Aphy102 - Marieb - Chapter 22 - Respiratory System

Front 1

What two "zones" make up the respiratory system?

Back 1

1) respiratory zone
2) conducting zone

Front 2

Describe the respiratory zone.

Back 2

It's the site of gas exchange - it's made up of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Front 3

Respiratory pressure is always expressed relative to ____ ____.

Back 3

Atmospheric pressure

Front 4

Define atmospheric pressure.

Back 4

Pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body.

Front 5

Negative respiratory pressure is ___ ____ (P atm), positive respiratory is __ ___ (P atm)

Back 5

Less than, greater than

Front 6

What's intrapulmonary pressure?

Back 6

Pressure within alveoli

Front 7

What's intrapleural pressure?

Back 7

Pressure within pleural cavity

Front 8

What's the scientific term for breathing?

Back 8

Pulmonary ventilation

Front 9

What's pulmonary ventilation?

Back 9

Breathing

Front 10

Why does air flow into and out of the lungs?

Back 10

Differences in pressure

Front 11

What's another word for inhalation?

Back 11

Inspiration

Front 12

What's another word for exhalation?

Back 12

Expiration

Front 13

____ changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of ____ to ____ ____.

Back 13

Volume, gases, equalize pressure

Front 14

What does Boyle's Law state?

Back 14

Boyle's law indicates that for a fixed amount of gas (fixed number of moles) at a fixed temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional (PV is constant -- P1V1=P2V2)

Front 15

As pressure increases, volume _____.

Back 15

Decreases

Front 16

Which stage of breathing is ACTIVE?

Back 16

Inspiration, since it can't occur without muscle contraction

Front 17

What are the two types of inspiration?

Back 17

Quiet inspiration and forced inspiration

Front 18

What muscles contract during quiet inspiration?

Back 18

External intercostals and diaphragm

Front 19

What muscles contribute to forced inspiration?

Back 19

Scalenes, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, erector spinae

Front 20

What are the two types of expiration?

Back 20

Quiet expiration, forced expiration

Front 21

In a healthy person, quiet expiration depends mostly (if not completely) upon ____ ______.

Back 21

Lung elasticity

Front 22

Forced expiration depends on what muscles?

Back 22

Transversus abdominus and obliques

Front 23

How does forced expiration work?

Back 23

Muscles depress the ribcage and force abdominal muscles against the diaphragm, thus increasing the intra-abdominal pressure and sending gas out according to the pressure gradient.

Front 24

What bronchi resist airflow the most?

Back 24

Medium-sized bronchi

Front 25

What sort of episode can cause severely constricted or obstructed bronchioles?

Back 25

Asthma attack

Front 26

What chemical dilates bronchioles?

Back 26

Epinephrine, released by the sympathetic nervous system.

Front 27

Define surface tension

Back 27

The attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a liquid-gas interface

Front 28

What's the purpose of the liquid that coats alveoli?

Back 28

It's purpose is to keep the alveoli reduced the the smallest possible size.

Front 29

What detergent-like complex reduces surface tension and keeps alveoli from collapsing?

Back 29

Surfactant

Front 30

What's surfactant?

Back 30

A detergent-like complex that reduces surface tension at alveoli and keeps them from collapsing.

Front 31

What's lung compliance?

Back 31

The degree of ease to which lungs can be expanded.

Front 32

What term is defined as "the degree of ease to which lungs can be expanded?"

Back 32

Lung compliance

Front 33

What two factors play into lung compliance?

Back 33

1) Distensibility of lung tissue and surrounding thoracic cage

2) Surface tension of alveoli

Front 34

Define Tidal Volume (TV)

Back 34

The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath (approx. 500 mL)

Front 35

What is a term used to describe the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath?

Back 35

Tidal volume

Front 36

What's inspiratory reserve volume (IRV?)

Back 36

Amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3100 mL)

Front 37

What term is used to describe the amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume?

Back 37

inspiratory reserve volume (2100-3100 mL)

Front 38

What's the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

Back 38

The amount of air that can be expired from the lungs after a tidal expiration (1000-1200 mL)

Front 39

What is a term used to describe the amount of air that can be expired from the lungs after a tidal expiration?

Back 39

ERV, or Expiratory Reserve Volume

Front 40

What's Residual Volume (RV)?

Back 40

It's the amount of air that remains in the lungs after strenuous expiration. (1200 mL or so)

Front 41

What term is used to describe the amount of air that remains in lungs after strenuous expiration?

Back 41

Residual volume (RV) -- about 1200 mL

Front 42

What's inpiratory capacity (IC)?

Back 42

Total amount of air that can be inspired (IRV+TV=IC)

Front 43

What's functional residual capacity (FRC)?

Back 43

The amount of air remaining in lungs after a tidal expiration (RV+ERV)

Front 44

What's vital capacity?

Back 44

The total amount of exchangeable air (TV+IRV+ERV)

Front 45

What's total lung capacity?

Back 45

Sum of ALL lung volumes (about 6000 mL in males)