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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
General definitions of Aphasia |
>Aphasia is a language disorder >Aphasia is a neurological origin >Aphasia is acquired (meaning not present at birth) |
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what is Aphasia not? |
a problem of intellect or sensation |
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Darleys Definition (1982) |
>emphasizes this a capacity NOT loss for interpretation and formulation of language symbols >multimodal loss that effects decode and encode meaningful linguistic elements |
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how does Darley define the manifestation of Aphhasia? |
>reduced vocabulary >reduced efficency of application of syntactic rules >reduced auditory rentention span >impaired input and output channel selection |
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Papanthanasiou definition |
>aquired selective impairment of language modalities (all can be affected) >results from focal brain lesion in language dominant hemisphere >affects communication and social function >quality of life of his/her relatives |
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Two broad theories of aphasia |
1. localizationism 2. holism |
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localizationists |
relies on centers and pathways between anatomical areas to describe language |
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localizationists -middle ages -18th century |
primative ideas like ventricular theory |
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ventricular theory |
-developed from Herophilos -brain had three ventricles which contained the soul
*understood as theory rather than anatomical term
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Antonio Guainerio |
suggested cause of Aphasia damage to 4th ventricle (third cell) and memory impaired because the ventricle contained too much phlem |
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French School of Locationists |
1. Sir Franz Joseph Gall 2. Jean Baptist Boulliad 3. Paul Broca (1824-1880) |
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Sir Franz Joseph Gall |
>developed phrenology >first connection of the brain to behavior- his ideas not accepted |
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phrenology |
feel the skull (based on shape and size) and figure out what area of the brain was in charge |
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Jean Baptist Boulliad |
>a student of Gall > developed the idea that speech comes from the front of the brain -his ideas more accepted ****>identified connection btwn seperate loss of language and speech and frontal region >developed through post mortam exams |
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Paul Broca (1824-1880) |
studied "Tan" (a man who all he could say was tan) >found anterior portion of the brain is where spoken language occurs |
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where did he present this information? |
meeting to Anthropology Society (1861) -presented what he called aphemia |
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German School of Locationists -diagram makers |
>Carl Wernike (1848-1905) >Norman Geshwind ( 1926-1984) |
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Carl Wernike |
>describes cases of aphasia caused by lesions in the posterior left brain
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what else did Wernike discover? |
That connected via fibers -found auditory and the speech part of the brain -started this idea of connectionist and began to drift away from localization |
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Norman Geshwind |
resurected the idea of localization -created the Boston Aphasia clinic |
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Holists
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whole is bigger than the sum of the parts >viewed aphasia as one
-see it as the whole brain changes when there is aphasia not just the impacted area! |
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Famous holists |
>John Hulings Jackson >Henry Head |
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John Hulings Jackson |
>his ideas were never embraced possibly because he was associated with the evolutionist Hubert Spencer >No real faculty of language or memory (the two terms are synonomous) -loss of meaning not words -believed reorganization could occur |
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his was a psychological phenomenon view |
evolution entails: >moves from most to least organized. >most simple to most complex >most autonomic to most voluntary
disolution was reverse of evolution which is how aphasia was caused |
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Henry Head |
supported Jacksons work. He published it and brought back idea of Holism -he was more supported bc not viewed as much as an evolutionist |
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Frameworks rooted in holism |
>Goldsteins concrete-abstract >Wepmans thought process >schuell >browns microgenetic view >mcneils resource allocation |
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Goldstein concrete-abstract |
1948 thought aphasia was an impairment to use abstract reasoning or language |
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Wepmans thought process |
language functions have become inaccesible (NOT lost) -competance survived and could be rekindled with right kind of stimulation -therapy = facilitating and stimulating language use |
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mcneils resource allocation |
only so much attention (energy) in the brain -the idea is that energy allocated to language is messed up |
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objections to localizing |
>variability and stimuability >variability across patients for the same lesion (lesion may occur in a certain area but when you look at the charts the way it presents itself is very different) >centers and pathways cannot explain some phenomenon of aphasia |
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Assumptions of localizing |
>assume aspect of language performance can be located in discrete regions of the brain >brain damage destroyed pathways causing loss of language ability >lesion site different then symptons will be different, if symptons are different than lesion site differs |
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classification systems |
>infer lesion >describe lesion location, describe speech and language behavior |
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paraphasia |
An incorrect or unintended sound or word used in place of a correct one
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types of paraphasia |
>global/verbal >semantic >neologism >phonemic/literal >jargon >circumlocution: talking around a word |
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global/verbal |
entire word is subsituted -subset is semantic: if word belongs to the same semantic field |
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neologism |
a novel word, newly coined |
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phonemic/literal |
phoneme is added or subsituted for the correct phoneme |
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jargon |
excessive global paraphasias
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fluent aphasia |
>wernikes >conduction >transcortical sensory aphasia >anomia |
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Wernikes |
poor auditory and reading comprehension >paraphsia >logoreha >neologisms >naming >jargon >poor monitoring >reading >writing >repetition |
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conduction |
>less verbose >poor repition >literal paraphasias |
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transcortical sensory |
>paraphasias and neologisms >global paraphasias >good repetition >poor auditory comprehension >poor confrontation naming |
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anomia |
poor word retrieval |
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Nonfluent |
>Broca >transcortical motor >global |
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Brocas Aphasia |
>good auditory and reading comprehension >awkward articulation >limited vocab >aggramatism (problems with syntax) >writing is impaired as speech >aware of what is going on |
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transcortical motor |
>poor auditory comprehension >good naming >paraphasias >syntactic errors >preservation (repeated word over) |
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global |
>few utterances with restricted vocab >expressive and receptive problems >limited communication |
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concerns with classification |
>ignores pictures of whole person(instead makes label) >not all aphasiac patients can be successfully classified >does classifying direct treatment?no >ability to localize lesion >how do systems deal with the fact of aphasiac recovery |
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new classification system |
New version of aphasia with adjectives >grown out of linguistic and cognitive psychology >labels such as agrammatic aphasia, paragrammatic aphasia, deep dyslexia, and phonological aphasia |
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World Health Organization (WHO) |
provides a standard term for what aphasia is and who it affects >impairment >activity impairments >participation restrictions |
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impairment (what is the actual disorder) |
comprehension of spoken language
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activity impairment |
what is limited because of impairement ex: engaging in convo like talking on phone
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participation restrictions |
emotional consequences of aphasia ex: reduced social |