Apec Chapter 15

Front 1

Cardinal Mazarin

Back 1

His regency was marred by two abortive noble revolts called the Fronde

Front 2

the Thirty Years' War

Back 2

The "last religious war" between Protestants and Catholics, that took place from 1618-1648. Mostly fought with mercenary armies, devastated the German population.

Front 3

Gustavus Adolphus

Back 3

A Lutheran king and a military genius; responsible for reviving Sweden as a great baltic power.

Front 4

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Back 4

This peace treaty ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and established the right of German princes to choose their religion, as well as granting the 300+ states of the Holy Roman Empire virtual independence.

Front 5

conscription

Back 5

A compulsory military draft, it became increasingly necessary in the 17th & 18th century.

Front 6

standing armies

Back 6

A military force that exists in times of peace as well as times of war; it was expensive to maintain, but allowed for more highly trained and loyal soldiers.

Front 7

absolutism

Back 7

A type of government where ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a monarch who typically claimed to rule by divine right and was thus unanswerable to God alone.

Front 8

Bishop Jacques Bossuet

Back 8

His "Politics Drawn from the Very Worlds of Holy Scripture" is the key theoretical work on divine right monarchy

Front 9

"divine right" theory

Back 9

A theory that stated God established kings to reign over people.

Front 10

Cardinal Richelieu

Back 10

A chief minister of Louis XIII strengthened the power of the monarchy in France by eliminating the political rights of Huguenots, suppressing potential conspiracies by nobles through and extensive network of spies, and developed the intendant system to execute the orders of the central government.

Front 11

intendants

Back 11

Royal officials who were sent out to execute the orders of the central government.

Front 12

the Fronde

Back 12

Revolts from the nobility who sought to overthrow Mazarin due to political instability; as a result, the French concluded stability in the crown.

Front 13

Louis XIV

Back 13

"Sun King"; Longest reigning French man who created the greatest palace (Versailles), he weakened the power of the nobility and sold positions of nobility. Ultimately left France in debt after-death due to excess warring.

Front 14

Edict of Fontainebleau

Back 14

An edict that revoked the last provisions of the Edict of Nantes; made more than 200,000 Huguenots flee as a result, many of them from the educated and middle (merchant) class.

Front 15

Versailles

Back 15

The magnificent palace of Louis XIV that was built between 1669-1685, and became the envy of other European monarchs

Front 16

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Back 16

The chief minister of Louis XIV who attempted to strengthen the power of the state through mercantilism economic policies.

Front 17

Louis XIV's wars

Back 17

Expensive wars which left the French in huge amounts of debt.

Front 18

Peace of Utrecht

Back 18

A peace treaty which ended the War of Spanish Succession; it left England the dominant power in Europe and guaranteed that the French and Spanish monarchies would never be united.

Front 19

Brandenburg-Prussia

Back 19

A German monarchy ruled by the Hohenzollern family.

Front 20

Frederick William

Back 20

The "Great Elector of Brandenburg" who laid the foundations for a strong Prussian state by developing a small, but very strong army, and by working with the Junkers

Front 21

the Hohenzollerns

Back 21

The dynastic family which ruled Brandenburg-Prussia

Front 22

Treaty of Karlowitz

Back 22

The treaty which marked the decline of the Ottoman empire; made Habsburg the dominant power of Central Europe

Front 23

the Romanovs

Back 23

The "Time of Troubles" ended in Russia with the apointment of the first ___ monarch; this dynastic family ruled Russia until 1917

Front 24

Russian serfdom

Back 24

The feudal dependency on peasants.

Front 25

Peter the Great

Back 25

A Russian tsar who sought to expand the Russian army and navy's power through use of European technology; wished to westernize Russia with European technology.

Front 26

Saint Petersburg

Back 26

The Russian "Window to the West"

Front 27

Great Northern War

Back 27

A war between the Russian and Swedes that was started by the Russians. Caused due to the Russians seeking supremacy of the Baltic Sea; resulted in Swedish loss.

Front 28

Poland's Sejm

Back 28

The Polish diet, this group elected the monarchs of Poland, and constantly worked to ensure that a strong monarchy never occurred

Front 29

Amsterdam

Back 29

The commercial capital of the Europe in the 17th century

Front 30

James I

Back 30

Follower of Elizabeth as monarch of England, and a believer in the Divine Right Theory of Monarchy, and ordered a new English translation of the bible

Front 31

Petition of Right

Back 31

Signed by Charles I in 1628, it stated the monarch could not collect taxes without Parliament's consent and established the right of Habeas Corpus

Front 32

Puritans

Back 32

Protestants who believed the Reformation in England did not go far enough and wished to "purify" and Catholic vestiges in the Anglican churches

Front 33

Short and Long Parliaments

Back 33

Parliaments called by Charles I where Charles attempted to levy tensions caused by the imposing of Ship Money and additional taxes

Front 34

English Civil War

Back 34

A war caused due to Charles I's extreme taxes; Charles I was beheaded as a result of this war by the citizens.

Front 35

Oliver Cromwell

Back 35

The leader of the New World Army and later Lord Protector of England

Front 36

Levellers

Back 36

These English radicals who championed ideas such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and a democratic republic.

Front 37

the Commonwealth

Back 37

The "republican" government established in England by Cromwell from 1649-1653

Front 38

the Restoration

Back 38

The period of time when the monarchy of England was restored under Charles II

Front 39

James II

Back 39

The last Catholic monarch of England, he was deposed of his position due to the Glorious Revolution

Front 40

Glorious Revolution

Back 40

A "bloodless" revolution of 1688 which made William of Orange and Mary the New English monarchs, but not before they signed the English Bill of Rights

Front 41

William of Orange

Back 41

The "champion" of the Protestants who warred against Louis XIV; ruled along with a female who was also a Stuart

Front 42

Thomas Hobbes

Back 42

Author of Leviathan, which argued that life in the state of nature was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" and that to avoid "the war of every man against ever man", a ruler must be vested with the absolute power over his subjects

Front 43

John Locke

Back 43

Created the Second Treatise on Government; Stressed inalienable rights, and the right and duty of revolution by "the people" if the covenant between the government and the people were broken

Front 44

the English Bill of Rights

Back 44

Gave English citizens the right to bear arms in defense and the right to petition the monarch

Front 45

Mannerism

Back 45

A 16th century artistic movement that deliberately broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation

Front 46

El Greco

Back 46

A painter of the Spanish Renaissance era who used the styles of Mannerism;best known for tortuously elongated figures

Front 47

Bernini and Gentileschi

Back 47

Sculptor and artist of the Spanish Renaissance; both used Mannerism in their art

Front 48

Baroque

Back 48

A 17th century artistic movement that used dramatic effects to arouse the emotions and reflected the search for power that was a large part of the 17th century ethos

Front 49

French Classicism

Back 49

An adherence to certain rules of proportion and sobriety uncharacteristic of the Baroque

Front 50

Rembrandt van Rijn

Back 50

Dutch master who painted masterpieces, known as the greatest Protestant painter of the 17th century

Front 51

William Shakespeare

Back 51

An English poet and playwright who is widely known as the greatest writer in the English language, England's national poet

Front 52

Lope de Vega

Back 52

Spanish playwright often referred to as "the Spanish Shakespeare" who wrote over 1500 plays during his lifetime

Front 53

Racine

Back 53

The author of Phedre who imitated the writings of Greek tragedians like Euripedes

Front 54

Moliere

Back 54

A French playwright and actor who is considered one of the greatest masters of comedy in Western literature; author of Tartuffe

Front 55

Parliament

Back 55

The English representative body that is composed of the House of Lords and the House of Commons

Front 56

Triennial Act

Back 56

The act that declared Parliament to meet at least once every 3 years with or without the monarch's consent

Front 57

Ship Money

Back 57

A tax on English seacost towns intended for their defense; Charles I angered many by collecting it throughout England

Front 58

Boyars

Back 58

Term for the Russian nobility

Front 59

Junkers

Back 59

Term for Prussian landed-aristocrats, they came to dominate the General War Commissariat

Front 60

Whigs

Back 60

A politcal party who excluded James II and his heirs from the English throne; motto was "life, liberty, property"

Front 61

Ivan IV

Back 61

The "Terrible" tsar who expanded the Russian state eastward, and crushed the power of the Russian nobility

Front 62

Tories

Back 62

Political party who believed Parliament should not tamper with the lawful succession of the English monarchy; they stood for "king, church, and the land"

Front 63

Stuart family

Back 63

The Scottish family who took over England after Elizabeth I left the throne with no heir.