Ap2 Test 2 Chapter 21

Front 1

What constitutes the body's first line of defense against disease?

the adaptive defense system
inflammation
intact skin and mucous membranes
antimicrobial proteins and various phagocytic cells

Back 1

intact skin and mucous membranes

Front 2

Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific internal defense against disease?

T cells
phagocytes
inflammation
NK cells

Back 2

T cells

Front 3

Which defense mechanism results in redness, heat, pain, and swelling?

inflammation
antibody production
cell-mediated immunity
phagocytosis

Back 3

inflammation

Front 4

Why are children given vaccinations?

to develop antibodies against various diseases
to activate the cell-mediated defense against pathogens
to see whether the immune system is capable of defense against disease
to develop a disease in a mild state rather than have it later on in a more serious state

Back 4

to develop antibodies against various diseases

Front 5

Which antimicrobial protein is produced by a virus-infected cell?

complement
histamine
interferon
pyrogen

Back 5

interferon

Front 6

Which of the following does NOT describe the adaptive immune response?

It is systemic.
It has memory.
It is specific.
It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.

Back 6

It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.

Front 7

Terms that describe the adaptive immune response include all of the following except?
a. specific
b. rapid
c.memory
d.general
e. effective

Back 7

d.general

Terms that describe the adaptive immune response include all of the following except?
d.general

This system is highly specific, rather than general (like the response of phagocytes)

If I had to select a second exception it would be b. rapid, because there is a delay after the initial infection whilst the system is being set up. However, subsequent infections are dealt with much more rapidly

Front 8

What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?

antigens
interferons
MHC proteins
pyrogens

Back 8

antigens

Front 9

Which cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by cells that will deal with them?

NK cells
plasma cells
T lymphocytes
dendritic cells

Back 9

dendritic cells

Front 10

Which cell of the immune system is absolutely required for an adaptive immune response?

helper T cell
B cell
antigen-presenting cell
cytotoxic T cell

Back 10

helper T cell

Front 11

What types of antigen are recognized by T cells?

free antigens
cancer antigens only
bacterial antigens only
processed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells

Back 11

Processed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells.

Front 12

Helper T cells

Back 12

Coordinate humoral and cellular immune responses

Front 13

Macrophages

Back 13

A common APC

Front 14

Mast cells

Back 14

Invoke inflammation when IgE cross links to them

Front 15

Plasma cells

Back 15

Produce immunoglobulins

Front 16

Acid mantle

Back 16

Covers the skin and limits bacterial growth

Front 17

Gamma globulin

Back 17

A plasma protein

Front 18

Leukocytosis

Back 18

Characterized by high numbers of neutrophils

Front 19

Opsonization

Back 19

This process encourages phagocytosis

Front 20

Skin

Back 20

First line of defense against invading organisms

Front 21

Stomach mucosa

Back 21

Produces HCl and enzymes that kill bacteria

Front 22

Saliva and tears

Back 22

Contains the antibacterial enzyme called lysozyme

Front 23

Respiratory tract

Back 23

Sticky mucous membrane lined with cilia

Front 24

Neutrophils

Back 24

Phagocytes; will migrate to the site of an infection within a few hours

Front 25

Macrophages

Back 25

Derived from circulating monocytes

Front 26

Natural killer cells

Back 26

A small subgroup of lymphocytes that will attack cancerous cells

Front 27

Hyperemia

Back 27

Increased blood flow due to vasodilation of blood vessels entering the injured area

Front 28

Edema

Back 28

Caused by excess blood flow to the injured area; helps to dilute harmful substances and brings in excess oxygen

Front 29

Exudate

Back 29

Seeps from the capillaries and contains clotting factors and antibodies

Front 30

Chemotaxis

Back 30

The process in which white blood cells are attracted to the site of an injury

Front 31

Chemicals released from injured tissues stimulate rapid proliferation and release of cells

Back 31

Leukocytosis

Front 32

Neutrophils attach to CAMs on the endothelial linings in the injured area

Back 32

Margination

Front 33

Neutrophils squeeze through walls of capillaries into the tissues

Back 33

Diapedesis

Front 34

Inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injured areas

Back 34

Chemotaxis

Front 35

Plasma cells

Back 35

Secrete antibodies

Front 36

Memory B cells

Back 36

Remember antigens from one exposure event to the next

Front 37

Helper T cells

Back 37

Bind to antigen-presenting cells to begin the process of co-stimulation

Front 38

Cytotoxic T cells

Back 38

Attack and lyse cells that are not "self"

Front 39

IgG

Back 39

Most abundant antibody found in the plasma

Front 40

IgA

Back 40

Found in body secretions such as milk, saliva, and sweat

Front 41

IgE

Back 41

Levels greatly elevated during severe allergic responses

Front 42

IgM

Back 42

First class released by plasma cells and is indicative of a current infection

Front 43

Immunity gained from being exposed to the pathogen and developing the illness

Back 43

Active natural

Front 44

Immunity gained through injections of dead or attenuated strains of the disease causing agents

Back 44

Active artificial

Front 45

Immunity gained from transport of antibodies across the placental membrane or through the mother's milk

Back 45

Passive natural

Front 46

Immunity gained from injections of clonal antibodies to fight off a current pathogen invasion

Back 46

Passive artificial

Front 47

Disease that destroys the myelin sheaths of the brain and spinal cord

Back 47

Multiple sclerosis

Front 48

Thyroid gland becomes hyperactive

Back 48

Grave's disease

Front 49

Disease that destroys the linings of joints

Back 49

Rheumatoid arthritis

Front 50

Disease that leads to drooping of facial muscles because the neuromuscular junctions are damaged

Back 50

Myasthenia gravis

Front 51

Defenses we are born with

Back 51

Innate

Front 52

Defenses we gain through life experiences and exposure to antigens A. Pathogens C.

Back 52

Adaptive

Front 53

Harmful microorganisms

Back 53

Pathogens

Front 54

System of proteins that lyse cell membranes

Back 54

Complement

Front 55

Proteins that attach to antigen

Back 55

Immunoglobulins

Front 56

A "foreign" molecule which can invoke the immune response is called a(n):

Back 56

antigen. Proteins are the strongest antigens.

Front 57

Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of:

Back 57

vaccination. Usually, dead or attenuated pathogens are used.

Front 58

Complement proteins work by:

Back 58

forming pores in the membranes of target cells. Complement usually works with antibodies in the "classical pathway."

Front 59

Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells:

Back 59

through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane. Cytotoxic T cells cause cell lysis.

Front 60

Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are:

Back 60

T lymphocytes. T cells get their name from the fact that they develop in the thymus.

Front 61

Saliva and lacrimal fluids contain this enzyme that destroys bacteria.

Back 61

Lysozyme

Lysozime lyses the cell wall and membrane of bacteria.

Front 62

The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen, resulting in a secondary response, is called a(n):

Back 62

memory cell. Memory cells can circulate for years.

Front 63

These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever.

Back 63

Pyrogens

Interleukins are paracrine signals used by the immune system.

Front 64

This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self- from nonself-antigens.

Back 64

Autoimmune disease

Multiple sclerosis and lupus are good examples of autoimmune disease.

Front 65

When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, it is an indication that:

Back 65

inflammation is occurring.

Inflammation usually occurs when histamine or complement is mobilized.

Front 66

Which cell does NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis?

Back 66

Basophil

Basophils invoke inflammation via release of histamine.

Front 67

Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response?

Back 67

Helper T cells

Without helper T cells, there is no immune response.

Front 68

Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

Back 68

Natural killer cells

Natural killer cells are not phagocytic.

Front 69

Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense?

Back 69

Mucous membranes

Mucous membranes line the hollow tube-like organs of the body that are exposed to the external environment.

Front 70

Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response?

Back 70

It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.

A secondary response, triggered by memory cells, occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.

Front 71

Which type of molecule is produced by virus-infected cells to communicate to non-infected cells the presence of a virus?

Back 71

Interferon

Inteferons turn on genes for antiviral proteins.

Front 72

The process that begins when a helper T cell binds to an MHC class II protein on a displaying cell is known as:

Back 72

costimulation. Costimulation is activation of both cells.

Front 73

Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Back 73

Opsonization

All of the cardinal signs are related to increased blood flow into the infected tissues.

Front 74

All of the following are examples of autoimmune disorders, except:

Back 74

sickle-cell anemia. Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder.

Front 75

Which of the following is NOT an innate defense mechanism of the body?

Back 75

B lymphocytes

Inflammation is an innate defense mechanism of the body.

Front 76

Which of the following steps is the first step in an inflammatory response?

Back 76

Release of leukocytosis, inducing factor

This is the fourth step in the inflammatory response.

Front 77

In the respiratory burst, _____________ are released, which have potent cell-killing ability.

Back 77

free radicals

Free radicals have potent cell-killing ability.

Front 78

Leukotrienes cause:

Back 78

dilation of the small blood vessels in an injured area.

Front 79

Toll-like receptors are found on:

Back 79

macrophages.

Front 80

Interferons can be used to treat all of the following, except:

Back 80

muscular dystrophy.

Cancer can be treated with interferons.

Front 81

All of the following are functions of interferon, except that:

Back 81

they only occur naturally.

Front 82

Which of the following minerals needed for bacterial reproduction does both the liver and spleen sequester during a fever?

Back 82

Zinc

Both the liver and spleen sequester zinc during a fever.

Front 83

Which hypersensitivity is caused by T lymphocytes?

Back 83

Delayed

Acute hypersensitive reactions are caused by antibodies.

Front 84

Without __________ there is no adaptive immune response.

Back 84

T lymphocytes

Without T lymphocytes there is no adaptive immune response.

Front 85

Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier to pathogen influx?

Back 85

Complement cascade

Complement is a system of internal proteins.

Front 86

A person with type-A blood is given a unit of type-B blood; IgM agglutinates the type-B blood.

Back 86

True
A person with type-A blood has type-B agglutinins.

Front 87

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are caused by the cross-linking of antibodies to mast cells or basophils.

Back 87

False
Delayed hypersensitivity involves T cells.

Front 88

Immune cells remain relatively immobile within the lymphatic and circulatory system.

Back 88

False
T cells account for 75% of the blood-borne lymphocytes.

Front 89

Immunocompetence refers to the ability of the immune system to form antibodies and killing compounds.

Back 89

False
T cells become able to recognize self from non-self in the thymus.

Front 90

In addition to cell lysis, complement activation may invoke neutralization, precipitation, and inflammation.

Back 90

False
Complements usually work with antibodies.

Front 91

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is released by helper T cells to stimulate bound T cells.

Back 91

False
IL-1 is released by an APC.

Front 92

The HIV attacks helper T cells by binding onto the CD4 proteins.

Back 92

True
HIV causes AIDS.

Front 93

The immune system is highly adaptive because gene coding for antibodies display somatic recombination.

Back 93

True
The humoral immune mechanism may have the capacity to generate over a billion types of antibodies.

Front 94

Plasma cells are responsible for "remembering" what a pathogen looks like.

Back 94

False
Plasma cells produce antibodies.

Front 95

Binding of a helper T cell with an antigen-displaying cell will lead to costimulation.

Back 95

True
Co-stimulation is an important step in the specific immune response.

Front 96

Neutrophils respond to infection by releasing antibody proteins into the blood.

Back 96

False
Neutrophils are voracious phagocytes.

Front 97

The polio vaccine is an example of active artificial immunotherapy.

Back 97

True
The polio vaccine injects attenuated virus into your body.

Front 98

Self-antigens are ignored by T cells.

Back 98

True
If self antigens were NOT ignored, the immune system would constantly attack itself. In fact, it would cause an autoimmune disease.

Front 99

Dendritic cells are important antigen-presenting cells.

Back 99

True
Because dendritic cells are often the first phagocytic cells to encounter antigen, they are the primary APC.

Front 100

Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation?

Back 100

Fever

Front 101

The first step in inflammation is:

Back 101

tissue injury.
See page 770, Figure 21.3. Inflammation progresses as follows: tissue injury, release of pro-inflammatory signals, vascular changes (such as vasodilation and increased vessel permeability), phagocyte mobilization, and tissue repair (healing).

Front 102

Leukocytosis

Back 102

An increase in the number of white blood cells that are in circulation

Front 103

Margination

Back 103

Clinging of phagocytic cells to the inner walls of the capillaries

Front 104

Diapedesis

Back 104

Phagocytes squeeze through the capillary endothelium

Front 105

Chemotaxis

Back 105

White blood cells migrate to the site of tissue damage

Front 106

See pages 771 and 773. In response to the presence of a foreign antigen there is an increase in the number of white blood cells that are in circulation (leukocytosis).

Back 106

The circulating phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, then flow through the blood stream toward the area of inflammation. Once they are in vessels near the site where they are needed, they stick to the endothelium of the vessel (margination) and then they squeeze between vessel endothelial cells to get out of the vessel (diapedesis). Once the phagocytic cells are in the surrounding tissue, they migrate to the target site by following chemical signals (chemotaxis).

Front 107

Which of the following is not a property of interferons (IFNs)?

Back 107

IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.


See pages 773-774. Interferons (IFNs) are a group of proteins that have antiviral effects. IFNs also activate macrophages and mobilize natural killer cells (NK cells) that act directly against malignant cells, giving IFNs an anticancer role.

Front 108

A moderate fever is a protective immune response.

Back 108

True

Front 109

Humoral immunity is provided by:

Back 109

antibodies.

See page 776. Adaptive immunity is categorized as being either cellular or humoral. Humoral immunity is facilitated by antibodies, which are made by plasma cells (activated B cells). The chief orchestrators of cellular immunity are T cells.

Front 110

________ are substances that can trigger the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response.

Back 110

Antigens

Front 111

________ is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body's own cells.

Back 111

Self-tolerance

See page 777. T cells are screened for self-tolerance in the thymus. B cells mature and are screened for self-tolerance in the bone marrow. Self-tolerance is what prevents lymphocytes from attacking the body's own cells. Without self-tolerance, a person develops autoimmune disorders.

Front 112

Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the:

Back 112

bone marrow.

See page 778. T cells are screened for self-tolerance in the thymus. B cells mature in the bone marrow. Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the bone marrow.

Front 113

Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response?

Back 113

A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.


See pages 780-781. A primary immune response is initiated when naïve lymphocytes are exposed to foreign antigens. Re-exposure to the same antigen provokes a secondary response, occurring faster because memory lymphocytes are activated. A secondary response also lasts longer, and produces more-and more effective-antibodies, than a primary response.

Front 114

A vaccination works to establish:

Back 114

artificial active immunity.

Front 115

IgG

Back 115

Most abundant class of antibodies

Front 116

IgM

Back 116

Large, pentamer-shaped antibody

Front 117

IgA

Back 117

Dimeric antibody found in body secretions

Front 118

IgD

Back 118

Antigen receptor found on B cells

Front 119

IgE

Back 119

Antibody that mediates some allergies

Front 120

See page 784. IgG is the most abundant class of antibodies in plasma. Additionally, IgG is the only class of antibodies that normally crosses the placenta to protect the baby in utero. IgM is a large pentameric antibody.

Back 120

IgA is a dimeric antibody found in secretions such as mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk. IgD is an antigen receptor found on B cells. IgE antibodies mediate allergy and protect the body from parasitic infections.

Front 121

Which is correctly matched?

Back 121

Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I

Front 122

MHC II proteins are found on:

Back 122

antigen-presenting cells.

See page 789. MHC II proteins are found on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Red blood cells do not express type I or type II MHC proteins.

Front 123

What is the second step of T cell activation?

Back 123

Co-stimulation
See pages 789-790. In order for a T cell to be activated and to release interleukins to coordinate an immune response, the T cell must first bind to an antigen. It then receives a co-stimulatory signal. If a T cell binds to an antigen but does not receive a co-stimulatory signal, then the cell enters a state of anergy or non-responsiveness.

Front 124

Which of the following is mismatched?

Back 124

Helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells
See pages 791-792. T helper cells are lymphocytes that organize the cellular and humoral immune response branches of the immune system. They do not directly target or attack anything; rather, they organize the immune defenses.

Front 125

B cells

Back 125

carry out the humoral response. Upon activation, B cells become plasma cells that will produce antibodies.

Front 126

Cytotoxic T cells

Back 126

carry out cellular immune responses. They target and kill virus-infected cells as well as cancer cells.

Front 127

Regulatory T cells

Back 127

are able to release inhibitory cytokines to dampen the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body.

Front 128

A graft that is transplanted from one person to a genetically identical individual (i.e., to an identical twin) is an example of a(n) __________.

Back 128

Isograft

Front 129

See page 792. Transplanted tissue that most closely resembles "self" tissues will have a higher chance of being accepted by a patient's body. Tissue transplanted from one part of the patient's body to another region of the body (autografts), and grafts that are genetically identical to the tissue of the patient (isografts), are highly successful. An example of an isograft would be a graft between identical twins. The success rate of autografts and isografts is high because these grafts look like "self" tissues, therefore are not rejected as foreign by the patient's immune system.

Back 129

In contrast, allografts are not genetically identical to the patient's tissues, but they are similar enough that they often can escape detection by the patient's immune system.

Front 130

Xenografts

Back 130

are tissues that are transplanted from one species to another species (i.e. transplanting baboon tissue into a human). Upon transplantation, these grafts are readily recognized as foreign by the patient's immune system. Thus, xenografts are not generally accepted by the patient's body and they consequently have a high rate of failure.

Front 131

Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)

Back 131

Genetic defect resulting in a shortage of B and/or T cells

Front 132

AIDS

Back 132

Condition in which T helper cells are destroyed by a virus

Front 133

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 133

Autoimmune disorder

Front 134

Immediate hypersensitivity

Back 134

Allergy

Front 135

Allergic contact dermatitis



See pages 796-799.

Back 135

is a delayed hypersensitivity. Delayed hypersensitivities are mediated by special T cells called T delayed hypersensitivity cells or TD cells. The delayed hypersensitivity reaction typically takes 24 to 48 hours to manifest. Immediate hypersensitivities manifest quickly; they are commonly called allergies.

Front 136

Anaphylaxis

Back 136

A systemic allergic response called anaphylaxis can result from a severe allergy to an ingested or injected allergen.

can lead to shock, and can be fatal.

Front 137

Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)

Back 137

is a genetic disorder in which the afflicted patient has a deficiency in the number of T and/or B cells.

Front 138

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Back 138

is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Front 139

HIV

Back 139

infects and destroys T helper cells, thereby disrupting the organized defenses of the immune system.

Front 140

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 140

is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by the presence of antibodies to the rheumatoid factor, which is a protein found in the joints.