly contested. Sectionalism was crystallizing. Sectionalism is loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than the nation as a whole. The conflict over slavery was beginning to raise its hideous head.

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Panic of 1819

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Is what brought the era of good feeling to an end. In 1819, a paralyzing economic panic descended. It brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup
kitchens, and overcrowded pest houses known as debtors’ prisons.
This was the first national financial panic since President Washington took office. Reasons were looming large was over speculation in frontier lands. The Bank of the United States, through its western branches, had become deeply involved in this popular type of outdoor gambling. The West was hard hit. The panic of 1819 also created backwashes in the political and social world. The poorer classes— the one-suspender men and their families—were severely strapped. The humanity of debtor houses came into question.

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"wildcat" western bank

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The West was especially
hard hit. When the pinch came, the Bank of the
United States forced the speculative (“wildcat’’)
western banks to the wall and foreclosed mortgages
on countless farms. All this was technically legal but
politically unwise. In the eyes of the western debtor,
the nationalist Bank of the United States soon
became a kind of financial devil.

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Cumberland Road

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Was a land route to the Ohio Valley. Cumberland Road, begun in 1811, which ran ultimately from western Maryland to Illinois. was one of the first major improved highways in the United States, built by the federal government.

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Tallmadge Amendment

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In order to deal with Missourians wanting admission as a slave state, the House of Representatives, stymied the plans of the Missourians by passing the incendiary Tallmadge amendment. It stipulated that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. A roar of anger burst from slave-holding southerners. They felt like they could be next in the agenda of emancipation and a threat to sectional balance.

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Missouri Compromise

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Since no one was pleased with the Tallmadge Amendment in 1820 a compromise was passed in order to keep the balance of power in the Senate. Henry Clay played a big role in this. Congress, despite abolitionist pleas, agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state. But at the same time, free-soil Maine, which until then had been a part of Massachusetts, was admitted as a separate state. The balance between North and South was thus kept at twelve states each and remained there for fifteen years. Although Missouri was permitted to retain slaves, all future bondage was prohibited in the remainder
of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line of 36° 30'—the southern boundary of Missouri. Both North and South yielded something; both gained something. No one was pleased though.

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Peculiar Institution

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was a euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The meaning of "peculiar" in this expression is "one's own", that is, referring to something distinctive to or characteristic of a particular place or people.intended to gloss over the apparent contradiction between legalized slavery and the statement in the Declaration of Independence that "all men are created equal".

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McCulloch v. Maryland

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1819, The suit involved an attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on its notes. John Marshall, speaking for the Court, declared the bank
constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers. he strengthened federal authority and slapped at state infringements when he denied the right of Maryland to tax the bank. Marshall gave the doctrine of “loose construction” its most famous formulation. The Constitution, he said, derived from the consent of the people and thus permitted the government to act for their benefit.

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Connes v. Virginia

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(1821) gave Marshall one of his greatest opportunities to defend the federal power. The Cohens, found guilty by the Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery tickets, appealed to the highest tribunal. Virginia “won,” in the sense that the conviction of the Cohens was upheld. But in fact Virginia and all the individual states lost, because Marshall resoundingly asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal government.

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Gibbons v. Ogedn

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(1824) The steamboat case. The suit grew out of an attempt by the state of New York to grant to a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey. Marshall sternly reminded the upstart state that the Constitution conferred on Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. He undermined state rights while upholding the powers of the federal powers.

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Treaty of 1818

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Under Monroe's administration. This pact permitted Americans to share the coveted Newfoundland fisheries with Canada. This multisided agreement also fixed the vague northern limits of Louisiana along the forty-ninth parallel from the Lake of the Woods
(Minnesota) to the Rocky Mountains. The treaty further provided for a ten-year joint occupation of the untamed Oregon Country, without a surrender of the rights or claims of either America or Britain.

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Jackson's attack on Florida

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When Spain had to fight rebel armies in the rest of their colonial holdings, Andrew Jackson saw an opportunity to take what most American's believed to be their destiny land. On the pretext that hostile Seminole Indians and fugitive slaves were using Florida as a refuge, Jackson secured a commission to enter Spanish territory, punish the Indians, and recapture the runaways. But he was to respect all posts under the Spanish flag. Early in 1818 Jackson swept across the Florida border. Jackson took over military posts and British traitors or anyone who stood in his way. Jackson had clearly exceeded his instructions from Washington. The Monroe administration did not approve, except for John Quincy Adams.

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Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

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John Quincy Adams pushed for this Treaty. It concluded that Florida and Oregon. American would then give up Texas. The western boundary of Louisiana was
made to run zigzag along the Rockies to the fortysecond
parallel and then to turn due west to the
Pacific, dividing Oregon from Spanish holdings.

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George Canning's Proposal

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in August 1823, George Canning, British foreign secretary, approached the American minister in London with a startling proposition. Would not the United States combine with Britain in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European despots to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics? Adams called foul. The British did not need America as an ally it was strong enough on their own. The British feared that the aggressive Yankees would one day seize Spanish territory in the Americas—perhaps Cuba— which would jeopardize Britain’s possessions in the Caribbean. If Canning could seduce the United States into joining with him in support of the territorial integrity of the New World, America’s own hands would be morally tied. This would only hamper American expansion.

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Monroe Doctrine

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1823 after Adams convinced Monroe of Britain's underlying intentions. The president,
in his regular annual message to Congress on
December 2, 1823, incorporated a stern warning to
the European powers. Its two basic features were
(1) noncolonization and (2) nonintervention.Monroe first directed his verbal volley primarily
at the lumbering Russian bear in the Northwest. He
proclaimed, in effect, that the era of colonization in
the Americas had ended. Monroe trumpeted a warning
against foreign intervention. He was clearly concerned
with regions to the south,Monroe
bluntly directed the crowned heads of Europe to
keep their hated monarchical systems out of this
hemisphere. For its part the United States would not
intervene in the wars in Europe. It angered European monarchists. It had little effect anywhere in the hemisphere though. It was the British navy—not
the paper pronouncement of James Monroe—stood
between them and a hostile Europe.Monroe was concerned basically with the
security of his own country—not of Latin America. It represents the growing nationalism of the country.