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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Appendicular skeleton |
Pectoral girdle : attaches the upper limbs to the supper trunk Pelvic gridle : attaches the lower limbs to the lower trunk Upper and lower limbs differ in function but share a similar structural plan |
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The pectoral gridle |
Consist of the clavical and scapula Pectoral gridles do not quite encircle the body completely Scapulae are positioned on superior posterior thorax and do not join with axial skeleton Clavicle - extend horizontally across superior anterior thorax Medially - sternal end of each clavical articulates with manubrium and first rib of axial skeleton Tuberosity for costoclavicular ligament is near sternal end of clavicle Laterally - the acronium end of the clavicle joins the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint |
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The pectoral girdle |
Provides attachment for many muscles that moves the upper limb Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile Socket of the shoulder joint ( glenoid cavity of scapula is shallow and provides for good flexibility but poor stability |
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Clavicles |
Provide attachment for muscles Articulate with the scapulae laterally Articulate with sternum medially Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton |
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Scapula ( anterior ) |
lie on the superior dorsal surface of rib cage Located between ribs 2-7 Have three borders , superior, medial , lateral Have three angles , lateral( location of glenoid cavity) , superior , inferior Sub scapular fossa ( anterior surface) |
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Scapula ( posterior ) |
Supraspinous fossa ( posterior surface ) Spine ( posterior surfaace ) Infraspinous fossa ( posterior surface below supraspinous) Acromium attaches to clavicle Glenoid cavity attaches to humerus head Coracoid process |
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The upper limb |
30 bones form each upper limb Grouped into bones of the: Arm :1 bone ( humerus) Forearm : 2 bone ( radius and ulnar) Hand/wrist : 27 bones |
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Arm |
region between shoulder and elbow. Humerus is only bone in arm. Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb Articulates with scapula at the shoulder Ariculates with the radius and ulna at the elbow |
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Proximal humerus structures |
Humerus head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular sulus : in between lesser and greater tubercles on anterior side of bone Anatomical neck : slight constriction inferior to the head Surgical neck : inferior to the tubercles and is the most frequent site of humerus fracture |
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Mid humerus structures |
Deltoid tuberosity : on lateral surface of shaft Radial groove - on posterior surface of shaft marks course of radial nerve |
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Lower humerus |
Many structures of the humerus provide site for muscle attachment Condyle : "knuckle" or rounded projection at the distal end of a bone that articulates with another bone Epicondyle : a rounded projection at the distal end of the bone, located on or above a condyle and usually serving as a place of attachmnt of ligaments and tendons |
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Lower humerus |
- Medial epicondyle Later epicondyle Medial supracondylar ridge Lateral supracondylar ridge Trochlea Capitulum ( anterior) Radial Fossa ( anterior) Coronoid fossa ( anterior) Olecranon fossa ( posterior) |
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Forearm |
Region between elbow and wrist Formed from the radius and ulna bones Proximal ends articulate with humerus Distal ends articulate with carpal bones |
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Proximal radius bone |
Head of proximal radius bone interfaces with capitulum of distal humerus Radial tuberosity below head of radius With elbow flexion , radial head moves into radial fossa of distal humerus |
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Proximal ulna bone |
Main bone responsible for forming the elbow hinge joint with the humerus Anterior coronoid process and posterior olecranon process of ulna interfaces with trochlea of distal humerus with elbow flexion, coronoid process of ulna moves into coronoid fossa of distal humerus with elbow extension , olecranon process of ulna moves into olecranon fossa of distal humerus |
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Forearm : radius and ulna articulate with each other |
at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints Proximal ulna has radial notch Distal radius has ulnar notch The interosseous membrane interconnects radius and ulna In anatomical position ( palms facing forward) the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial |
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Distal Ulna with Ulnar head and styloid process |
Distal ulna is seperated from carpel bone by fibrocartilage , plays little to no role in hand movements |
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Distal radius |
Distal radius articulates with carpal bones of the wrist Articulation with scaphoid bone of hand Articulation with lunate bone of hand When radius moves , the hand moves with it Ulnar notch of distal radius articulates with ulna bone Styloid process |
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Wrist and hand bones |
Carpals : wrist : 8 bones Metacarpals : palm 5 bones Phalanges : fingers : 14 bones |
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Carpals |
Form the true wrist made of the proximal region of the hand Composed of eight marble sized bones arranged into two irregular rows proximal row , radial ( lateral) to ulnar ( medial) scaphoid , lunate , triquetrum , pisiform Distal row : radial( lateral) to ulnar medial trapezium , trapezoid , capitate and hamate A menemonic to help remember carpals Salley left the party to take carmen home |
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Metacarpus |
Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist and form the palm Numbered 1-5 beginning with the pollex thumb Each with base , shaft and head Articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals Articulate distally with proximal phalanges |
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Phalanges |
Numbered 1,5 beggining with the pollex thumb except for the thumb which has two phalanges each finger has 3 phalanges Proximal , middle , distal |
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Pelvic Girdle |
The deep basin-like structure formed by the coxal bones , sacrum and coccyx. Consists of paired coxal bones (hip bones ) which unite anteriorly with each other at pubic symphysis Coxal hip bones articulate posteriorly with the sacrum to form sacroilac joints |
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Pelvic gridle |
Attaches to lower limbs support visceral organs attaches to axial skeleton by strong ligament Acetabulum - is deep socket on lateral xoal where femur head attaches Femur bones in hip joint have less range of movement and are more stable than humerus bones in shoulder joints 3 region of coxal bones llium ischium pubis |
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LLium |
Large flaring superior region of coxal bone consists of inferior body and superior wing like ala Lliac crest : thickened superior margin of ala lliac fossa : he internal concave surface of the ala Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior illac spine Posterior superior illac spine Posterior inferior illac spine Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroillac joint illum is preferred site for bone marrow biopsy site of attachment for many muscles |
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Ischium |
Forms inferior region of coxal bone Anteriorly- joins the pubis Ischial tuberosities - and ischial spines are a very strong parts of the hip bone |
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Pubis |
Forms anterior region of the coxal bone Lies horizontally in anatomicall position Pubic symphysis - the two pubic bones are joined by fibrocartilage at the midline Pubic arch : inferior to the pubic symphasis Pubic crest : thickened anterior superior border of the body of the pubis Pubic turbercle |
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Pelvis |
Pelvic brim : continuous oval ridge that runs from the pubic crest around to the sacral promontory False Pelvic : superior to the pelvic brim and is actually part of the abdomen and contains abdominal organs True Pelvis : extends inferior from the pelvic brim and froms a deep bowl containing the pelvic organs Pelvic inlet : delineated by the pelvic brium Pelvic outlet : inferior margins of true pelvics |
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Pelvic outlet |
Anteriorly : pubic arch Laterally : ischial tuberosities Posteriorly : tip of coccyx |
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Differences between male and female pelves |
Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing Female pelvis wider , with a wider pelvic inlet and outlet compared to males Pubic angle of pubic arch is >80 in females and <60 in males. |
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The lower limbs |
Carries the entire weight of the erect body Bones of lower limbs are thicker and stronger than those of upper limb Divided into three segments Thigh : 1 bone ( femur ) between hip and knee Leg : 2 bones ( tibia and fibla) between knee and foot Foot/ankle : 26 bones |
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Thigh: region of lower limb between the hip and knee |
Femur: the single bone of the thigh longest and strongest bone of body ball shaped femoral head articulates with the acetabulum |
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Proximal femur |
Femur head Fovea capitis Femur neck Greater Trochanter Intertrochanteric crest ( posterior view ) Intertrochanteric line ( anterior view ) lesser trochanter Gluteal tuberoscity ( posterior view ) |
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Distal femur |
Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Medial condyle Lateral condyle Intercondylar fossa ( posterior veiw ) adductor tubercle |
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Patella |
Triangular sesamoid bone Imbedded in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muscles Protects the knee anteriorly Improves leverage of the thigh muscle across the knee |
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Leg - region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle |
Composed of the tibia and fibula bones Tibia more massive medial bone of the leg , recieves weight of the body from the femur Fibula - stick like lateral bone of the leg Interosseous membrane - connects the tibia and fibula |
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Proximal tibia |
Proximal tibia articulates with distal femur to form the knee joint Interchondylar emiance articular surface of medial chondyle articular surface of lateral chondyle articular surfaces articulate with distal femur Tibial tuberosity |
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Proximal fibula |
Proximal fibula does not contribute to knee joint but medial part of fibula head articulates in proximal tibiofibular joint |
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Distal tibia and fibula |
Distal tibiofibular joint - articulates distal lateral side of the tibia and distal medial side of the fibula Distal tibia articulates with trochlea of talus bone in foot to form the ankle joint Distal medial tibia - forms medial malleolus which articulates with the talus bone and is felt as the hard medial bulge in ankle Distal lateral fibula - forms lateral mallelus which articulates with the talus bone and is felt as the hard lateral buldge in ankle ; contributes to stabilization of ankle joint. |
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Bones of the foot |
Tarsal bones : 7 bones Metatarsal bones ; 5 bones Phalange bones : 14 bones Important function support body weight acts as lever to propel body forward when walking segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground |
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Tarsal bones |
Makes up the posterior half of the foot Contains 7 bones called tarsals Body weight is primarly borne by the talus and calcaneus Calcaneous - is the heel bone Trochlea of the talus - site of articulation with the tibia Other tarsals are cuboid - Lateral and navicular , medial Medial , intermediate and lateral cuneiforms |
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Metatarsal bones |
Consists of five small bones called metatarsals Numbered 1-5 beginning with the hallux ( great toe ) First metatarsal supports a lot of body weight |
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Phalanges of the toes |
14 small phalanges of the toe Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers Structure and arrangment are similar to phalanges of fingers Except for the great toe which has two phalanges each toe has threee phalanges proximal , middle , distal |
