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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hypoxia
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Cerebral hypoxia refers to a condition in which there is a decrease of oxygen supply to the brain even though there is adequate blood flow.
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hypoglycemia
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low blood glucose or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels.
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stroke
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A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain.
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ischemic stroke
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a blood clot cuts off the blood supply to the brain
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hemorrhagic stroke
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a blood vessel in the brain bursts.
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If your blood glucose level drops, the other cells in your body can do something that will help your brain cells. What can these cells do to help the neurons in your brain?
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They can use other sources of nutrition so as to save the glucose for your neurons.
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cerebrum
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The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.
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Gray matter
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Collections of nerve cell bodies and their associated neuroglia
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White matter
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Bundles of parallel axons and their sheaths
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midsagittal section
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splits the brain into equal left and right halves
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brainstem
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Underneath the limbic system is the brain stem. This structure is responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. Scientists say that this is the "simplest" part of human brains because animals' entire brains, such as reptiles (who appear early on the evolutionary scale) resemble our brain stem.
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What does this lobe do?
Frontal Lobe- |
associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
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What does this lobe do?
Parietal Lobe- |
associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
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What does this lobe do?
Occipital Lobe- |
associated with visual processing
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What does this lobe do?
Temporal Lobe- |
associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech
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The brainstem can be separated into what three sections?
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Midbrain
Pons Medulla |
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Medulla Oblongata
Location and Function? |
- this structure is the caudal-most part of the brain stem, between the pons and spinal cord. It is responsible for maintaining vital body functions, such as breathing and heartrate
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Pons-
Location and Function? |
part of the metencephalon in the hindbrain. It is involved in motor control and sensory analysis... for example, information from the ear first enters the brain in the pons. It has parts that are important for the level of consciousness and for sleep. Some structures within the pons are linked to the cerebellum, thus are involved in movement and posture.
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Midbrain/ Mesencephalon-
Location and Function? |
the rostral part of the brain stem, which includes the tectum and tegmentum. It is involved in functions such as vision, hearing, eyemovement, and body movement. The anterior part has the cerebral peduncle, which is a huge bundle of axons traveling from the cerebral cortex through the brain stem and these fibers (along with other structures) are important for voluntary motor function.
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Decussation –
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A crossing over
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nuclei
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discrete clumps of gray matter that act as control centers for the body's vital functions.
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Vital functions –
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Those functions of the body necessary for life on a short-term basis
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vasomotor area
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which controls the dilation or constriction of blood vessels throughout the body. This is an important blood pressure control mechanism.
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reticular formation
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These nuclei receive information from various afferent nerves, especially those of the face.
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reticular activation system
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reticular formation nuclei and their interconnections plays a major role in determining the cycle of sleeping and waking.
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diencephalon has what 2 structures?
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thalamus
hypothalamus |
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diencephalon
Location? |
The diencephalon is located between the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain.
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diencephalon
Function? |
Chewing
Directs Sense Impulses Throughout the Body Equilibrium Eye Movement, Vision Facial Sensation Hearing Phonation Respiration Salivation, Swallowing Smell, Taste |
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Thalamus
Location? |
The thalamus is a large, dual lobed mass of grey matter cells located at the top of the brainstem, superior to the hypothalamus.
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intermediate mass
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a small cylinder which links the two sides of the thalamus
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Thalamus
Function? |
Motor Control
Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals Relays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex |
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diencephalon
Location? |
The diencephalon is located between the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain.
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diencephalon
Function? |
Chewing
Directs Sense Impulses Throughout the Body Equilibrium Eye Movement, Vision Facial Sensation Hearing Phonation Respiration Salivation, Swallowing Smell, Taste |
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Thalamus
Location? |
The thalamus is a large, dual lobed mass of grey matter cells located at the top of the brainstem, superior to the hypothalamus.
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intermediate mass
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a small cylinder which links the two sides of the thalamus
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Thalamus
Function? |
Motor Control
Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals Relays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex |
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Hypothalamus
Location? |
The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and posterior to the optic chiasma.
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Hypothalamus
Function? |
Controls Autonomic Functions
Emotions Endocrine Functions Homeostasis Motor Functions Regulates Food and Water Intake Regulates Sleep Wake Cycle |
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cerebrum contains what other structures besides the lobes?
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cortex
gyri sulci |
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cortex
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outer surface of the cerebrum is composed of gray matter that is folded.
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gyri
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folded gray matter increases the surface area of the cortex
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sulci
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The grooves between the gyri
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Cerebellum
Location? |
or "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and has a highly folded surface or cortex.
The cerebellum is located just above the brainstem, beneath the occipital lobes at the base of the skull. |
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Cerebellum
Function? |
Controls Fine Movement Coordination
Balance and Equilibrium Muscle Tone |
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subconscious motor functions
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These are the functions of voluntary (skeletal) muscles that we perform without really thinking about them.
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Dampening
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cerebellum sends inhibitory signals to the motor neurons that control your arms
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Corpus Callosum
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The corpus callosum is a thick band of fibers located between the cerebral hemispheres.
Connects the Left and Right Hemispheres |
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Although the human brain is significantly more complex than the brains of other vertebrates, the basic layout is the same. However, one part of the brain is significantly larger in humans than in any other vertebrates. What part of the brain is that?
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The cerebrum is much larger in humans as compared to other vertebrates
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Amphibians typically move in a jerky, uncoordinated fashion compared to other vertebrates. What portion of their brain is not as well-developed as it is in other vertebrates?
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The cerebellum deals with fine muscle movements. Amphibian cerebellums are much smaller and less-developed than those of other vertebrates.
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Based on what you have learned in this section, what portion of the brain do you think is affected by tranquilizers?
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reticular activation system
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What are the fissures of the Cerebrum and their functions?
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longitudinal fissure - divides cerebrum into two hemispheres.
lateral fissure - seperates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes. central sulcus - intersects with the lateral fissure, forming the boundary of the frontal lobe |
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primary somatic sensory area or primary somatic sensory cortex
Location & Function? |
postcentral gyrus
this area of the cerebrum receives generalized sensory input from all over the body. |
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postcentral gyrus
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gyrus is just posterior to the central sulcus
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somatic sensory association area
Location & Function? |
Parietal lobe
determines the nature of a sensation. |
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visual cortex
Location & Function? |
occipital lobe
receives the action potentials from the optic nerves that are attached to the eyes |
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visual association area
Location and Function? |
the visual association area compares this image to past experience so as to give you context.
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primary auditory area
Location and Function? |
temporal lobe
is responsible for the basics of sound: volume and pitch. |
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auditory association area
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puts the signals into historical context for you
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Wernicke's area
Location and Function? |
An area in the posterior temporal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain
involved in the recognition of spoken words. |
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taste area
Location and Function? |
inferior surface of the frontal lobe
interprets taste |
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primary motor area or cortex
Location and Function? |
precentral gyrus
It controls our basic skeletal movements |
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premotor area
Location and Function? |
frontal lobe
sequence of action potentials needed for this fine motor movement is actually worked out ahead of time |
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Broca's area
Location and Function? |
subsection of the pre-motor area - frontal lobe
works out the detailed sequencing that needs to take place to carry out the finest of muscle movements - those related to speech. |
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prefrontal area
Location and Function? |
large part of the cerebrum
dedicated to our ability to reason, to think things through, and our ability to foresee what's going to happen. |
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Commissures
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Connections of nerve fibers which allow the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with one another
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Suppose someone hits his or her head and has a concussion. If that person has a difficult time speaking but has no problem thinking of the words he or she wants to say, what area of the brain was, most likely, damaged?
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Most likely, Broca's area has been affected. Wernicke's area is what we use to determine what to say. Broca's area then works out the muscle movements needed to make the appropriate words. If the person knows what he or she wants to say, Wernicke's area is working fine. If he or she just can't say it, that means Broca's area is damaged.
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A person hits his head and then feels numb all over. What area of the brain was affected?
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Most likely, the somatic sensory area is damaged. The somatic sensory area receives general sensory input. If you feel numb, you are not interpreting that sensory information
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What are the 2 main basal nuclei in the cerebrum? What is it also called?
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lentiform
caudate corpus striatum |
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subthalamic nucleus
Location? |
diencephalon
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substantia nigra
Location? |
midbrain.
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amygdaloid nucleus
Location? |
limbic system
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The limbic system
Location? |
often referred to as the "emotional brain", is found buried within the cerebrum. Like the cerebellum, evolutionarily the structure is rather old.
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What are the 4 structures of the limbic system?
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus Amygdala Hippocampus |
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Amygdala
Location? Function? |
part of the telencephalon, located in the temporal lobe;
involved in memory, emotion, and fear. The amygdala is both large and just beneath the surface of the front, medial part of the temporal lobe where it causes the bulge on the surface called the uncus. This is a component of the limbic system. |
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Hippocampus-
Location? Function? |
the portion of the cerebral hemisphers in basal medial part of the temporal lobe.
This part of the brain is important for learning and memory . . . for converting short term memory to more permanent memory, and for recalling spatial relationships in the world about us |
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ventricles
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One of a system of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.
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cerebrospinal fluid
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a fluid that cushions the brain and also provides a few nutrients to the brain
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ependymal cells
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line the ventricles
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choroid plexuses.
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The ependymal cells, their support cells, and the blood vessels which supply them with oxygen and nutrients
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lateral ventricles
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largest ventricles - About 80% of the cerebrospinal fluid is produced in one of those two ventricles.
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third ventricle and the fourth ventricle
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the other 2 venticles
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interventricular foramina
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The two lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle by two foramina
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cerebral aqueduct
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The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle
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One of us (Dr. Wile) had a grandfather whose hand shook uncontrollably, even when he was sitting still doing nothing. The doctor traced this problem to a specific part of the brain. Which part?
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basal nuclei
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Some fear reactions seem to be a natural part of the brain which require no learning. For example, an infant rodent will be afraid of a cat, even though it has never seen a cat before. Where, most likely, is this information stored?
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limbic system
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