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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHAT IS THE PRIMARY WAY THAT SUBSTANCES ARE TRANSPORTED WITHIN THE BODY?
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BLOOD
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WHAT IS JOB OF BLOOD?
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TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
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WHAT DOES BODY NEED TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS?
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OXYGEN
NUTRIENTS ELECTROLYTES |
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WHERE DO SUBSTANCES IN BLOOD ACT ?
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CELLULAR LEVEL
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HOW DO SUBSTANCES MOVE FROM BLOOD TO TISSUES?
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CAPILLLARIES
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3 TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS?
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ARTERIES
CAPILLARIES VEINS |
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VEINS CARRY WHAT?
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DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
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HOW MANY SYSTEMS IN BLOOD?
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ONE, ITS ALL ONE
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WHAT IS BLOOD?
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A FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
--LIVING CELLS IN A NON-LIVING FLUID MATRIX |
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WHAT IS HEART'S JOB?
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PUMP
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IS BLOOD A SUSPENSION?
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YES
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WHAT ARE FORMED ELEMENTS?
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LIVING CELLS
WBC RBC (EURYTHROCYTES) PLATESLETS |
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PLASMA IS MOSTLY WHAT?
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WATER
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WHAT IS A ERYTHROCYTES?
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RBC
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WHAT DOES A ERYTHROCYTE TRANSPORT?
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OXYGEN
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WHAT DO PLATELETS DO?
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STOP BLEEDING
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WHAT DO LEUKOCYTES DO?
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IMMUNE SYSTEM
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WHAT DOES HEMATOCRRIT MEASURE
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RBC %
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NORMAL HEMATICRIT % IS ?
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45%
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WHAT IS A STICKY, OPAQUE FLUIDD WITH A METALLIC TASTE?
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BLOOD
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WHAT IS A BUFFY COAT?
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1% OF BLOOD FROM A CENTRIFUGE LEUKOCYTES AND PLATELETS
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SALIVA IS WHAT ?
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A BLOOD FILTRATE
COMES FROM BLOOD SO DOES CSF |
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WHAT DETERMINES BLOOD COLOR?
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AMOUNT OF O2
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BLOOD IS WHAT COMPARED TO WATER?
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MORE DENSE AND MORE VISCOUS
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WHAT IS pH OF BLOOD?
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7.4
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WHAT IS TEMPERATURE OF BLOOD?
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SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN BODY TEMP.
38*C |
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WHAT IS BLOOD BODY WEIGHT %?
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LESS THAN 8%
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AVERAGE VOLUME OF BLOOD IN MALES / FEMALES?
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5-6L IN MALES
4-5L IN FEMALES |
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WHAT 3 FUNCTIONS DOES BLOOD PERFORM?
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DISTRIBUTION
REGULATION PROTECTION |
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WHAT DOES BLOOD DISTRIBUTE?
4 THINGS? |
DISTRIBUTES
OXYGEN NUTRIENTS METABOLIC WASTES HORMONES |
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BLOOD REGULATION WHAT IS IT?
3 things it regulates? |
REGULATES
TEMPERATURE pH FLUID VOLUME |
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BLOOD PROTECTS WHAT?
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HEMOSTASIS
INFECTION |
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WHAT % OF PLASMA IS WATER?
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PLASMA IS 90% WATER
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WHAT TYPE OF MEDIUM IS PLASMA?
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A DISSOLVING AND SUSPENDING MEDIUM
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WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR 60% OF PLASMA PROTEINS IN PLASMA?
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ALBUMIN
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WHAT DOES ALBUMIN ACCOUNT FOR?
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60% OF PLASMA PROTEINS
IN PLASMA |
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BLOOD SERVES WHAT?
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INDIVIDUAL CELLS
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WHAT DOES PLASMA DO?
3 THINGS? |
SHUTTLES SPECIFIC MOLECULES
ACTS AS A BUFFER HELPS MAINTAIN OSMOTIC PRESSURE |
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FORMED ELEMENTS OF PLASMA
THE LIVING PORTION IS COMPOSED OF WHAT 3 TYPES OF CELLS? |
ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)
LEUKOCYTES (WBC) PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES) |
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WHAT ARE PLATELETS CALLED?
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THROMBOCYTES
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MOST BLOOD CELLS CANT/DONT WHAT?
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DIVIDE
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WHAT IS LOW POINT OF pH FOR A HUMAN ?
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7.0
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WHAT SHAPE DO ERYTHROCYTES HAVE?
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SMALL FLATTENED DISC
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WHAT FORCES WATER INTO OR OUT OF BLOOD?
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OSMOTIC PRESSURE
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ERYTHROCYTES CONTAIN ------------- AND THEIR MAIN FUNCTION IS ---------------------?
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HEMOGLOBIN
GAS TRANSPORT |
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3 THINGS IN ERYTHROCYTES?
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OXYHEMOGLOBIN
--DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN ---CARBAMINOHEMOPLOBIN |
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WHAT IS THE MOST NUMEROUS OF FORMED ELEMENTS?
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ERYTHROCYTES
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WHAT 2 ARE NOT TRUE CELLS
IN BLOOD? |
RBC HAVE NO NUCLEUS
AND PLATELETS ARE NOT CELLS |
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HOW MANY BLOOD CELLS DO U MAKE ?
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1M PER SEC
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WHAT IS PRIMARY PURPOSE OF ERYTHROCYTES?
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TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES
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WHAT DOES HEMOGLOBIN BIND WITH AND IT'S REVERSABLE?
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O2
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WHERE DO NEW BLOOD CELLS COME FROM ?
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STEM CELLS IN RED BONE MARROW
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ANOTHER NAME OF RBC?
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ERYTHROCYTES
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HEMOGLOBIN CAN CARRY HOW MANY O2 MOLECULES?
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4 MOL OF OXYGEN
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CAN PLATELETS BE SEEN IN MICROSCOPE?
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NO, TOO SMALL
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WHAT IS DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN?
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LESS THAN FULLY SATURATED
---FULL SAT. IS 4 O2 MOLECULES PER/ HEMOGLOBIN |
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ONE RBC (ERYTHROCYTE) HAS HOW MANY MOLECULES OF Hb?
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250 M MOLECULES
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WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE COLOR OF BLOOD?
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HEMOGLOBIN
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ONE RBC CAN CARRY 1B MOL. S OF ----WHAT?
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OXYGEN
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HOW IS O2 TRANSFERRED TO THE LUNGS FROM THE BLOOD?
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SIMPLE DIFFUSION
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HEMOGLOBIN CONTAINS WHAT MINERAL?
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IRON
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WHERE DOES NEW RBCs COME FROM?
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RED BONE MARROW
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WHERE DOES FETAL PRODUCTION OF RBCs COME FROM?
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SPLEEN OF INFANT
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WHERE DO ALL FORMED ELEMENTS DEVELOP FROM?
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HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS
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HOW LONG DOES THE ENTIRE PROCESS OF ERYTHROPOIESIS TAKES HOW LONG?
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15 DAYS
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DO THE PRODUCTION AND DESTRUCTION OF RBCs REMAIN CONSTANT?
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YES
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TOO MANY RBCs RESULTS IN WHAT?
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INCREASED BLOOD VISCOSITY
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WHAT PHASE DOES A ERYTHROBLAST LOSE ITS NUCLEUS?
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PHASE 3--NORMOBLAST
(ERYTHROBLAST) |
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TOO FEW RBCs RESULTS IN ?
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HYPOXIA
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PROCESS OF RBCs BALANCE IS CONTROLLED BY?
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HORMONES
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WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR THE PROCESS OF MAKING RBCs?
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IRON
AMINO ACIDS B VITAMINS |
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WHAT IS ERYTHROPOIESIS?
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THE DIRECT STIMULUS FOR ERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION
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HOW LONG TO MOVE ALL BLOOD THRU BODY? AT REST
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1 MIN
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ERTHROPOIETIN IS A HORMONE PRODUCED WHERE?
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KIDNEYS
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EPO IS WHAT?
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HORMONE THAT CONTROLS (FROM KIDNEYS) ERYTHROPOIESES
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IRON IS STORED WHERE?
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SPLEEN
KIDNEYS |
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THE DIRECT STIM FOR ERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION IS?
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ERYTHROPOIETIN
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PROCESS OF ERYTHROPOIESIS?
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KIDNEY CELLS HYPOXIC
EPO RELEASED REDUCED # RBC INADEQUATE AMOUNT OF Hb REDUCED AVAIL OF O2 |
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OXYGEN LEVELS CONTROL -------------- NOT # OF -------------
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ERYTHROPOIESES
RBCs |
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WHAT % OF IRON IS FOUND IN Hb IN THE BODY?
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65%
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WHAT % OF FE IS STOREDD IN LIVER AND SPLEEN?
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35%
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WHAT IS PROBLEM WITH FREE IRON
Fe+2? |
ITS TOXIC
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NORMAL DNA SYNTHASIS REQUIRES WHAT?
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B12
FOLIC ACID |
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WHY DO RBCs BECOME OLD AND FRAGILE?
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NO NUCLEUS
CANT REPAIR THEMSELVES |
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DYING RBC GET TRAPPED WHERE?
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SPLEEN
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WHAT IS ANEMIA?
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ABNORMALLY LOW O2 CARRYING CAPACITY
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TOO FEW RBCs
3 THINGS? |
HEMORRHAGIC-ACUTE LOSS BLOOD
HEMOLYTIC- PREMATURE LOSS OF RBC --APLASTIC- RED BONE MARROW PROBLEM |
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LOW HEMOGLOBIN CONTENT ?
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IRON DEFICIENTCY- BLOOD LOSS OR INADEQUATE IRON INTAKE
--PERNICIOUS--B12 DEFICIENCY |
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ABNORMAL HEMOGLOBIN CONDITION?
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SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA (GENETIC DISORDER)
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WHAT IS TOO MANY RBCs CALLED?
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POLYCYTHEMIA
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WHAT IS POLYCYTHEMIA VERA?
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A FORM OF BONE CANCER
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WHAT IS 2ND-ARY POLYCYTHEMIA?
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NORMAL ADAPTATION TO HIGH ALTITUDE
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WHAT IS BLOOD DOPING?
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CHEATING ATHELETES
TOO MANY RBCs |
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WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR WBC?
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LEUKOCYTES
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WHAT % OF BLOOD IS THE WBCs?
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LESS 1%
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WHAT IS THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF LEUKOCYTES?
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DEFENSE (IMMUNE SYSTEM)
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WBC MOVEMENT INTO A TISSUE IS CALLED?
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DIAPEDESIS
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WHAT IS THE WBC MOVEMENT INSIDE A TISSUE, MOVIN AROUND IN IT CALLED?
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AMOEBOID MOTION
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WHAT IS CHEMOTAXIS
WBC? |
CELL SIGNALING
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RANGE OF DIFFERENTIAL WBC COUNT?
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4,800 TO 10,800
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LEUKOCYTES ARE DIVIDED INTO 2 GROUPS?
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GRANULOCYTES AND
AGRANULOCYTES |
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3 TYPES OF GRANULOCYTES?
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NEUTROPHILS
EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS |
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2 TYPES OF AGRANULOCYTES?
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LYMPHOCYTES
MONOCYTES |
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WHAT ARE NEUTROPHILS?
6 THINGS |
MOST NUMEROUS WBCs
--2X LARGER THAN RBCs ---ACTIVE PHAGOCYTES -----BACTERIA SLAYER...INCREASE DURING INFECTION ------LIFE SPAN A FEW DAYS -------DEVELOP IN 14 DAYS |
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WHAT ARE EOSINOPHILS?
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-SIZE = NEUTROPHILS
2-4% WBCs ACTIVE VS. PARASITIC WORMS ---LOCATED WHERE WORMS ARE TYPICALLY FOUND ----DEVELOP IN 14 DAYS -----LIFE SPAN 5 DAYS |
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WHAT IS A BASOPHIL?
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--LEAST NUMEROUS WBC
--ACTIVE IN HISTAMINE RELEASE ----ACTIVE IN INFLAMMATORY ROLE DEVELOP IN 1-7 DAYS LIFE SPAN OF A FEW DAYS |
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NAME 2 AGRANULOCYTES?
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LYMPHOCYTES
MONOCYTES |
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IF NO GRANULES SEEN UNDER A MICROSCOPE WHAT TYPE OF CELL IS IT?
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AGRANULAR
LYMPHOCYTE OR MONOCYTE |
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WHAT ARE LYMPHOCYTES ?
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2ND MOST COMMON WBC 25%
--LARGE NUCLEUS --B CELLS AND T CELLS ---FOUND IN LYMPHATIC TISSUE ---- |
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NAME 2 PHAGOCYTES?
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NEUTROPHILS
MACROPHAGES |
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DO NEUTROPHILS WORK AGAINST VIRUSES?
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NO
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WHAT ARE MONOCYTES?
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BECOME MACROPHAGES
3-8% |
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WHAT STIMULATES WBC PRODUCTION?
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HORMONES
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EDUCATION OF T-CELLS AND B-CELLS
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IMMUNOCOMPETENSE***
--IF IT IS YOU NO ATTACK ---IF NOT YOU, IT WILL ATTACK LIKE A TRANSPLANT |
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DO NEUTROPHILS ATTACK VIRUSES?
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NO
ONLY BACTERIA |
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HOW DO EOSINOPHILS KILL WORMS?
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THEY SURROUND AND INJECT IT WITH LYSOSOMES
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WHERE ARE EOSINOPHILS FOUND?
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INTESTINAL TRACT
--ANYWHERE WORMS MIGHT BE FOUND |
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WHICH 2 PHILS ARE NOT GRANULOCYTES?
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LYMPHOCYTES
MONOCYTES |
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WHAT IS A MATURE WBC?
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T CELL
MACROPHAGES |
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WBC IS STIMULATED BY ?
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HORMONES
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WHAT DO RBCs AND WBCs COME FROM?
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STEM CELLS
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WHEN DOES A MONOCYTE BECOME A MACROPHAGE?
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WHEN IT ENTERS THE TISSUE
IN THE BLOOD IT IS NOT A MACRO |
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WHAT DOES A HIGH WBC COUNT MEAN?
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LEUKEMIA (MOSTLY)
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WHAT IS LEUKEMIA?
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A WBC DISORDER WHERE AN CLONE IS DIVIDING OUT OF CONTROL (CANCER)
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IN LEUKEMIA WHY ANEMIA AND BLEEDING PROBLEMS?
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CAUSE THE BONE MARROW BECOMES PREOCCUPIED WITH PRODUCING LEUKOCYTES
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IN LEUKEMIA WHAT IS ACUTE FORM?
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TYPICALLY INVOLVE BLAST-CELLS
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IN LEUKEMIA WHAT IS CHRONIC FORM?
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TYPICALLY INVOLVE LATER STAGES. SLOWER
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LOW WBC>?
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LEUKOPENIA
TYP. FROM MEDICATIONS OR ANTI-CANCER DRUGS OR GLUCOCORTICOIDS |
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MONONUCLEOSIS?
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A VIRAL DISEASE, CAUSING TOO MANY AGRANULOCYTES
NO CURE, |
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PLATELETS
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ESSENTIAL TO HOMEOSTASIS
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PLATELETS
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CYTOPLASMIC FRAGS OF VERY LARGE CELLS (MEGAKARYOCYTES)
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PLATELETS ------------- BUT ARE KEPT ----------------
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CIRCULATE
INACTIVE |
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PLATELETS HAVE NO ------------?
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NUCLEUS
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PLATELETS ARE INVOLVED IN WHAT IMP. PROCESS?
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CLOTTING
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WHAT IS A THROMBOCYTE?
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PLATELETS
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WHAT IS BIGGER WBC OR RBC?
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RBC, I THINK
LOOK UP |
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WHAT HORMONE REGULATESS PLATELETS?
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THROMBOPOITIN
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WHAT IS HEMOSTASIS?
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A SERIES OF REACTIONS SET IN MOTION BY THE BREAKAGE OF A BLOOD VESSEL
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WHAT IS INVOLVED IN HEMOSTASIS?
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PLATELETS
DAMAGED CELLS OTHER COAGULATION FACTORS |
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****EVENTS OF HEMOSTASIS
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VASCULAR SPASM
PLATELET PLUG FORMATION COAGULATION (OF A SCAB) ---KNOW THIS ONE--- |
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WHY DONT PLATELETS STICK TOGETHER?
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NO DAMAGE
DAMAGE CAUSES COLLAGEN FIBERS TO BE EXPOSED...ALLOWS FOR STICKING |
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ATTACHMENT OF PLATELETS TO EXPOSED COLLAGEN FIBERS CAUSES WHAT?
|
CHEMICALS TO BE RELEASED BY PLATELETS TO ATTRACT MORE PLATELETS
--INCREASES VASCULAR CONSTRICTION |
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WHY DOESNT CLOTTING SPREAD?
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INTACT EPITHELIAL CELLS PRODUCE A CHEM THAT LIMITS PLUG FORMATION
--PROSTACYCLIN --NITRIC OXIDE |
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WHAT IS THE FINAL STEP OF CLOTTING?
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COAGULATION
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WHAT BTN PRO-COAGULATION AND ANTI-COAGULATION
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BALANCE...INJURY SHIFTS THE BALANCE
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COAGULATION IS WHAT?
|
THE FORMATION OF BLOOD CLOT
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ONCE CLOTTING STARTS...IT WILL CONTINUE TILL WHAT?
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IT'S COMPLETE
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HOW LONG DOES A CLOT TAKE TO FORM ?
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3-6 MINS
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REMOVAL OF UNNEEDED CLOTS AFTER HEALING?
|
P
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WHAT IS PLASMINOGEN?
|
A FIBRIN-DIGESTING PROTEIN
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WHAT LIMITS CLOT FORMATION TO INJURY AREA?
|
PLASMINOGEN
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HOMEOSTATIC MECH THAT PREVENT CLOTS FROM GETTING TOO LARGE (NOT FIBRINOLYSIS)?
|
-FAST REMOVAL OF CLOTTING FAC
-INHIBITION OF ACTIVATED CLOTTING FACTORS --NORMAL CLOTS REQUIRE ACTIVATED FACTORS THAT REACH SPECIFIC LEVELS --THESE ARE FACTORS THAT LIMIT CLOT GROWTH |
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TOO ACTIVATE CLOTTING?
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FACTORS MUST REACH A CRITICAL LEVEL...REQUIRES INJURY OR TRAUMA
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PLASMIN IS WHAT?
|
A PLASMA PROTEIN
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WHAT IS PLAMINOGEN?>
|
ACTIVATED PLAMIN
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WHAT ARE THROMBOEMBOLIC DISORDERS?
|
ABNORMAL CLOTTING FORMATION
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2 TYPES OF THROMBOEMBOLIC?
|
THROMBUS
EMBOLUS |
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WHAT IS THROMBOCYTOPENIA?
|
A PLATELET DISORDER
--RESULT OF IMPARED LIVER FUNCTION CAUSE VIT K PRODUCTION DOWN --OR LIVER DISEASE |
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WHAT IS HEMOPHILIA?
|
GENETIC DISORDER, EFFECTING CLOTTING FACTORS
|
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3 TYPES OF HEMOPHILIA?
|
TYPE A-- 77% CLASSIC ..
TYPE B BOTH SEXES TYPE C LESS SEVERE |
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WHERE DOES HEMOPHILIA COME FROM ?
|
X CHROMOSOME
THE MOM |
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HUMAN BODY IS DESIGNED TO -------------- BLOOD LOSS?
|
MINIMIZE
|
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HOW MUCH BLOOD TO RESULT IN SHOCK/DEATH?
|
30%
|
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THE BODY WILL INCREASE RBC ----------?
|
AFTER HUUUUGE BLOOD LOSS
|
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RAPID BLOOD LOSS = ?
|
NEEDS BLOOD TRANSFUSION
O2 PACKED BLOOD PLASMA INCREASES VOLUME |
|
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HOW TO STORE BLOOD?
|
4*C
FOR 35 DAYS ****ON TEST***** |
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IN A BLOOD BANK WHAT IS DONE TO BLOOD?
|
ITS SEPERATED INTO COMPONENTS
--MIXED WITH AN ANTI-COAGULENT |
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WHY MUST SAME BLOOD TYPE BE GIVEN?
|
COULD BE PROBLEM WITH ANOTHER TYPE
|
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WHAT IS AN ANTIGEN?
|
AN I.D. ON THE CELL
-- |
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WHAT 2 ANTIGENS ARE INVOLVED IN BLOOD>?
|
ABO BLOOD GROUP
AND Rh BLOOD GROUP |
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WHAT IS CURRENT BLOOD REPLACEMENT METHOD?
|
TO REPLACE WITH THE SAME BLOOD AS WAS TAKEN
|
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ANTIGENS ARE ALSO CALLED
|
AGGLUTINOGENS
|
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ABO BLOOD GROUPS ARE BASED ON WHAT?
|
WHETHER THE A, B, ANTIGENS ARE PRESENT
A, IF A - ANTIGEN IS PRESENT B IF B- ANTIGEN IS PRESENT O IF NEITHER ANTIGEN IS PRESENT |
|
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TYPE A BLOOD AUTOMATICALLY HAVE ---------
|
B ANTIBODIES
|
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TYPE O IS CONSIDERED?
|
UNIVERSAL DONOR
|
|
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TYPE AB IS CONSIDERED?
|
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
|
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LEAST COMMON TYPE OF BLOOD
MOST COMMON TYPE OF BLOOD? |
AB
O |
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BLOOD ANTIBODIES ARE FOUND WHERE?
|
PLASMA
|
|
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HOW MANY Rh ANTIGENS ARE I.D.ed?
|
45
3 IN HUMANS CDE |
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WHAT % OF HUMANS ARE Rh +?
|
85%
|
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ARE Rh ANTIBODIES SPONTANEIOUSLY FORMED?
|
NO
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WHAT IS Rh SENSITIZATION PROCESS?
|
IF A B- WOMAN GIVES BIRTH TO A CHILD, THEN THE NEXT TIME SHE IS EXPOSED TO A + BLOOD CHILD HER BLOOD WILL ATTACK THE BABIES
|
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WHAT IS A HEMOLYTIC DISEASE
|
THE BABIES BLOOD BEING ATTACKED
|
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WHAT HAPPENS TO MISSMATCHED BLOOD IS TRANSFUSED?
|
DONORS RBCs ARE ATTACKED BY THE RECIPIENTS PLASMA ANTIBODIES
|
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DURING MISSMATCHED TRANSFUSION?
|
RBC CLUMPED TOGETHER
--WHAT KILLS YOU IS THE IRON BEING RELEASED DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD --WILL CAUSE RENAL FAILURE OF LIVER --WILLL REDUCE O2 |
|
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WHAT DO BLOOD TEST TELL US?
|
SPECIFIC HEALTH CONCERNS
--HEMATOCRITE (%RBC) --LIPIDEMIA (BLOOD LIPID LEVELS) = CHOLESTEROL --PROTHROMBIN TIME -- ABILITY OF BLOOD TO CLOT (TIME) |
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TO SEE CHANGES IN ERYTHROCYTES YOU WILL NEED?
|
MICROSCOPE
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WBC BLOOD DIAGNOSTIC IS WHAT?
|
DIFFERENTIAL WBC COUNT
|
