• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/85

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

85 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
How are arthropods beneficial to plant life?
Arthropods, for example, help plants reproduce by carrying pollen from one plant to another.
What are some useful items arthropods produce for us?
silk, wax, honey, and drugs
What are five common characteristics that unite arthropods?
#1: An Exoskeleton
#2: Body Segmentation
#3: Jointed Appendages
#4: A Ventral Nervous System
#5: An Open Circulatory System
Why is each arthropod limited as to how big it can get?
As an arthropod increases in size, the amount of exoskeleton must increase as well. This causes the arthropod to get quite heavy. For each arthropod, there comes a point at which the creature's muscles just aren't strong enough to carry around the weight of the exoskeleton.
How do arthropods molt?
Most arthropods molt by secreting enzymes that eat away at the exoskeleton, weakening it. They then take in water, swelling the body until the exoskeleton breaks away. This is done while a new exoskeleton is being produced under the old one. Once the old one is gone, the arthropod's new exoskeleton will be larger than the body of the arthropod because of the swelling that was caused by the excess water that was taken in.
In arthropods, the body is divided into three major divisions that can sometimes be further segmented. What are the three major divisions?
the head,
the thorax, and
the abdomen.
The term "arthropoda" actually means...... what?
The term “arthropoda” actually means “joint-footed.”
Vertebrates have jointed appendages just like an arthropod. However, they differ in one big way.... How do they differ?
In a vertebrate (such as a person), the muscles form over the joint and move the joint from above. Because arthropods have exoskeletons, however, the muscles form under the exoskeleton, moving the joints from underneath.
Why does an arthropod's ventral nerve cord run from the ganglia to the posterior at the bottom of the body?
This placement provides maximum protection. It is protected not only by the exoskeleton, but also by the bulk of the body.
In general, how does an eye work? (negating the idea that any eye can actually be "simple"...)
It takes an enormous amount of engineering to come up with a system that can detect light, turn that light energy into electrical signals, send the electrical signals to the brain (or ganglia), and have the brain convert those signals into an image!
Which of these three has eyes that are superior to the others? Fly, spider, or a human?
the fly gets a “mosaic” view of the world, whereas a spider gets a “tunnel” view.

Humans, however, win hands down in the superior eye contest........ in terms of range, sharpness, sensitivity, and color depth that the human eye provides, there is simply nothing else like it in creation!
Suppose an arthropod lives in an ecosystem which contains no predators. The arthropod would never, ever be threatened. Would it need an exoskeleton in this situation?
Yes, it would still need an exoskeleton. Exoskeletons provide support for the body. Without it, the arthropod would be nothing more than a mass of tissue and organs.
If you count the cephalothorax as one body segment, how many major segments does an arthropod with a cephalothorax have?
Since the cephalothorax is a combination of the head and the thorax, only the abdomen is left. Thus, it would have two major segments.
An organism moves its joints with muscles that lie on top of the joint. Is the organism an arthropod?
The organism is not an arthropod. The muscles in an arthropod are inside the exoskeleton. Thus, the joints are controlled from the bottom.
If an arthropod cannot taste something, but the rest of the nervous system is operational, what sensory organ is malfunctioning?
Since antennae provide the taste sensation, the antennae must not be working.
Why do we say that arthropods are constantly bleeding internally?
Since arthropods have an open circulatory system, blood is constantly leaving the arteries and flowing directly on the tissue.
How is it possible for many water-dwelling crustaceans make brief excursions out of the water without suffocating?
They can actually store up a lot of water in their gill chambers so that they can make brief excursions out of the water. The gills continue to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the stored water until all of the oxygen is used up. After that, the crayfish must return to the water or it will suffocate.
Briefly explain why the arthropod's circulatory system is different from that of a vertebrate.
In arthropod circulatory systems the blood stays in blood vessels for only part of its trip through the animal. It is then dumped into the tissues, bathing them with the substances they need.
Why is an open circulatory system not for everybody/every creature if it is so efficient?
Although an open circulatory system provides for an efficient exchange between the blood and the tissues, it does restrict the ways in which the animal can position itself. Animals with closed circulatory systems can stay on their backs for as long as they want, because they do not rely on gravity for proper blood flow.
Crayfish (and many other crustaceans) can lead pretty violent lives. It is not uncommon for a crustacean to lose one of its appendages.

Why doesn't such a disaster cause all of the crayfish's blood (which is bathing the tissues) to flow out into the surroundings, killing the creature?
The crayfish and most other crustaceans have a double membrane in each appendage. When the crayfish loses an appendage, the membrane seals the resulting hole, keeping the blood in the body!
The crayfish can actually regenerate a missing appendage. True or False?
True! It is a repair mechanism built into most crustaceans! Crustaceans seem to know all about this marvelous mechanism, because if a crayfish is caught by one of its appendages, it will willingly break it off in order to escape!
The exoskeleton on a crayfish is so hard that it is not very sensitive to touch. So in a pitch black environment, how could a crayfish know that something was touching the exoskeleton?
Tiny bristles are found all over the crayfish's body, providing a sense of touch.
How does the statocyst work?
Has little containers that are lined with tiny hairs, each providing a sense of touch. Inside each hair-lined container, you will find a grain of sand that shifts when the crayfish is knocked off balance. The hairs detect that shift and send a message to the brain. The brain then sends signals to the muscles, which work the abdomen, swimmerets, telson, and uropods until the crayfish has righted itself.
When do crayfish usually mate? What happens till the sperm then?
In the fall. The female then stores the sperm until spring.
True or False? The average crayfish molts nine times in the first year alone!?!
False. "Only" seven times.
Although the gills of a certain crayfish seem to be working fine, the crayfish suffocates because it cannot get fresh water into the gill chambers. What organs are not working properly?
In order to move fresh, oxygen-rich water into the gill chambers, the swimmerets and maxillae move back and forth. Thus, the swimmerets and maxillae must not be working.
Trace the flow of blood from the pericardial sinus and back again. Mention the following organs in your discussion: pericardial sinus, sternal sinus, green glands, heart, and gills.
The blood collects in the pericardial sinus and then proceeds into the heart. The heart pumps the blood through open-ended blood vessels that dump the blood onto the tissues. It then collects in the sternal sinus and is picked up by vessels that take it to the gills to absorb oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. The blood also gets cleaned in the green glands and then goes back to the pericardial sinus to start the process all over again.
A crayfish loses its claw in a fight. What happens?
When the claw falls off, a membrane closes to prevent bleeding. Then, the claw grows back over time.
If a crayfish cannot stay upright in the water, what organ is most likely not working?
Since the statocyst keeps the crayfish's balance and tells it which way is up, the statocyst must be malfunctioning
Many spiders are actually quite beneficial to humans and to the ecosystem in general.

Why??
Spiders help keep the population of insects in check.
Organisms in class Arachnida have five common characteristics. What are they?
#1 Four pairs of walking legs
#2 A cephalothorax instead of separate head and thorax
#3 Usually have four pairs of simple eyes
#4 No antennae
#5 Respiration done through organs known as “book lungs”
In terms of legs, how do arachnids differ from insects?
Arachnids have eight legs (four pairs), while insects have six legs (three pairs).
Why is spider silk so incredible?
It is both strong AND flexible!!!
How does a spider utilize an orb web?
These webs can span great distances, making them very efficient traps. The spider sits at the center of the web with its legs on the spokes. When an insect gets caught in the web, it begins to struggle. The spider can tell which part of the web that the insect is in because the spoke nearest the insect will shake more than the others. When the spider senses which spoke is shaking the most, it follows the spoke until it finds the insect.
Some spiders can be compared to a fisherman! True or false?
True in the sense that they "cast" silk into the air to catch prey. They spin single strands of silk with very sticky ends. They launch the silk at their prey, catching them and reeling them in.
Most spiders have poison glands and produce poison that they inject into their prey. Does that mean that we must fear most spiders because they are poisonous?
Most spiders have poison glands, but the poison they make is rarely harmful to humans because it is designed to subdue small prey. Thus, we need not fear most spiders as poisonous.
Where are the abdomen and cephalothorax in a spider? (anterior and posterior position locations...)
Since arachnids have a cephalothorax, the head and thorax are one segment. Notice in the figure that there is a “pinched” region of the body near the center. That marks the change from the cephalothorax to the abdomen. Thus, the abdomen is posterior to the pinched region, and the cephalothorax is anterior to the pinched region.
True or False? A centipede is called a centipede because its Latin name refers to the fact that it has 100 legs!
False. They don't really have that many.....
Certain tropical species of centipedes can reach lengths of up to a FOOT long!?!? True or false?
Um, true....
In terms of legs, how do millipedes differ from centipedes?
They have many more legs than centipedes and each of their body segments contains two pairs of legs instead of just one.
In terms of bodies, how do centipedes differ from millipedes?
Centipedes have flat bodies, while millipedes have round ones.
Does a centipede or millipede have longer antennae? Which one has poisonous claws?
The centipede has the longer antennae, and also has the claws.
Would you rather have a centipede or a millipede in your bed? (Yes, you have to choose one... ) :o)
A millipede. While centipedes are fierce predators, millipedes are typically docile. In fact, when threatened, they are likely to curl up in a ball.....
What characteristics separate insects from other members of phylum Arthropoda?
#1Three pairs of walking (or jumping) legs

#2Usually have wings at some stage of their life

#3One pair of antennae

#4Three segments: head, thorax, and abdomen
What is so special about the variety of insect legs?
They aren't used just for walking. Various insects use them for catching prey, walking on walls, walking on water, leaping, making sounds, and storing food!!
What are the four basic types of wings in class Insecta?
#1 Membranous wings

#2 Scaled wings

#3 Leather-like wings

#4 Horny wings
True or False? All insects have wings.
False. Although most insects have two pairs of wings, some have only one pair, and a very few have none at all.
True or False? Insects have a set of very tiny, but efficient lungs.
False! They have no lungs. Air goes from the trachea and spiracles directly to the tissues, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are directly exchanged with the cells.
True or False? Many insects have both simple and compound eyes as part of their nervous system.
True!
What are some different mouth types in the insect world?
chewing, puncture and suck, spongelike mouth that is used to absorb food, siphoning
In this stage, the insect looks like a miniature version of its adult form, but the proportions seem wrong. It lacks wings and reproductive organs. It molts several times during this particular stage and, when it finally develops wings and reproductive organs, it is considered an adult. What stage is this?
nymph stage
An insect's outer wings are incredibly tough. Most likely, what kind of wings are they?
Horny wings are the toughest. Thus, they are probably horny wings.
You can suffocate an insect by wrapping up its body, except for the head, in plastic wrap. Why, if the mouth is exposed to air, does the insect still suffocate?
Insects get air through tiny pores (spiracles) in their exoskeleton, not through their mouths. Thus, it is irrelevant that the mouth is free. The insect suffocated because it could not take in enough air through the spiracles, which were blocked by the plastic.
An insect cannot digest food in its stomach due to a lack of digestive enzymes. Which organ is most likely not working?
It is the gastric ceca's job to secrete digestive enzymes. Thus, the gastric ceca are not working.
An insect goes through a nymph stage in its development. Does it undergo complete or incomplete metamorphosis?
The nymph stage is only present in incomplete metamorphosis
How can you tell a butterfly from a moth?
In its adult stage, the antennae of a moth usually look feathery, while the antennae of a butterfly look like straight stalks with knobs on the end. Also, the body of the adult is much slimmer in butterflies than it is in moths. Finally, when butterflies rest on the ground or sit on top of a plant, they typically hold their wings up vertically. Moths, on the other hand, tend to hold their wings out horizontally when resting.
In a hive, bees belong to one of what three groups?
queen, drone, or worker bees.... The vast majority of bees in the hive are worker bees.
True or False? Worker bees are female, but cannot reproduce.
True. Worker bees do all of the work. They build and maintain the hive, collect food for the hive, care for the eggs, care for the larvae once the eggs hatch, and protect the queen. But they do not lay eggs.
When a bee stings you, it dies. Why?
When they sting an enemy, they release a poison with the stinger. The barb in the stinger, however, lodges in the victim, making it impossible for a bee to remove its stinger. Thus, the bee will rip off its last abdominal segment, leaving the stinger behind. This increases the effect of the poison, but it kills the bee.
Why can the queen bee sting you as many times as she wants to?
The queen bee is the only female with reproductive capabilities. Because she can lay eggs, however, her stinger is not barbed. Thus, she can sting as many times as she wants.
Which bees are the males in a hive?
The drone bees. They are useless for all situations except mating. Their mouths are not designed to gather nectar from flowers, so they cannot make honey. They also do not help maintain the hive. They simply wait their turn to mate with the queen.
What is honey and why do they make it?
Honey is partially digested nectar that the bees have sucked out of flowers. It serves as food for the queen and the drones, and it is also a backup supply of food for the workers when they cannot find nectar.
Why is the hexagonal shape so efficient in terms of storing honey?
The hexagonal shape of the storage chambers allows them to store a large amount of honey with a minimal amount of wax. The wax that the bees use to make these storage chambers is so strong that two pounds of wax can hold 50 pounds of honey!
A ladybug is a beneficial insect for farmers. Why?
The ladybug feeds exclusively upon aphids and other crop-destroying insects. The fact that the ladybug has a huge appetite works out all the better for farmers.
All beetles are friends to a farmer. True or false?
False. There are some beetles, however, (the Japanese beetle and the rice weevil, for example) that destroy crops themselves. The fact that they have a huge appetite is not good for farmers!
What is so interesting about a bombardier beetle?
Storage vessels in the beetle contain chemicals that, when mixed, react violently. When it feels threatened, the beetle will then point its tail in the direction of trouble and opens a valve between the reaction vessel and the tail. A jet of steam that has a temperature of roughly 200°F shoots out the tail in the direction of danger. Any potential predator is immediately burned from the mixed chemicals and frightened away!
Flies are pests, but they can actually be quite dangerous. Why???
The average housefly carries millions of bacteria and viruses in its intestinal tract and on its body. When a fly lands on a food source, it eats by secreting digestive juices onto the food and then sponging it back up. Many of the microorganisms and viruses it carries are transferred to the food in that process.
Like flies, mosquitoes can be dangerous as well. Why?
Mosquitoes also carry potentially pathogenic microorganisms and viruses.
Name the five common characteristics among the arthropods.
Exoskeleton, body segmentation, jointed appendages, open circulatory system, and a ventral
nervous system are the common features of arthropods
Explain the flow of blood in a crayfish, starting from the pericardial sinus.
Blood collects in the pericardial sinus, and it enters the heart through one of three openings in the
heart’s surface. Each opening has a valve that closes when the heart is ready to pump. Once it absorbs
the blood and closes these valves, the heart pumps blood through a series of blood vessels that are open
at the end. These vessels dump directly into various body cavities. Gravity causes the blood to fall into
the sternal sinus, where it is collected by blood vessels that are open at one end. Unlike the blood
vessels that dump the blood into the body cavities, these vessels carry the blood back towards the
pericardial sinus. On its way there, the blood is passed through the gills where it can release the
carbon dioxide it has collected and pick up a fresh supply of oxygen. The blood also passes through
green glands, which clean it of impurities and dump those impurities back into the surroundings. Once
the blood has passed through the gills and the green glands, it then makes its way back to the
pericardial sinus to begin the trip all over again
What purpose does the green gland serve?
It cleans the blood of impurities.
. What structures (besides the gills and gill chamber) are vitally important for respiration in a
crayfish?
The swimmerets and maxillae are important. Without them, fresh, oxygen-rich water would not
enter the gill chambers.
What happens when a crayfish loses a limb?
The injury gets sealed off to prevent bleeding, and then a new limb regenerates.
Where do the fertilized eggs of a crayfish go?
They are attached to the swimmerets.
Why do arthropods molt?
They molt because their exoskeletons get too small for their growing bodies.
What two appendages are responsible for taste and touch in a crayfish?
The antennules and antennae are responsible for taste and touch.
What five characteristics set arachnids apart from the other arthropods?
Four pairs of walking legs,
two segments in body,
no antennae,
book lungs,
four pairs of simple
eyes.
What are the three basic types of webs that spiders spin?
Some species of spider build a sheet web, which is a single, flat sheet of sticky silk. Some spiders
spin tangle webs that have no real discernible pattern. Some spin orb webs consisting of concentric
circles of sticky silk that are supported by “spokes” of non-sticky silk.
Do all spiders use their silk to spin webs?
No, some spiders spin silk to make trap doors, and some even fire their silk like a projectile.
Why are the spider’s lungs called book lungs?
The lung has many thin layers that look like the pages of a book.
What four characteristics set insects apart from the other arthropods?
Three pairs of walking (or jumping) legs, wings, three segments in body, one pair of antennae.
Why don’t insects have respiratory systems?
Insects do not need respiratory systems because of a complex network of tracheas that allow air to
travel throughout the body.
If an insect goes through a pupa stage, does it perform complete metamorphosis or incomplete
metamorphosis?
The pupa stage only exists in complete metamorphosis.
What four types of wings exist among insects?
membranous wings,
scaled wings,
leather-like wings, and
horny wings.
For each letter below, indicate the order of insects being described:

a. Insects with two leather-like wings and two membranous wings

b. Social insects with membranous wings

c. Insects with two membranous wings and two membranous balancers

d. Insects with two horny wings and two membranous wings

e. Insects with scaled wings
a. Orthoptera
b. Hymenoptera
c. Diptera
d. Coleoptera
e. Lepidoptera