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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pulmonary circuit
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carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart; served by RIGHT side of heart
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systemic circuit
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supplies blood to every organ of the body, including other parts of the lungs and heart walls; served by LEFT side of heart
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do the atrial pectinate muscles more nearly resemble the ventricular paillary muscles or the trabeculae carneae?
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traceculae carneae
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3 branches of the Left coronary artery
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anterior interventricular branch
circumflex branch left marginal branch |
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which atrium is the first to receive the signal that induces it to contract?
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right atrium
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what is the significance of anastomoses
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provide an alternative route, called collateral circulation, that can supply the heart tissue with blood if the primary route becomes obstructed
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3 veins that empty into the coronary sinue
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great cardiac vein, posterior interventricular (middle cardiac) vein, left marginal vein
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two types of mechanical junctions in the heart
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fascia adherens and desmosomes
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what's the advantage of having such a long absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle?
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prevent tetanus; blood has time to get in appropriate chanber
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what is systole?
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contraction
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what is diastole?
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relaxation
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what produces the plateau in the action potentials of cardiac myocytes? why is this important to pumping ability of the heart?
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calcium entering calcium channels prolongs depolarization of membrane. the myocytes are contracting as long as the plateau is present.
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name the waves of the ECG and explain what myocardial events produce each wave
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P wave: SA node sends signal and atria depolarize
QRS complex: signal from AV node spreads through the ventricular myocardium to depolarize. atria repolarize T wave: ventricular repolarization |
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Calcium channel blockers produce a positive ___ effect
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inotropic; they decrease heart rate and increase output
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where is a place you can find a continuous capillary
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brain
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where is a place you can find a fenestrated capillary?
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kidney
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where can you find a sinusoid?
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liver
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3 tunics of a typical blood vessel
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tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
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tunica intima
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-simple squamous endothelium overlying a basement membrane and sparse layer of loose CT
-selectively permeable membrane -secretes chem. to dialate or constrict vessel -repels blood cells so they will flow freely without sticking to walls |
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tunica media
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thickest layer
smooth muscle, collagen, some elastin |
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tunica externa
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-loose ct that often merges with that of neighboring blood vessels
-anchors the vessel and provides passage for small nerves, lymph vessels, and smaller blood vessels |
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continous capillary
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endothelial cells have tight junctions with intercellular clefts
occur in most tissues |
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fenestrated capillaries
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have fenestration on endothelial cells
in organs that require rapid absorption or filtration |
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sinusoids
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endothelial cells separated by wide gaps- no basal lamina
conform to the shape of the surrounding tissue liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymphatic organs |
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angiotensisn II
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vasconstrictor raises the BP
ACE is required for its synthesis |
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Aldosterone
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"salt-retaining hormone"
promotes sodium retention by the kidneys promotes a higher blood volume and BP |
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atrial natriuretic peptide
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secreted by the heart to antagonize aldosterone
increases sodium excretion by the kidneys, reducing blood volume and pressure vasodialator effect |
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antidiruetic hormone
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promotes water retention and acts as vasoconstrictor
raises BP |
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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stimulates muscle contraction, produces vasoconstriction, raising BP, increasing blood flow to the myocardium and muscular system during exercise
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3 variables that afffect peripheral resistance to blood flow? which one can change one minute to the next?
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blood viscosity, vessel length, vasomotion
vasomotion can change minute to minute |
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why is baroreflex serves as homeostasis and negative feedback
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it is a short term regulator of BP
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three mechanisms of movement through the capillary wall
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1. diffusion
2. trancytosis 3. filtration and reabsorption |
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3 causes of edema:
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increased capillary filtration
reduced capillary reabsorption obstructed lymphatic drainage |
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the atria contract during ___
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the PQ segment
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the death of cardiac tissue from lack of blood flow is commonly known as a heart attack, but clincially called ___
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myocardial infarction
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this is the same as the visceral pericardium
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epicardium
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the fast-rising phase of the SA node action potential is due to ___
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calcium influx
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because the human heart is myogenic,
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it will beat even if all the nerves are severed
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pathway of blood from the superior vena cava tot he aorta...
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tricuspid, pulmonary, bicuspid, aortic
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the mitral, or bicuspid valve, opens when the pressure in the left ventricle is ___; and the mitral valve closes when the pressure in the left ventricle is ___
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less than the pressure in the left atrium; greater than the pressure in the right atrium
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an obstruction of the coronary blood flow can cause a chest pain known as ___
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angina pectoris
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compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ___
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has gap juncitons that allow it to act as a functional syncytium
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the capillaries of skeletal muscles are the structural type called ___
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continuous capillaries
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the brain receives blood form all of the following vessels except the ___ artery or vein
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internal jugular
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immediately laterl to the eyebrown, you can palpate the pulse of
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the superficial temporal artery
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the major vessels that control the relative amounts of blood directed to the various tissues are ___
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resistance arteries
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in the short-term blood pressure regulation, when blood pressure increases, baroreceptors firing reate ___, and send ___ impulses to cardiovascular center in the brain strem
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increases; more frequent
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which term can be described as the small blood vessels that perfuse the larger blood vessels
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vaso vasorum
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these two hormones are powerful vasoconstrictors:
Of these two hormones,___ also stimulates an increase in heart rate |
epinephrine and angiotensis II; epi also increases heart rate
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the short, stuby celiac trunk is a median branch of the aorta. it immediately gives rise to three principal subdivisions:
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common hepatic, left gastric, splenic arteries
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HTN affects about __% of Americans
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30
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___ are varicose veins of the anal canal
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hemorrhoids
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the ____ can help the flow of blood back to the heart
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skeletal muscle pump
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the ____ aids the flow of venous blood fromt he abdominal to the thoracic cavity
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thoracic pump
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the only lympatic organ with both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels is
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a lymph node
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___ is a condition in which one or more lymph nodes are swollen and painful to the touch
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lymphadenitis
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before a B lymphocyte can secrete antibodies, it must transform into___
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a plasma cell
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MALT is a lymphatic tissue found in such places as ___
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the digestive mucosa
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lymph most closely resembles ___
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plasma
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neutrophils produce a respiratory burst, which destroys more bacteria than can be destroyed by phagocytosis. a respiratory burst results from the formation of a ___ that reacts with hydrogen to form ___
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superoxide anion; hydrogen peroxide
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particularly large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all the following locations except the:
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lower extremities
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which part of the heart serves the systemic circuit?
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left
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besides the anterior interventricular branch, what are the other two principal branches of the left coronary artery?
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circumflex branch and LEFT marginal branch
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what produces the plateau in the action potentials of cardiac myocytes?
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calcium ions inflow
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compared to skeletal muscle, the contraction duration of the cardiac muscle period is thee times longer. what is the major physiological purpose of this longer contraction time in the heart?
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adequate time to empty the blood into the ventricles and major arteries
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besides tunica interna, name on of the other two tunics of a typical blood vessel
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tunica externa
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name of the three specific locations where arterial baroreceptors can be found?
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carotid sinus
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besides diffusion, name one of the other two mechanisms of capillary exchange
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transcytosis or filtration and reabsorption
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which term can be described as the largest lymphatic duct draining the lower body, left arm and left side of head?
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thoracic duct
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after a breast surgery removing some axillary lymph nodes, there is edema in the right arm. why?
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when part of the lymph nodes are removed, part of the drainage system in that area is taken away as well. therefore, there will be excess fluid in the limb
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primary lymphatic organs
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thymus and red bone marrow
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how serious is removing a two year old's thymus
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the child will mostlikely die
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why does it make more sense for the collecting ducts to connect to the subclavian veins than it would for the connect to the subclavian arteries?
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the subclavian arteries are high pressure. the lymphatics are very low pressure. if the two connected, it would be more likely that blood would be forced into the lymphatics than that the lymphatics would drain the arteries.
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