Ap2: Exercise 1-Endocrine System

Front 1

Name the histological layers of cells found in the adrenal cortex and medulla

Back 1

Front 2

Adrenal Cortex

Back 2

Adrenal cortex-

ANATOMY
Surrounded by the adrenal medula
is subdivided into 3 zones.
(1) zona glomerulosa
(2) zona fasciculata
(3) zona reticularis.

FUNCTION:
(1) produces more than 25 steroid hormones called corticosteroids or corticoids

Front 3

Zona Glomerulosa

Back 3

Zona Glomerulosa-

ANATOMY
(1) is the outer zone, THIN
(2) cells are closely packed and arranged in spherical clusters with archedcolumns.

FUNCTION:
(1) This zone secretes mineralocorticoids
(2) which affect mineral homeostatsis.

Front 4

Mineralcorticoids

Back 4

Mineralcorticoids-

chiefly aldosterone

FUNCTION:
(1) which regulates mineral & water content of the blood

Front 5

Aldosterone

Back 5

Aldosterone:

Mineralocorticoid Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

FUNCTION
(1) stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion by the kidneys
(2) water is retained with sodium retention by osmosis
(3) so blood volume and blood pressure rise

Front 6

Zona Fasciculata

Back 6

Zona Fasciculata-

ANATOMY
(1) is the middle and THICKEST of the three zones.
(2) The cells are arranged in long straight columns

FUNCTION:
(1) secretes glucocorticoids
(2) affects glucose homeostasis.

Front 7

Glucocorticoids

Back 7

Glucocorticoids-

chiefly cortisol (hormone) produced by the adrenal cortex

FUNCTION
(1) for blood sugar and anti-inflammatory mgmt

Front 8

Cortisol

Back 8

Cortisol (aka hydrocortisone)-

Glucocorticoid (hormone) produced by the adrenal cortex.

FUNCTION:
(1) promotes GLUCONEOGENESIS & hyperglycemia
(2) mobilizes fats for energy metabolism
(3) stimulates protein catabolism
(4) assists body to resist stressors
(5) depresses inflammatory & immune responses

Front 9

Zona reticularis

Back 9

Zona reticularis

ANATOMY
(1) is the inner zone, NARROW
(2) whose cells are arranged in branching cords

FUNCTION:
(1) produces sex steroids
(a) synthesizes weak androgens which have masculinizing effects.

Front 10

Gonadocorticoids

Back 10

Gonadocorticoids

(1) Chiefly androgens, (sex hormones) secreted by the adrenal cortex.
(2) androgens converted to testosterone or estrogens after release

Front 11

Androgens

Back 11

Androgens-

A hormone such as testosterone that controls male secondary sex characteristics.

FUNCTION:
(1) induce axillary and pubic hair during early puberty
(2) responsible for libido
(3) in post-menopausal women-whose ovaries produce little/no estrogen-causes male-assoc. secondary sexual characteristics

Front 12

Name the 3 hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

Back 12

Adrenocortical hormones:

(1) Aldersterone (Mineralcorticoid)
(2) Cortisol (Glucocorticoid)
(3) Androgens (Gonadocorticoid)

Front 13

Adrenal Medulla

Back 13

Adrenal Medulla-

ANATOMY
(1) cells lack axons and forms clusters around large blood vessels.
(2) made up of chromaffin cells

FUNCTION:
(1) Its chromaffin cells secrete (hormones)
(a) epinephrine (80%)
(b) norepinephrine (20%).

Front 14

Catecholamines

Back 14

Catecholamines-

a class of amines that act as chemical transmitters.

(1) Epinephrine
(2) norepinephrine
(3) dopamine

Front 15

Name the 3 hormones produced by the adrenal medulla

Back 15

Adrenal Medullary Hormones-

(1) epinephrine (Catecholamines)
(2) norepinephrine (Catecholamines)

Front 16

Chromaffin cells

Back 16

Chromaffin cells-

modified neurons that secrete
(1) epinephrine
(2) norepinephrine

Front 17

Epinephrine

Back 17

Epinephrine-(aka Adrenaline)

(1) Chief hormone produced by the adrenal medulla.
(2) involved in the "flight or fight"response

Front 18

Norepinephrine

Back 18

Norepinephrine-

(1) A catecholamine neurotransmitter and adrenal medullary hormone
(2) associated with sympathetic nervous system activation.

Front 19

Exocrine glands-

Back 19

Exocrine glands-

(1)have ducts carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract – ‘external secretions’
(2) extracellular effects (food digestion)

Front 20

Endocrine glands-

Back 20

Endocrine glands-

(1) no ducts
(2) contains dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allows easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream
(3) ‘internal secretions’
(4) intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism

Front 21

Pancreatic tissue

Back 21

Pancreatic tissue

(1) Pancreatic islets (endocrine portion) of the pancreas

(2) Acini (exocrine portion) of the pancreas.

Front 22

Pancreatic islets

Back 22

Pancreatic islets (aka Islets of Langerhans)

(1) endocrine portion of the pancreas
(2) represents less than 2% of the pancreas
(3) are small clusters of hormone secreting cells (where alpha, beta and delta cells).

Front 23

Alpha cells-

Back 23

Alpha cells-

(1) found in pancreatic islets
(2) secretes glucagon
(3) stimulated by FALLING blood glucose levels

Front 24

Glucagon-

Back 24

Glucagon-

A hyperglycemic hormone formed by alpha cells of pancreatic islets

FUNCTION:
(1) stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to GLUCOSE (glycogenolysis) in the liver
(2) Synthesizes GLUCOSE from lactic acid (gluconeogenesis)
(3) Release of GLUCOSE from the liver to blood cells causes INCREASE of glucose levels of blood.


* Its antagonist is INSULIN

Front 25

Glycogenolysis-

Back 25

Glycogenolysis-

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

Front 26

Gluconeogenesis-

Back 26

Gluconeogenesis-

Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules.

Ex: Glucose from Lactic Acid

Front 27

Beta cells -

Back 27

Beta cells -

(1) found in pancreatic islets
(2) secretes insulin

(3) stimulated by ELEVATED blood glucose levels

Front 28

Insulin-

Back 28

Insulin-

A hypoglycemic hormone that enhances the carrier-mediated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells

FUNCTION:
(1) Enhances uptake of GLUCOSE into body cells
(2) INHIBITS the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
(3) INHIBITS the conversion of amino acids/fats to glucose
(4) conversion of INSULIN to glycogen in the liver & skeletal muscles thereby DECREASES BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS.

SUMMARY:
(1) sweeps GLUCOSE out of the blood to be used for ENERGY
(2) or converted to GLYCOGEN/FAT

(3) Promotes protein synthesis & fat storage

Front 29

Delta cells

Back 29

Delta cells

(1) found in pancreatic islets

(2) secretes somatostatin (aka GHIH; growth hormone inhibiting hormone)

Front 30

Somatostatin-

Back 30

Somatostatin-

(1) regulates secretion of glucagon & insulin by INHIBITING production of alpha & beta cells.

(2) stimulated by RISING glucagon & insulin levels

Front 31

Acini Cells

Back 31

Acini Cells

(1) Exocrine portion of the pancreas
(2) are a groups of secretory cells in the pancreas that manufacture digestive enzymes
(3) filter water and electrolytes from blood and add amylase, mucin, and lysozyme

Front 32

Pancreatic juice (definition)

Back 32

Pancreatic juice-

(1) Bicarbonate-rich secretion of the pancreas containing enzymes for digestion of all food categories.
(2) digestive enzymes-are a clear colorless liquid consisting mostly of water, some salts, digestive enzymes and alkaline buffers (sodium bicarbonate)

(3) secretions are released into the lumen of duodenum via the pancreatic duct which opens into the hepatopancreatic ampulla and the accessory pancreatic duct.

Front 33

Pancreatic juice (secretions)

Back 33

Pancreatic Juice

SECRETIONS/Target Organ=Small intestine
Pancreatic amylase:
(1) pancreatic amylase

Pancreatic Proteases:
(2) trypsin
(3) chymotrypsin
(4) carboxypeptidase
(5) Dipeptidase (brush border)
(6) Aminopeptidase (brush border)

Pancreatic Lipases:
(7) pancreatic lipase

Pancreatic Nucleases:
(8) ribonuclease
(9) deoxyribonuclease
(10) Nucleosidases (brush border)
(11) Phosphotases (brush border)

Front 34

Pancreatic juice (function)

Back 34

Pancreatic juice

FUNCTION:
(1) the buffers neutralize the acid of the stomach
(2) and stops the action of pepsin (which breaks down protein)
(3) the digestive enzymes helps breakdown the 4 biochemical groups (carbs, lipids, proteins & nucleic acids)