Apes Midterm Review

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Positive feedback loop

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Feedback that results in growth

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Negative feedback loop

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Feedback that results in decline

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1st Law of Thermodynamics

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The amount of energy in an isolated place won’t change

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2nd Law of Thermodynamics

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Spontaneity can come from a body when it interacts with a lower temperature body

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Synergy

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When two or more things cooperate to enhance their individual effects

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Nitrogen cycle

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How nitrogen travels through organisms, their ecosystem, and the atmosphere

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Phosphorous cycle

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How phosphorous travels through the litho, hydro, and biosphere Photosynthesis

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Respiration

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the act of breathing/exchange of gases

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Sulfur cycle

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how sulfur moves to and from mineral and living systems

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Gross primary productivity

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The amount of nutrients/energy created by an organism, a population, or a community

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Net primary productivity

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The rate at which an ecosystem accumulates energy or biomass, excluding the energy it uses for the process of respiration.

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Producer

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organisms that produces its own energy-plants

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Consumer

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an organism that eats other organisms-primary consumers eat only plants

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Chemosynthesis

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Process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical Energy to produce carbohydrates.

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Benthos

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the flora and fauna found on the bottom, or in the bottom sediments, of a sea, lake, or other body of water.

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Nekton

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aquatic animals that are able to swim and move independently of water currents.

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Plankton

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the small and microscopic organisms drifting or floating in the sea or fresh water

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Biodiversity

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the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

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Exponential growth/j-curve

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population size increases at constant rate because everyone has access to abundant food (ideal conditions of living)

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Logistic growth/s-curve

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the rate of the population slows down as it reaches the carrying capacity

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biotic potential

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the maximum reproductive capacity of a population under optimum conditions

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environmental resistance

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all the limiting factors that tent to reduce population growth rates

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immigration

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the movement of people into a country or region coming from another

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emigration

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the movement of people out of a country of region to settle in another

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crude birth rate

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the number of births per 1,000 individuals per year without regard to age or sex composition

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crude death rate

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the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year without regard to age or sex composition

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infant mortality rate

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the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births

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life expectancy

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the average number of years that an infant is born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live given the current average lifespan and death rate

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per capita

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for each person

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birth rate/natality

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the ratio of the number of births to the size of the population

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dearth rate/mortality

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the ratio of number of deaths

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r strategist

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an organism that is characterized by small parental investment in their young, short prenatal period and minimal postnatal care, produces a large number of offspring most don’t survive long enough to reproduce, and are found in unpredictable environments

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K strategist

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an organism that is characterized by large parental investment in their young, slow reproduction with long gestation periods, and the ability to utilize stable environmental situations, constant population size

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Carrying capacity

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largest number of individuals of a particular species that can survive over long periods of time in a given enviroment, this level depends on the effect of the limiting factors

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Density-dependent

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density-dependent processes occur when population growth rates are regulated by the density of a population i.e. available resources

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Density-independent

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Referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density i.e natural disasters

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Interspecific competition

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a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resource in an ecosystem.

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Intraspecific competition

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members of the same species vie for the same resource in an ecosystem

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Non-native species

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An introduced, alien, exotic, non-indigenous, or non-native species, or simply an introduction, is a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity

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Keystone species

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a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.

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Indicator species

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A species which is a good indicator of the living conditions in a particular habitat.

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Native species

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a species is defined as native to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention.

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Parasite

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an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense.

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Symbiosis

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interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of one or both.

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Mutualism

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A symbiotic relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit from the association.

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Nitrification

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he conversion of [[ nitrogen from inorganic to organic by [[nitrate bacteria, which effectively recycles the substance so that it can be used again by plants

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Nitrogen fixation

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The incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia by various bacteria

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Denitrification

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removing nitrogen

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Ammonification

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the conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonium (NH4+) by the action of decomposers (bacteria)

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Leaching

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drain away from soil, ash, or similar material by the action of percolating liquid, esp. rainwater.

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Speciation

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the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

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Extinction

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the state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct.

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Coevolution

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Two or more species having a close ecological relationship evolve together such that one species adapt to the changes of the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution.

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Ozone

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a colorless unstable toxic gas with a pungent odor and powerful oxidizing properties, formed from oxygen by electrical discharges or ultraviolet light. It differs from normal oxygen (O2) in having three atoms in its molecule (O3).

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Commensalism

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an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.

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Cyanobacteria

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predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms containing a blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll; occur singly or in colonies in diverse habitats; important as phytoplankton

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Temperate

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a region or climate characterized by mild temperatures.

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Polar

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being in opposite extremes.

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Dissolved oxygen

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amount of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium

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Salinity

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amount of salt is a given medium

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Zooplankton

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plankton consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger animals.

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Decomposer

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an organism, esp. a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material.