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107 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Population dramatically increased, began to concentrate in industrial centers of the _____.
North
The population was increasing rapidly, much were migrating west and moving into ___________________.
towns and cites
Growth because of improvements in public health (decrease in number and intensity of _________), high birth rate, lower infant mortality rates.
epidemics
Immigration did not contribute greatly until _____, because of Eur wars and US economic problems.
1830s
Immigrant boom caused by lower transport costs, increased US economic opportunity and ______________________ in some Eur areas.
less economic opportunity
Immigrant + internal migration led to growth of ______ b/c agriculture in New England less profitable (some moved West also). By 1810 New York largest city.
cities
New York became the largest city because of it's harbor, its access to the __________, and liberal state laws.
Erie Canal
By 1860 26% of __________ populations lived in towns or cities.
free state
Booming agricultural economy of west led small villages and trading posts to become cities. Benefited from Mississippi R, centers of ________ trade
Midwest
By 1860 American population greater than that of _______ and approaching France and Germany.
Britain
____________ from flow of ppl from Northeast farms (competition from Eur farms + Western farms) & influx of immigrants abroad.
Urban growth
Few immigrants settled in the _____.
South
Majority of immigrants came from ___________________.
Germany and Ireland
German industrial revolution had caused _______, and because of collapse of liberal 1848 revolution caused immigration.
poverty
Ireland unpopular English rule and ________________ caused immigration.
“potato famine”
Most Germans were single men or family men, moved to Northwest, Irish were ___________ who stayed in Eastern cities.
single women
Some native-born Americans saw opportunity in immigration. Industrialists & employers wanted ___________, land speculators and politicians hoped would populate west and increase demand for goods.
cheap labor
Some Nativists were ______, workers feared low immigrant wages would steal their jobs, Protestants feared Irish Catholics & Rome, many upset b/c voted Democratic.
racist
Tension and prejudice led to secret societies to combat _____________, Native American Association 1837, 1845 Native American Party, peak in 1850s with combination in Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner.
“alien menace”
Nativists wanted to ban Catholics from office, restrict _____________, force literacy tests for voting.
naturalization
Secret order known as _____________ turned to party politics, after 1852 election formed American Party, success in 1854 East elections, declined after
Know-Nothings
1790-1820s “turnpike era”, but roads not _________ for nation’s growing needs.
adequate
Traffic on large rivers such as Miss. and Ohio had been mainly flat ______ (rafts) that could not travel upstream.
barges
By 1820s steamboats and __________ carried western and southern crops quickly to the north.
riverboats
___________ mostly carried passengers.
Steamboats
Farmers and merchants unhappy because a more ______ route could lower transport costs and product costs.
direct
NY’s Erie Canal began July 4, 1817 to connect __________________________.
Hudson River and Lake Erie
________________ became governor, and helped influence the public to be pro-Erie Canal.
De Witt Clinton
NY ______ to Great Lakes, Chicago, growing Western markets. NY now competed with New Orleans.
access
Other _______ (Ohio, Indiana) followed the success of the Erie Canal to create their own canals.
states
___________ results of Erie Canal was increased white settlement in Northwest.
Immediate
NY power + _____________ control alarmed other Atlantic cities. Most attempts limited successes or failed.
hinterland
_____________ breakthroughs that led to the railroad system: invention of tracks, creation of steam powered locomotives, development of railroad cars (that could carry passengers).
Technological
_____________ ran a locomotive and cars around a circular track on his New Jersey estate.
John Stevens
________________________ in England opened a short length of track, became first to carry general traffic.
Stockton and Darlington Railroad
In 1830s no real __________, most lines simply connected water routes and not links to other rail systems.
rail system
Some states and corporations also limited the railroad's ability to compete effectively against ______.
canals
1850’s trackage tripled. Most comprehensive and efficient system in northeast, but no region __________.
untouched
Trend toward consolidation of short lines into longer lines (__________), connected Northeast with Northwest.
“trunk lines”
Lessened dependence of West on Miss. R, weakening N + S economic ___________.
connection
Capital to finance railroads came from private investors, abroad, and local governments. Fed govt gave _______________ to states for RailRoads.
public land grants
Magnetic telegraph lines along tracks aided train routing, but also allowed _________________________ btwn cities, linked N and NW at exclusion of S.
instant communication
__________________ invented the telegraph. Low cost of construction made it ideal solution to long-distance communication.
Samuel F. B. Morse
By 1860 __________________________________ had been founded linking most independent telegraph lines.
Western Union Telegraph Company
In journalism _____________’s 1846 steam cylinder rotary press allowed rapid and cheap newspapers, telegraph increased news speed.
Richard Hoe
1846 ______________ formed to promote cooperate wire transmission.
Associated Press
_______________________ were Horace Greeley’s Tribune, James Bennett’s Herald, Henry Raymond’s Times.
New York’s major papers
Most major magazines and newspapers located in North,new ____________ of differences.
awareness
Business grew because of population, transportation revolution, and new ____________ practices.
entrepreneurial
______ distribution became more efficient with specialty stores in cities.
Retail
Individual + small merchant capitalist companies dominated, but some larger businesses gave way to ___________.
corporations
states passed easy _________________. Limited liability meant stockholder risked only value of investment if corp failed
incorporation laws
Great demand for capital led businesses to rely on credit, but _______________ standards of govt led to too little $, led private banks to issue less stable notes.
gold and silver
Bank ________ frequent, insecure deposits. Credit difficulty limited growth
failures
began in New England _______ industry, large water-driven machines increased production
textile
1820s factory system was used in the ____ industry.
shoe
Value of manufactured goods roughly equal to ___________ goods.
agricultural
Largest manufacturers located in the __________, large amt of ppl employed.
Northeast
Developed industries relatively immature, fine items came from ________.
England
Rapid machine technology advances, sophisticated _____________.
textile industry
Created at Springfield Armory, MA - _________________________________
turret lathe and universal milling machine
the _____________________ was designed to help the army produce standardized rifle parts.
precision grinding machine
____________________ revolutionizes watch and clock making.
interchangeable parts
____ was replacing wood and water power as fuel for many factories.
Coal
Technological advances due to American inventors, increasing number of ________.
patents
______________ worked with rubber.
Charles Goodyear
_________________ invented the sewing machine.
Howe and Singer
Merchant capitalism decline because British competition stealing export trade, greater profits found in manufacturing than _____.
trade
Corporations spreading rapidly, especially in textile industry. Ownership moving form families and individuals to many _____________.
stockholders
In factory system’s early years recruiting labor difficult because of _________________________.
farms and small cities
New farmlands in Midwest + new farm machinery and techniques increased food production, decreased need for _____.
labor
Transport allowed ___________ of food from other regions—ppl in New Eng left rural areas for factories.
importation
Some recruitment brought __________ form farm to the mill with parents working alongside children.
whole families
______________ system enlisted young women.
Lowell or Waltham
Labor conditions relatively good in early years of system, better than Europe. Lowell system used young, unmarried women but had good _____________.
housing + food
Even well-treated workers found the __________ from life on farm to in factory difficult - repetitive tasks.
transition
Women had little other choice because barred from manual labor, unthinkable to ______ in search of opportunity.
travel
Competitive textile market of 1830s/40s manufactures had __________ maintaining high standards + conditions, wages fell.
difficulty
Union of Factory Girls Association _______ twice, but both failed.
striked
Increasing supply of immigrant workers after 1840 boom for manufacturers- large and ___________ labor source.
inexpensive
Little leverage with employers, lack of skills and native ___________ led to low, intermittent wages—great poverty
prejudice
_____ workers predominated 1840s textile industry, arrival led to deteriorating working conditions. Less social pressure on owners to maintain decent env’t, piece rates instead of daily wages to speed production
Irish
Factories becoming large, noisy, unsanitary, dangerous places to work, hours long, wages declining. Still however, ________ better than England and Eur
conditions
Factory system displaced skilled _______ - had been embodiment of republican independent worker.
artisans
Early 19th century began to form organizations and first labor ______ to protect artisan position.
unions
Interconnected economies of cities made national unions or federations of local unions logical. 1834 ___________________
National Trade Unions
Labor leaders struggled w/ hostile _______________, common law made worker combination as illegal conspiracy. Panic of 1837 also weakened movement.
laws and courts
Workers at all levels in industrial economy tried to improve position by making 10-hour workday or restricting child labor, but laws ________ changed anything.
hardly
842 MA Supreme Court ruled in ______________________ that unions were legal and strikes lawful.
Commonwealth v Hunt
Artisans + skilled worker unions were more like preindustrial ______ that restricted admission to skilled trades.
guilds
Working class of 1840s/50s had only modest power- limited by numerous immigrant laborers who could replace strikers, ethnic division led to worker _______.
disunity
Commercial +industrial growth raised average income of Americans, but wealth distributed _________
unequally
Slaves, Indians, landless farmers, many unskilled workers little change in income. Small % of families owned ________ of wealth.
majority
Newly wealthy merchants & industrialists settled in cities forming social clubs and places like ____________ to display wealth.
Central Park
Large population of destitute (____) ppl in growing urban areas - little resources, often homeless. Included recent immigrants, widows, orphans, ppl w/ mental illness.
poor
Class conflict quelled b/c working standards declined but living standard ___________.
improving
Opportunity to participate in politics expanded, _______ tied ppl to community
ballot
Economic development offered opportunity to own and work for businesses, land no longer=______
wealth
Patriarchal system of __________ farm land disappeared
inherited
Even farms became commercialized b/c larger lands required more labor than just ______.
family
______ had long been denied legal + political rights, little access to business, less access to education at high levels
Women
________ in Ohio was the first college to allow women to attend.
Oberlin
_____________ female culture emerged.
“Separate sphere”
Leisure time scarce for all but wealthy, vacations rare, Sunday often only day of rest + Church. Reading expanded, new newspapers, magazines, books for affluent. Theaters, minstrel shows, _____ sporting events increasingly popular
public
_________ amazed people with the American Museum in New York, which was a freak show.
PT Barnum
After 1840, NW agricultural _______ and transformation - farmers couldn’t compete with new rich soil of Northwest.
decline
Rural life not always _________, but less contact w/ popular culture and public social life than in towns and cities. Cherished farm life autonomy
isolated