Apes Chapter 1 Vocabulary

Front 1

affluenza

Back 1

Unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism exhibited in the lifestyles of affluent consumers in the United States and other developed countries.

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agricultural revolution

Back 2

Gradual shift from small, mobile hunting and gathering bands to settled agricultural communities in which people survived by learning how to breed and raise wild animals and to cultivate wild plants near where they lived. It began 10,000[[endash]]12,000 years ago. Compare environmental revolution, hunter[[endash]]gatherers, industrial[[endash]]medical revolution, information and globalization revolution.

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biodiversity

Back 3

Variety of different species (species diversity), genetic variability among individuals within each species (genetic diversity), variety of ecosystems (ecological diversity), and functions such as energy flow and matter cycling needed for the survival of species and biological communities (functional diversity).

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common-property resource

Back 4

Resource that people normally are free to use; each user can deplete or degrade the available supply. Most are renewable and owned by no one. Examples are clean air, fish in parts of the ocean not under the control of a coastal country, migratory birds, gases of the lower atmosphere, and the ozone content of the upper atmosphere (stratosphere). See tragedy of the commons.

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conservation

Back 5

Sensible and careful use of natural resources by humans. People with this view are called conservationists.

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conservationist

Back 6

Person concerned with using natural areas and wildlife in ways that sustain them for current and future generations of humans and other forms of life. Compare conservation biologist, ecologist, environmentalist, environmental scientist, preservationist, restorationist.

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developed country

Back 7

Country that is highly industrialized and has a high per capita GNP. Compare developing country.

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developing country

Back 8

Country that has low to moderate industrialization and low to moderate per capita GNP. Most are located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Compare developed country.

Front 9

doubling time

Back 9

The time it takes (usually in years) for the quantity of something growing exponentially to double. It can be calculated by dividing the annual percentage growth rate into 70.

Front 10

ecological footprint

Back 10

Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply each person or population with the renewable resources they use and to absorb or dispose of the wastes from such resource use. It measures the average environmental impact of individuals or populations in different countries and areas.

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ecology

Back 11

Study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy; study of the structure and functions of nature.

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economic development

Back 12

Improvement of living standards by economic growth. Compare economic growth, environmentally sustainable economic development.

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economic growth

Back 13

Increase in the capacity to provide people with goods and services produced by an economy; an increase in gross domestic product (GDP). Compare economic development, environmentally sustainable economic development, sustainable economic development. See gross domestic product.

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environment

Back 14

All external conditions and factors, living and nonliving (chemicals and energy), that affect an organism or other specified system during its lifetime.

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environmental degradation

Back 15

Depletion or destruction of a potentially renewable resource such as soil, grassland, forest, or wildlife that is used faster than it is naturally replenished. If such use continues, the resource becomes nonrenewable (on a human time scale) or nonexistent (extinct). See also sustainable yield.

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environmental ethics

Back 16

Human beliefs about what is right or wrong environmental behavior.

Front 17

environmental movement

Back 17

Efforts by citizens at the grassroots level to demand that political leaders enact laws and develop policies to curtail pollution, clean up polluted environments, and protect pristine areas and species from environmental degradation.

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environmental science

Back 18

an interdisciplinary study that uses information from the physical sciences and social sciences tolerant how the earth works, how we interact with the earth, and how to deal with environmental problems.

Front 19

environmentalism

Back 19

A social movement dedicated to protecting the earth’s life support systems for us and other species.

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environmentalist

Back 20

Person who is concerned about the impact of people on environmental quality and believe that some human actions are degrading parts of the earth's life-support systems for humans and many other forms of life. Compare conservation biologist, conservationist, ecologist, environmental scientist, preservationist, restorationist.

Front 21

environmentally sustainable economic development

Back 21

Development that encourages forms of economic growth that meet the basic needs of the current generations of humans and other species without preventing future generations of humans and other species from meeting their basic needs and discourages environmentally harmful and unsustainable forms of economic growth. It is the economic component of an environmentally sustainable society. Compare economic development, economic growth.

Front 22

environmentally sustainable society

Back 22

Society that satisfies the basic needs of its people without depleting or degrading its natural resources and thereby preventing current and future generations of humans and other species from meeting their basic needs.

Front 23

EPA

Back 23

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; responsible for managing federal efforts to control air and water pollution, radiation and pesticide hazards, environmental research, hazardous waste, and solid-solid waste disposal.

Front 24

exponential growth

Back 24

Growth in which some quantity, such as population size or economic output, increases at a constant rate per unit of time. An example is the growth sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and so on; when the increase in quantity over time is plotted, this type of growth yields a curve shaped like the letter J. Compare linear growth.

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gross domestic product (GDP)

Back 25

Annual market value of all goods and services produced by all firms and organizations, foreign and domestic, operating within a country.

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hunter[[endash]]gatherers

Back 26

People who get their food by gathering edible wild plants and other materials and by hunting wild animals and fish. Compare agricultural revolution, environmental revolution, industrial[[endash]]medical revolution, information and globalization revolution.

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LDC

Back 27

See developing country.

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MDC

Back 28

See developed country.

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natural capital

Back 29

See natural resources.

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nonpoint source

Back 30

Large or dispersed land areas such as crop fields, streets, and lawns that discharge pollutants into the environment over a large area. Compare point source.

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nonrenewable resource

Back 31

Resource that exists in a fixed amount (stock) in various places in the earth's crust and has the potential for renewal by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place over hundreds of millions to billions of years. Examples are copper, aluminum, coal, and oil. We classify these resources as exhaustible because we are extracting and using them at a much faster rate than they were formed. Compare renewable resource.

Front 32

per capita ecological footprint

Back 32

Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply each person or population with the renewable resources they use and to absorb or dispose of the wastes from such resource use. It measures the average environmental impact of individuals or populations in different countries and areas. Compare ecological footprint.

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per capita GDP

Back 33

Annual gross domestic product (GDP) of a country divided by its total population at mid-year midyear. It gives the average slice of the economic pie per person. Used to be called per capita GNP. See gross domestic product.

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perpetual resource

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An essentially inexhaustible resource on a human time scale. Solar energy is an example. Compare nonrenewable resource, renewable resource.

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point source

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Single identifiable source that discharges pollutants into the environment. Examples are the smokestack of a power plant or an industrial plant, drainpipe of a meatpacking plant, chimney of a house, or exhaust pipe of an automobile. Compare nonpoint source.

Front 36

pollutant

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A particular chemical or form of energy that can adversely affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms. See pollution.

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pollution

Back 37

An undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of air, water, soil, or food that can adversely affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.

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pollution cleanup

Back 38

Device or process that removes or reduces the level of a pollutant after it has been produced or has entered the environment. Examples are automobile emission control devices and sewage treatment plants. Compare pollution prevention.

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pollution prevention

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Device or process that prevents a potential pollutant from forming or entering the environment or sharply reduces the amount entering the environment. Compare pollution cleanup.

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poverty

Back 40

Inability to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter.

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renewable resource

Back 41

Resource that can be replenished rapidly (hours to several decades) through natural processes. Examples are trees in forests, grasses in grasslands, wild animals, fresh surface water in lakes and streams, most groundwater, fresh air, and fertile soil. If such a resource is used faster than it is replenished, it can be depleted and converted into a nonrenewable resource. Compare nonrenewable resource and perpetual resource. See also environmental degradation.

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resource

Back 42

Anything obtained from the living and nonliving environment to meet human needs and wants. It can also be applied to other species.

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social capital

Back 43

Positive force created when people with different views and values find common ground and work together to build understanding, trust, and informed shared visions of what their communities, states, nations, and the world could and should be. Compare natural capital.

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solar capital

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Solar energy from the sun reaching the earth. Compare natural resources.

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sustainability

Back 45

Ability of a system to survive for some specified (finite) time.

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sustainable development

Back 46

See environmentally sustainable economic development.

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sustainable yield (sustained yield)

Back 47

Highest rate at which a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply throughout the world or in a particular area. See also environmental degradation.

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tragedy of the commons

Back 48

Depletion or degradation of a potentially renewable resource to which people have free and unmanaged access. An example is the depletion of commercially desirable fish species in the open ocean beyond areas controlled by coastal countries. See common-property resource.