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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
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towns or cities with populations of 2500+ per sq mile.
some countries set the minimum at 10,000 or 50,000. |
urban areas
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the percentage of a population living in urban areas
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a country's urbanization
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rate of increase of urban populations
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urban growth
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1 million + people, some 400 exist today
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large cities
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10 million + people, 19 exist today
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megacities
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2 ways for urban population growth
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natural growth, immigration
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3 models of urban development
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concentric circle model, sector model, mulitple nuclei model
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city develops in a series of rings around a central business district. housing zones become more affluent towards the suburbs
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concentric circle model
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grows in pie wedges. cbd in center. industrial sector and housing are always opposite.
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sector model
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city develops around a number of cbds
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multiple nuclei model
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as cities spread outward, they can merge to form these
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megaloplis
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urban sprawl
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megalopolis
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city with a high waste society
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linear metabolism
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recycling society, more sustainable
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circular metabolism
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in these, the temperature can be as much as 6 degrees warmer
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urban heat islands
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3 types of rail systems
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rapid rail, suburban or regional trains, light rail system
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metros, subways, have exclusive tracks
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rapid rail
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regional trains that connect the central city with surrounding areas or provide transportation between major cities
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suburban or regional trains
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trolleys or trains that run with traffic or can be exclusive
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light rail system
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2 kinds of ionizing radiation we're exposed to
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natural, back ground sources
from human activities |
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cosmic rays, soil, rocks, air, water, food are sources of
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natural background radiation
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x rays and treatments using radioactive isotopes are
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sources of radiation from human activities
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ionizing radiation can cause harm by
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penetrating a human cell
knocking loose (ionizing) 1+ electrons from a cellular chemical altering molecules needed for normal cell fxning. |
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ionizing radiation causes damage in 2 ways
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genetic damage
somatic damage |
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this causes mutations in the dna, is passed on and affects the next generation
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genetic damage
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damage to tissues. causes harm in the victim's lifetime. ie, miscarriage, burns, eye cataracts, some cancers
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somatic damage
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isotopes with these sorts of half lives cause the most damage
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intermediate
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alpha particles cause harm in these ways
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on the inside, very badly
outside, causes skin cancer |
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what's the difference from beta particles inside or outside the body?
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no difference. both are shitty.
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emfs are found in
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overhead power lines, electrical applicances
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emfs increase the risk for
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come cancer
miscarriage birth defects alzheimer's disease |
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useful application of radioisotopes?
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radiocarbon dating
tracers in polltn detxn, ag, industry nuclear medicine kill cancer cells |
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stress in crust causes solid rock to deform, suddenly fracture, and shift along the fracture. later abrupt movement on this causes earthquake
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fault
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pt of initial movement in an earthquake
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focus
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pt on surface directly above focus
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epicenter
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measure of the amount of energy released by earthquake. indicated by amplitude of vibrations when they reach seismograph
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magnitue
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population change=
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(births + immigration)-(deaths +emigration)
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annual rate of natural popltn change (%) =
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(birth rate-death rate)/10
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world's popltn will double in .... years
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52
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number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves
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replacement level fertility
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estijmated average number of children a woman will have between 15 and 49 if she bears children at same rate women did this year
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total fertility rate
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infant mortality is a good indicator of quality of life because it indicated both
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level of nutrition and healthcare
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as countries industrialize, first death rates, then birth rates decline in 4 stages
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demographic transition
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bad living conditions, high birth rate, high death rate, little popltn growth
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pre industrial stage
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industrialization. begin food prodxn increase, health care improves, death rates decrease, birth rates increase. popltn grows rapidly and 2-3% per year
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transition stage
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industrialization is widespread. birth rates decrease, approach death rates ,be/c more birth control, lower infant mortality, more jobs for women, children are expensive
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industrial stage
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birth rates decine, equals death rate. zero popltn growth
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postindustral stage
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popltn growth surpasses economic growth and local life support sustems
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demographic trap
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based on the assumption that future popltn and economic growth should be encouraged. increases property taxes
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land use planning
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takes into account geological, ecological, economic, health, and social factors. is costly.
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ecological land use
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mix of perennial grasses, legumes, sunflowers, grain crops, plants providing natl insecticides
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polyculture
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monoculture, in developed countries
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industrialized ag, high input ag
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industrialized ag in tropical developing countries. ash crops, bananas, coffee, soybeans, cane, cocoa, veg
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plantation ag
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tradiational subsistence ag, human labor and gradt animals. enough good for farm family's survival. shifting cultivation. nomadic livestock herding
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traditional ag, low input
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traditional intensive ag
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add h20 and fertilizer. leaves enough to sell
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1st green revltn
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1950-1970
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2nd green revltn
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1967 on
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tradtnl planters grow several crops on one plot
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interplanting
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plant with several varieties of one crop
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polyvarietal cultivation
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2+ crops grow at same time on same plot
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intercropping
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crops planted with trees
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agroforestry, alley cropping
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many plants mature at diff times planted together
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polyculture low input
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ppl can't buy enough food to meet basic energy needs chronic when get less than 90% minimum daily calorie intake on a long term basis
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undernourishment.
less than 80% is seriously undernourished |
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ppl living on high carb, low protein diet
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malnutrition
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diet low in calories and protein. nursing babies with malnourished moms. means to waste away. can be reversed
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marasmus
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protein deficiency in babies. arrival of new child deprives them of breast milk. means displaced child
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kwashiorkor
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causes blindness
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not enough vitamin a
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causes anemia
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not enough iron
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causes thyroid probs, goiter
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not enougn iodine
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demersal
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flatfish species
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herrings, sardines, anchovies
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pelagic
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15 m below surgace, 55 km long
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drift net fishing
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bottom dwelling
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demersal
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surface dwelling
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pelagic
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fish ranching
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hold anadromous species like salmonin captivity, release, they come back, harvest adults when return to spawn
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any species that competes with us for food, invades lawns and gardens, destoys wood in houses, spreads disease, or is a nuisance
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pest
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95% organically produced ingredients
not genetically engineered. can't be irradiated can't be grown on land fertilized by sewage sludge |
usda "organic"
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nematocides
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round worm killers
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toxic to many species
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broad spectrum agents
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pt when econ losses caused by pest fdamage outweigh cost of applying pesitide
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economic threshhold
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