Apicomplexa

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Phylum Apicomplexa

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- Cause malaria

- Intracellular

- Transmit from host to host by use of vector or by ingestion of food/water contaminated with cysts

- Sporozoans

Have apical complex: structure in merozoites and sporozoites - polar ring, cnoid and rhoptries

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Plasmodium

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P. falciparum, vivax, ovale and malariae infect humans

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Plasmodium sporozoite

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Plasmodium exoerythrocytic stage

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Plasmodium exoerythrocytic stage

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Plasmodium exflagellation stage

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Plasmodium gut stage

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Plasmodium oocyst

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Plasmodium oocyst

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Eimeria

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- Commonly known as coccidia

- Infect epithelial cells of birds and mammals

- Transmit via resistant oocyst, fecal/oral

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Eimeria sporulated oocyst

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Eimeria sporulated oocyst

- four sporocysts

- each sporocyst has 2 sporozoites

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Eimeria schizonts

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Cryptosporidium

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- Infects mammals, including cattle and human

- Tiny, resistant cyst that contaminate water supplies

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Crytosporidium oocyst

- Each oocyst contain 4 sporozoite

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Crytosporidium oocyst

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Toxoplasma

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- Unusual parasites - have 2 vertebrate hosts

- infect epithelial cells of intestines of cats and relatives

- produce resistant cyst that infect herbivores, including humans

- congenital toxoplasmosis - vertical transmission

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Toxoplasma tachyzoites

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Toxoplasma tachyzoites

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Toxoplasma gondii cyst

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Toxoplasma gondii cyst

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Haemogregarina

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- related to coccidia but are intracellular in blood of reptiles and amphibians

- transmitted by blood-feeding invertebrates

- not known to cause serious disease but are widely distributed

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Phylum Sarcodina

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- amoebas

- primarily extracellular

- transmitted by water contaminated with cysts

- Pseudopodia for locomotion

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Entamoeba

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- fecal/oral contamination

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Entamoeba histolytica

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Entamoeba histolytica

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Entamoeba coli

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Entamoeba coli

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Phylum Retortamonada

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- typically extracellular

- direct life cycle parasites - intestinal tract

- transmit via ingestion of cysts

- four flagella for locomotion - may be doubled

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Giardia

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- only takes a few cysts to build to large numbers

- cover large part of intestines

- prevents body from absorbing nutrients

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Giardia trophozoite

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Giardia trophozoite

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Giardia trophozoite

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Giardia cyst

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Giardia cyst