Apec Chapter 17

Front 1

The belief that everything mental, spiritual, or ideal is an outgrowth of physical forces and that truth is found in concrete material existence, not through feelings or intuitions.

Back 1

Materialism

Front 2

One of the main editors of the first Encyclopedia

Back 2

Denis Diderot

Front 3

Literally "farewell to meat," this period immediately before Lent each year allowed people to indulge themselves and break normal social rules and taboos.

Back 3

Carnival

Front 4

The belief in God as the creator of the universe who, after setting it in motion, ceased to have any direct involvement in it.

Back 4

Deism

Front 5

A man who promoted the separation of powers and the necessity of checks and balances. Wrote a book about his ideas as well.

Back 5

Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu

Front 6

A style of painting, often associated with Jacques-Louis David, which was meant to be morally uplifting and inspirational; its subjects were often Greek and Roman history and mythology.

Back 6

Neoclassical

Front 7

John Locke's idea that the human mind is completely empty at birth; that we are NOT born with innate knowledge.

Back 7

tabula rasa

Front 8

The "founder" of European feminism and author of "Vindication of the Rights of Women," she opposed the subjection of women to men on the grounds that it violated reason and because it was a form of absolutism.

Back 8

Mary Wollstonecraft

Front 9

His ideas on government included the concept of the "general will;" he also said: "Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains"

Back 9

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Front 10

This revivalist preacher founded the Methodist Church after having success bringing the gospel to "the masses" in huge, open-field meetings.

Back 10

John Wesley

Front 11

This French phrase is used to describe Adam Smith's "hands off" economic policy, the opposite of mercantilism.

Back 11

Laissez-faire

Front 12

Enlightenment thinker who said that the human race was capable of eventually achieving perfection through education

Back 12

Marquis de Condorcet

Front 13

The author of Candide, he was a deist and a staunch supporter of religious toleration, as well as a major spokesman for freedom of thought

Back 13

François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)

Front 14

A philosophical position in which people choose to critically examine whether the knowledge and perceptions that they have are actually true, and whether or not one can ever be said to have absolutely true knowledge

Back 14

Skepticism

Front 15

The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were known by this name; they encouraged reason

Back 15

Philosophes

Front 16

Organized mistreatment and massacres of Jews

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Pogroms

Front 17

A musical child prodigy, this man wrote hundreds of the greatest works of Classical music ever created, although he died penniless at the age of 35

Back 17

Mozart

Front 18

A man who argued that punishments should only serve as deterrents, and not exercises in brutality; he also opposed the death penalty on the grounds that it was ineffective and set an example of barbarism. He also wrote on a book on this subject.

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Cesare Beccaria

Front 19

A group of thinkers who attempted to discover the economic laws that governed human society, they wound up rejecting mercantilism; their most well-known member was Adam Smith

Back 19

Physiocrats

Front 20

His "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" was (and still is) extremely influential and reflected the secularization of historiography during the Enlightenment

Back 20

Edward Gibbon

Front 21

A philosopher who believed that "careful examination of the experiences that constituted human life would lead to the knowledge of human nature."

Back 21

David Hume

Front 22

Places where philosophes gathered and discussed their ideas; they were often hosted by aristocratic women like Marie-Therese de Geoffrin

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Salons

Front 23

A new type of school, developed in the 18th century, which provided a broader education, intended to be more practical than a traditional university education

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Realschule

Front 24

This style of art and architecture emphasized grace and action, rejected strict geometrical patterns, was extremely ornate, and reflected aristocratic values like pleasure and happiness; representative artists include Watteau and Neumann

Back 24

Rococo

Front 25

His "Essay Concering Human Understanding" was a key work for empiricists, and advanced the idea of tabula rasa

Back 25

John Locke

Front 26

Author of "Plurality of Worlds," this man popularized the new scientific conception of the universe, particularly the discoveries of Isaac Newton

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Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (Fontenelle)

Front 27

Author of "The Historical and Critical Dictionary," he applied the techniques of textual criticism to the Christian Bible

Back 27

Pierre Bayle

Front 28

A movement in the Lutheran Church lasting from the late 17th to the early 18th centuries, it stressed the personal experience of God in one's life; in many ways it is similar to Catholic mysticism

Back 28

Pietism

Front 29

A philosopher who defined enlightenment as “man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity.” Argued that reason is the means by which the phenomena of experience are translated into understanding, marks the beginning of idealism.

Back 29

Immanuel Kant

Front 30

Phrase used by intellectuals advocating the application of scientific method to the understanding of all life

Back 30

reason

Front 31

A book that portrayed King David as a bad person, did other things that attacked traditional religion and its heroes. Regarded as the bible of the 18th century

Back 31

Historical and Critical Dictionary by Pierre Bayle

Front 32

A book that denied Descartes beliefs and innate ideas, instead, talked about tabula rasa

Back 32

Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke

Front 33

A book which attempted to put the scientific method on the social and political arena to find out the natural laws governing people. Made separation of powers/checks and balance system.

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The Spirit of the Laws by Montesquieu

Front 34

A name given to an event in which a Catholic son of a Protestant family was found dead by suicide. As a result, the father was accused of murdering his son, sentenced to death by torture, executed, and found not guilty after his death.

Back 34

the Calas affair

Front 35

“An attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects.” Used systematized common sense, made a science of man conceivable.

Back 35

Treatise on Human Nature

Front 36

Founder of the Physiocrats, he was a court physician in France. Him and other physiocrats said they’d find the natural economic laws that govern human society

Back 36

Francis Quesnay

Front 37

A book which attacked mercantilism, demonstrated labor theory of value, said the state should NOT interfere with economic matters.

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Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

Front 38

The common desire of a society.

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general will

Front 39

A book from 1762 that talked about education. It was written in the form of a novel. Said that education should foster not hinder kid’s instincts. Looked for balance between heart and mind, which made him “precursor” of romanticism

Back 39

Emile

Front 40

A book written by a woman which attempted to grant equality among women.

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Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft

Front 41

A Rococo artist who had lyrical views of aristocratic life that were refined, sensual, and civilized, with gentlemen and ladies in elegant dresses. Underneath the happy exterior, there was an element of sadness in the works.

Back 41

Antoine Watteau

Front 42

A widow who secretly invited the people who were making the Encyclopedia to her house and offered them financial help to finish because the French authorities were suppressed

Back 42

Marie-Therese de Geoffrin

Front 43

One of the greatest architects of 18th century. Used Baroque-Rococo style of architecture. His two masterpieces are the pilgrimmage church of the Vierzehnheiligen (The Fourteen Saints) in S. Germany and the Bishop’s Palace known as the Residenz.

Back 43

Balthasar Neumann

Front 44

A painter who introduced neoclassical style in France. Famous for his painting, "Oath of the Horatii."

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Jacques-Louis David

Front 45

A German composer who used music as a way to worship God. Wrote in all types of forms except opera. Considered one of the great musical geniuses.

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Johann Sebastian Bach

Front 46

A German composer who is considered one of the most important of the baroque period. An example of his work is the "Messiah."

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George Frederick Handel

Front 47

Spent most of his adult life as musical director for the wealthy Hungarian princes, the Esterhazy brothers. Composed 104 symphonies, as well as string quartets, concerti, songs, oratorios, and masses. Developed new forms of instrumental music. Was influenced by the musical world of England in which musicians wrote for public concerts rather than princely patrons. Wrote two great oratorios, titled The Creation and The Seasons, both of which were dedicated to the common people.

Back 47

Franz Joseph Haydn

Front 48

A book about a servant girl resisting seduction attempts by her master, but marries him later on.

Back 48

Pamela by Samuel Richardson

Front 49

A book written with optimism to the future of European Civilizations and to avoid the fate of the Romans.

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Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon

Front 50

A book about the adventures of a “young scoundrel,” and how he survived with his wits.

Back 50

History of Tom Jones, A Foundling by Henry Fielding

Front 51

A magazine written about philosophy and morality that served to instruct and to entertain.

Back 51

Spectator by Addison and Steele

Front 52

A book about how punishments should be deterrents, not exercises in brutality. Opposed capital punishment, supported imprisonment.

Back 52

On Crimes and Punishments by Cesare Beccaria

Front 53

An inexpensive alcohol that was drunk by the poor.

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Gin

Front 54

Short brochures sold to the poor that had spiritual and secular material in it. Printed on cheap paper.

Back 54

Chapbooks

Front 55

A document which recognized the public practice of Catholicism, and granted Lutherans, Calvinists, and the Greek Orthodox to worship privately.

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Joseph II’s Toleration Patent

Front 56

The largest population of Jews in Eastern Europe.

Back 56

Ashkenazic Jews

Front 57

Jews who had been expelled from Spain in the 15th century.

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Sephardic Jews

Front 58

A man who spread pietism. His “Moravian Brethen” sect personally experienced God for a true religious experience.

Back 58

Count Nikolaus von Zinzendorf