Apii Ch9 Quiz 6/3

Front 1

muscle types:

Back 1

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

Front 2

muscles are classified by:

Back 2

structure
funcion
location

Front 3

what are the other names for muscle cells?

Back 3

myocytes or fibers

Front 4

what does muscle contraction depend on?

Back 4

two kinds of myofilaments:
actin
myosin

Front 5

what are actin and myosin

Back 5

protiens

Front 6

skeletal muscle chracteristics:

Back 6

multi-nucleated, long thin sylinder shaped, striated, voluntary, attached to muscles, rapid contractions

Front 7

cardiac muscle chracteristics:

Back 7

interclated disks(reinforce fibers), in heart, striated, involuntary, bifrucated, rythmic contractions, uninucleated

Front 8

smooth muscle characteristics:

Back 8

non-striated, in walls of hollow visceral organs and blood vessles and skin, involuntary, slow and sustained contractions, uninucleated, spindle shaped

Front 9

funtions of the muscular system:

Back 9

movement, posture maintenance and body support, joint stability, heat generation, support soft tissue, guard entrances and exits

Front 10

functional characteristics of muscle:

Back 10

excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

Front 11

facia-

Back 11

separates individual skeletal muscles from adjacent muscles and holds them in position by layers of dense CT

Front 12

tendon-

Back 12

a cordlike sturcture that is formed from dense CT projecting beyond the end of its muscle connecting it to bone; an extention of the fibers (linked sausages)

Front 13

tendinitis

Back 13

(tendonitis) tendon becomes inflamed and swollen after an injury of repeated use

Front 14

tenosynovitis

Back 14

connective sheath of a tendon may become inflammed and swollen

Front 15

aponeurosis

Back 15

a sheet like structure formed from dense CT associated with muscle may attach to bone or the coverings of adjacent muscle

Front 16

fascicle-

Back 16

a section (portion) of a muscle consisting of a bundle of muscle fibers and surrounded by a perimysium

Front 17

epimysium-

Back 17

a layer of CT that closely surrounds a SKELETAL muscle (covers whole)

Front 18

perimysium-

Back 18

CT that extends inward from the epimysium and separates muscles into FASCICLES and possesses collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels, and nerves

Front 19

endomysium-

Back 19

the thin layer of CT that surrounds each of the individual muscle cells and interconnects adajacent muscle fibers.

Front 20

the endomysium contains:

Back 20

capillary networks, satellite cells, nerve fibers

Front 21

deep fascia-

Back 21

portion of the fascia that surrounds or penetrates muscles

Front 22

subcutaneous fascia-

Back 22

continuous from deep fascia; is fascia just beneath the skin forming the subcutan. layer

Front 23

subserous fascia-

Back 23

CT layer of the serous membranes covering organs in various body cavities and lining those cavities

Front 24

another term for single muscle cell?

Back 24

fiber

Front 25

sarcolemma-

Back 25

the plasma cell membrane of a muscle cell, surrounds cytoplasm

Front 26

sarcoplasm-

Back 26

the cytoplasm of a muscle cell

Front 27

look at sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 27

look at transvers tubules

Front 28

triad-

Back 28

formed by a transvers tubule surrounded by tow cisternae of t tubules near the region where actin and myosin filaments overlap

Front 29

myofibrils-

Back 29

threadlike structures located in the sarcoplasm and anchored to the inner surface of the sarcolemma, play a fundamental role in the muscle contraction mechanism

Front 30

each cylindrical _ consists primarily of two types of protein _ called?

Back 30

myofibril, myofilaments;

thick myosin and thin actin

Front 31

actin contains two proteins called:

Back 31

troponin and tropomyosin

Front 32

sarcomere-

Back 32

a segement of a myofibril or a contractile unit located from z-line to z-line, a structural and functional unit

Front 33

a of myofilaments:

Back 33

each myosin molecule consists of 2 twisted protein strands w globular parts called CROSS BRIDGES (HEADS); project outward toward actin

Front 34

a of actin:

Back 34

thin filaments consists of double strands of actin twisted into a helix (2 pearl strands); actin has a binding site to which the cross-bridges or a myosin can attach

Front 35

what are the 2 proteins associated w actin filaments:

Back 35

tropomyosin troponin

Front 36

troponin molecules have 3 protein subunits:

Back 36

one binds to actin, one binds to tropomyosin, one binds to calcium ions

Front 37

neuromuscular junction-

Back 37

(myoneural juntion) the site where the axon and muscle fiber meet

Front 38

motor end plate-

Back 38

a specialized portion of the muscle cell membrane that is extensively folded with abundant nuclei and mitochondria (usually 1 per muscle fiber); part of sarcolemma

Front 39

motor unit-

Back 39

a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

Front 40

motor neuron-

Back 40

carries impulse from cns to effector

Front 41

synaptic cleft-

Back 41

separates the membranes of the neuron and the membrane of the muscle fiber

Front 42

synaptic visicles-

Back 42

in the cytoplasm at the distal ends of nerve fibers store chemicals called NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Front 43

sliding filament theory-

Back 43

hugh huxley; when sarcomeres shorten, the thick and thin filaments slide past one another. the actin filaments move toward the center of the sarcomere from both ends

Front 44

acetylcholinesterase-

Back 44

decomposes acetylcholine remaining in the synapse; in the synapse and on the membranes of the motor end plate

Front 45

creatine phosphate-

Back 45

an energy source available to generate ATP from ADP

Front 46

glycolysis-

Back 46

what muscle cells depend on to synthesize ATP after creatine phosphate is used

Front 47

myoglobin-

Back 47

carries oxygen inside fiber; temporarily stores oxygen when contracted, a pigment that produces RED color in muscle tissue, , reduces the muscles need for a continuous blood supply during contraction, this is importan becasue....

Front 48

contraction does what?

Back 48

decreases blood flow

Front 49

lactin acid threshold-

Back 49

a rapid increase in blood vessels, is made when oxygen supply is to low to sustain aerobic reactions

Front 50

oxygen debt-

Back 50

amount of oxygen needed for reactions to occur to get back to original concentrations

Front 51

fatigue-

Back 51

the condition in which a muscle fiber cannot contract

Front 52

cramp-

Back 52

a painful condition in which a muscle undergoes a sustained, involuntary contraction

Front 53

heat-

Back 53

by product of cellular respiration, all cells generate heat

Front 54

threshold stimulus-

Back 54

the minimal stimulus needed to start a muscle contraction

Front 55

twitch-

Back 55

the response of a single muscle fiber to the ACh released by a single action potential and invloves a period of contraction followed by a period of relaxation

Front 56

myogram-

Back 56

a recording of the events of a muscle twitch

Front 57

three periods of a muscle fiber

Back 57

latent-between stimulation and beginning of the contraction; contraction- a muscle fiber is generating force or contracting; relaxation- the period in which a muscle fiber is decreasing tension

Front 58

refractory period-

Back 58

the period in which a muscle fiber is unresponsive to stimulation

Front 59

muscle fibers have an - - - response.

Back 59

all or none

Front 60

summation-

Back 60

the combination of the force of individual twitches

Front 61

tetanic contractions-

Back 61

(tetanus) contractions that lace relaxation

Front 62

recruitment-

Back 62

an increase in the number of activated motor units.

Front 63

muscle tone-

Back 63

(tonus) the amount of sustained contractions in a muscle; this is important for maintaining posture

Front 64

types of contractions:

Back 64

isotonic; concentric; eccentric, isometric

Front 65

isotonic contraction-

Back 65

a tyupe of contraction that produces movement of a body part

Front 66

concentric contraction-

Back 66

an ISOTONIC contraction in which shortening of the muscle occurs

Front 67

eccentric contraction-

Back 67

an ISOTONIC contraction in which lengthening of the muscle occurs

Front 68

isometric contraction-

Back 68

a contraction in which muscle tension increases but no movements ob body parts are produced

Front 69

rhythmicity-

Back 69

a pattern of spontaneous repeated contraction

Front 70

peristalisis-

Back 70

a wavelike motion produced by smooth muscle contration

Front 71

syncytium-

Back 71

a group of muscle fibers that contract as a unit

Front 72

origin-

Back 72

the immovable end of the muscle

Front 73

insertion-

Back 73

the moveable end of the muscle

Front 74

prime mover-

Back 74

(agonist) the muscle primarily responsible for producing an action

Front 75

synergist-

Back 75

a muscle that assistss the prime mover

Front 76

antagonist-

Back 76

a muscle that resists the action of a prime mover

Front 77

flextion-

Back 77

decreasing of angle

Front 78

extention-

Back 78

increasing of angle

Front 79

strain-

Back 79

muscle fibers and ass. CT are torn due to overstrectching

Front 80

convulsion-

Back 80

series of involuntary contractions of various voluntary muscles

Front 81

fibrosis-

Back 81

degenerative disease in which CT w many fibers replaces skeletal muscle tissue

Front 82

fibrositis-

Back 82

inflammation of CT w many fibers; especially in the muscle fascia; also called muscular rheumatism

Front 83

muscular dytrophy-

Back 83

progressive muscular weakness and atrophy caused by deficient dystrophin protein

Front 84

myalgia-

Back 84

pain resulting from any muscualr disease or disorder

Front 85

myology-

Back 85

study of muscles

Front 86

myoma-

Back 86

tumor composed of muscle tissue

Front 87

myopathy-

Back 87

any muscular disease

Front 88

paralysis-

Back 88

loss of ability to move a body part

Front 89

atrophy-

Back 89

the decrease in size and strength of a muscle

Front 90

hypertrophy-

Back 90

the enlargement of muscle that a forcefully exercised

Front 91

sphincter-

Back 91

a ringlike band of muscle

Front 92

myasthenia gravis-

Back 92

chronic disease that makes muscles weak and fatigued. results from immune system;s attack on neuromuscular junctions

Front 93

shin splints-

Back 93

soreness on the front of the leg due to straining of anterior lege muscles often resulting from walking up and down hills