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168 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca is known as the (p. 259)
The Hajj
The term Islam means ___________. (p. 260)
The "House of Islam"
The phrase, “one who has submitted,” is the meaning of the term __________. (p. 260)
Muslim
The phrase dar al-Islam means (p. 360)
The House of Islam
In 595, Muhammad married a wealthy widow named (p. 260)
Khadija
The Quran (p. 261)
is the written versions of Muhammad's revelations; the holy book of Islam
The turning point in the rise of Islam was (p. 262)
Muhammad's move to Hagira
The Islamic holy law is known as the (p. 264)
Sharia
No religious leader could follow Muhammad, so political authority rested in the position of the _________________. (p. 266)
Caliph
After the death of Muhammad, political leadership fell to a caliph by the name of _____________________.
(p. 265)
Abu Bakr
The Shia believe that (p. 266)
The first Caliph should have been Ali
The main split inside Islam was between Sunni and (p. 266)
Shia
The victorious Arabic armies of the Umayyad dynasty, who took over power after that assassination of Ali, (p. 266)
solved the problem of succession by allowing religious freedom
The Umayyad insisted that conquered people pay a special head tax if they did not convert to Islam. This head tax was called the (p. 266)
jizya
The founder of the Abbasid dynasty was ________. (p. 266-267)
Abu al-Abbas
The Abbasid dynasty differed from the Umayyad dynasty in that ____________. 266-267)
it was more cosmopolitan and it was not a conquering dynasty
The capital of the Abbasid empire was (p. 267)
Baghdad
The word ulama refers to (p. 268)
people with religions knowledge
During the last two hundred years of the Abbasid empire, it fell under the control of the (p. 268)
saljuqs
The Abbasid dynasty finally came to an end in 1258, when it was overrun by the (p. 268)
Mongols
What new industry, transmitted to the Islamic world from China, was introduced during the Abbasid period? (p. 269-270)
paper manufacturing
Caravanserais were _____________________. (p. 269-270)
inns offering lodging for caravan merchants as well as food, water and care for their animals
19. Islamic banks honored letters of credit, which could be drawn on the parent bank, known as _____________. (p 271-272)
sukk
The Quran, following the example of Muhammad, allowed men to have up to how many wives? (p. 271-272)
four
How did the conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia influence the role of women in the Islamic world? (p. 272-273)
Mesopotamia had the practice of veiling women, which spread to Persia, When Muslim Arabs conquered Mesopotamia and Persian lands, they adopted this practice.
In an effort to recruit learned students, Islamic leaders often financially supported institutions of higher learning called (p. 273-274)
Mandrasas
The Sufis believed (p. 274)
devotion to Allah is more important than the mastery of the doctrine.
The Persian influence on Islam is best seen in ___________________________.
Literature
AND… The other name for the
collection of stories known as The Arabian Nights is ____________________________________. (p. 275-277)
the "Thousand and One Nights"
24. The main Indian influence on Islamic thought was in the field of ______________________.
mathematics
Arabic numbers actually had their origin in ________________________. (p. 277)
Gupta, India
The Islamic thinker who studied Aristotle and whose thought, in turn, influenced the rise of European scholasticism was ________. (p. 277-278)
Ibn Rush
The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang was famous for (p. 281)
traveling to India learn more about Buddhism and compiling Buddhist doctrines
The Sui dynasty was founded in 589 by ___. (p. 282)
Yang Jian
Under the leadership of the second Sui emperor, Sui Yangdi, the Sui construction of which of these items would have important economic implications well into the twentieth century? (p. 283)
the Grand Canal
The Grand Canal stretched from what city in the south to what city in the west? (p. 282-283)
from Hongzhou to Chang'an
The success of the Tang dynasty was due to its energetic second ruler. Who was he?
Tang Taizong
The Tang plan to avoid the concentration of land in the hands of the wealthy was called the ________.
(p. 283-284)
equal-field system
During the Tang dynasty, the imperial civil service examinations (p. 284)
most officeholders were aristocracy but by the late Tang dynasty when educational opportunities were widely available, office holders came largely from the ranks of common families. (smart people who were educated got positions)
During the Tang dynasty, (p. 285)
Expanding territory
The kowtow (p. 285)
a ritual prostration in whcih subordinates knelt before the empteror and touched their foreheads to the ground
In 757, the Tang emperors were forced to invite the Turkish Uighurs to bring an army into China and suppress a rebellion by (p. 286-287)
themselves (led by An Lushan)
The founder of the Song dynasty was (p. 287)
Song Taizu
The Song dynasty was substantially weakened by Song Taizu’s decision to (p. 287)
reward all state officials handsomely (raised taxes on others)
In 1279, the Song dynasty finally fell to the (p. 288)
Mongols
The most important new crop introduced into China during the Tang and Song periods was (p. 288)
fast-ripening rice
Foot binding is probably the best example of the ___
(p. 290)
strengthened patriarchal society
The most influential Chinese naval technological innovation was the ______ (p, 292)
magnetic compass
What alleviated the shortage of copper coins during the Song and Tang periods?
the development of different alternatives to cash
In 1024, ______________________. (p. 292-293)
the first paper money printed under government auspices appeared
Dunhuang in western China (p. 295)
had a sizeable Buddhist community
In an effort to win support in China by tying into Chinese traditions, Buddhist missionaries translated the Indian term dharma as (p. 296)
Dao
One of the more popular schools of Buddhism in China was (p. 296)
the Pure Land school
In the 840s, Tang emperors (p. 297)
ordered the closure of monasteries and the expulsion of Buddhists as well as Zoroastrians
46. In the seventh century C.E., the Tang dynasty agreed to a _________________ compromise with the Silla dynasty in Korea.
political
The Silla dynasty copied China in many ways, but never (p. 298-299)
established a bureaucracy
In regard to their relationship with China, the Viet people (p. 299)
Had a tenser relationship with them
In relation to Chinese traditions and influences, Vietnamese women (p. 299)
played a much more prominent role in Vietnamese society and economy
The native religion of Japan is (p. 300)
Shinto
Chinese influence on Japan was most profound during the (p. 30)
Heian period
The Japanese city of Nara was a copy of the Tang capital of (p. 300)
Chang'an
In 1185 the Minamoto clan defeated their rival the Taira clan and (p. 301)
Established Koma Kura Shogun
Which of the following refers to a mounted warrior? (p. 301)
samurai
The cultural development of Heian Japan reflects (p. 300)
both the influence of Chinese traditions and the elaboration of peculiarly Japanese ways.
What was the title of the military governor who ruled in place of the Japanese emperor? (p. 301)
shogun
Buzurg ibn Shahriyar (p. 305)
was a 10th century shipmaster from Siraf (who wrote the book "The Wonders of India"
In regard to political structure, postclassical India (p. 306)
remained a coherent and distinct society as a result of powerful social and cultural traditions, even though politically disunited
An invasion in 451 C.E. by the White Huns began the collapse of the (p. 306)
Gupta State
After the collapse of the Gupta dynasty in the fifth century, India would not be completely reunited until the (p. 306)
16th Century
The scholarly Buddhist emperor who reunited northern India in the seventh century was (p. 306)
King Harsha
In 711, the northern Indian area of Sind fell to the (p. 307)
Arabs
Islam reached India by all of the following routes EXCEPT (p. 307-308)
A) conquest by Arabic invaders.
B) missionaries sent by the emperor Harsha.
C) Islamic merchants.
D) migrations from Turkish-speaking peoples from central Asia.
E) Both b and d are true.
Did: Military, merchants, Turkish migrants, Mahmud of Ghazni, the Sultanate of Delhi, conquests

NOT missionaries sent by the Emperor Harsha
The Islamic ruler who led seventeen different raiding expeditions into India in the eleventh century with the goal of plundering was (p. 308)
Mahmud of Ghazni
Northern India was dominated from the twelfth through the early sixteenth century by the (p. 308)
Sultanate of Delhi
The wealthy trading state that controlled southern India from 850 through 1267 was __________.
the Chola kingdom
The kingdoms of southern India were mainly what religion? (p. 308-310)
Hindu
In 1336, Harihara and Bukka, two emissaries from the Delhi sultan, renounced Islam, reconverted to Hinduism, and founded the southern kingdom of ______, which means __________________________. (p. 310)
Vijayanagar
The presence of the changing monsoon winds ensured that (p. 310)
irrigation was essential for the maintenance of a large, densely populated agricultural society
From 53 million in 600 C.E., the population of India rose by 1500 C.E. to (p. 311)
105 million
Hindu temples (p. 311)
served as economic and social centers
India was a natural location for the establishment of emporia because of (p. 312-313)
the Indian Ocean basin with merchants and mariners going throughteh basin
During the postclassical age, the caste system (p. 315)
became securely established in Southern India as well as Northern India
The words “One should engage himself in singing of Me, praising Me . . .,” are drawn from what ninth-century Indian document? (p. 319)
The Bhagavata Purana
By around 1500 what portion of the total Indian population was Muslim? (p. 318)
about 25 Million, or about 1/4 of the subcontinent's population
The bhakti movement (p. 318-319)
is a cult of love and devotion that ultimately sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam
The bhakti teacher Guru Kabir believed (p. 319)
that shivam Vishnu and Allah were all manifestations of a single, universal deity, who mall devout believers could find within their own hearts.
Which of the following Indian concepts did NOT become popular in the southeast Asian states influenced by India? (p. 320-321)

A) Hinduism
B) the caste system
C) conducting official business in Sanskrit
D) literary classics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata
E) the creation of a Confucian class of scholarly bureaucrats
Did: political structures, religions (Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism), Sanskrit writing, literature, culture.

ruling elites became acquainted with Indian political/cultural traditions, borrowed forms of political organization and accepted Indian religious faiths, adopted kingship as principal form of political authority

DID NOT ADOPT THE CASTE SYSTEM
The first southeast Asian state to reflect Indian influence was centered on its capital port city of Oc Eo. What was its name?
Funan
That southeast Asian state dominated the lower reaches of which southeast Asian river? (p. 320)
the Mekong River
The kingdom of Srivijaya (p. 321)
gained political leadership in SE Asia after the fall of Funan, and controlled commerce in SE Asian waters.
The design of the Khmer temples at Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat show ___________.
the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism
The temples of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat were built by the rulers of what kingdom? (p. 322)
khmers in Angkor
Which of the following states had its base in Cambodia? (p. 321)
Angkor
Which of the following states, founded by Paramesvara, was most heavily influenced by Islam? (p. 324)
Melaka
The biggest difference between Melaka and the other states influenced by India was that Melaka (p. 324)
was predominantly Islanic
In 802, what gift did Charlemagne receive from the Abbasid caliph, Harun al-Rashid? (p. 327)
a rare albino elephant
Byzantium’s major advantage was its (p. 329)
location. It was on a defensible peninsula with a natural harbor, and connected sea lanes.
Which of the following statements about Constantinople is NOT true? (p. 329)

a. it was built in an attempt to vitalize the impoverished eastern half of the Roman empire.
b. it was constructed by Constantine.
c. it allowed the imperial court to keep watch on the Sasanid empire in Persia.
d. it was built because the eastern half was the wealthier and more productive part of the empire.
True: Byzantine capital, wealthy, powerful.
It was constructed by Constantine.
c. it allowed the imperial court to keep watch on the Sasanid empire in Persia.
d. it was built because the eastern half was the wealthier and more productive part of the empire.

NOT TRUE: ATTEMPT TO VITALIZE THE IMPOVERISHED EASTERN HALF OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
The most important political feature of the Byzantine state was __________________________________.
its tightly centralized rule under a powerful emperor.
Historians use the term caesaropapism, which marked the reign of the Byzantine emperors starting with
Constantine, to refer to (p. 330)
when the emperor ruled as assecular lord, as well as playing an active and prominent role in ecclesiastical affairs (political and religious authority)
The wife of Justinian, who proved to be an invaluable adviser, was ____________________. (p. 330-331)
Theodora - daughter of a bearkeeper in the circus, former striptease artist, smart, strong-willed and disciplined.
Hagia Sophia was (p. 331)
a church ("Holy Wisdom") constructed by Justinian

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. (church) It later became a mosque.
Justinian’s most important and long-lasting political achievement was _____________________.
his codification of Roman law.
Justinian’s issuance of the Corpus iuris civilis __________________________________________________.
(p. 331)
immediately won recognition as the definitive codification of Roman law.
Constantinople withstood sieges in 674-678 and 717-718 by (p. 332)
Muslim forces
One of the causes of Byzantine resurgence was the political innovation wherein a general was given military and civil control over an imperial province, or (p. 332)
the Theme system
Roman imperial power ended in 476 C.E. with the invasion of _____________________________.
Odoacer and the Germans
After the collapse of western Roman authority, _________________________________________. (p. 332-333)
imperial institutions progressively weakened.
Which Germanic tribe played the most important role in establishing the foundations of European development? (p. 333)
The Franks
Charlemagne maintained diplomatic relations with (p. 333)
the Byzantine empire and the Abbasid Caliphate.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about Charlemagne? (p. 333-334)

A. He appointed a court to oversee each country.
B. He rebuilt the old Roman Empire, with borders extending from North Africa to Northern Britain
C. He revitalized existing monasteries and endowed new ones.
D. He fought frequently, especially to control the boarder of the Empire.
B. His empire included much of France, the Lowland countries, parts of Germany, parts of Austria, Switzerland and Northern and Central Italy
Charlemagne made use of the missi dominici, or _________________________.
"envoys of the lord ruler"
The main goal of the missi dominici was to ________.
(p. 334)
bring the counts under tighter control.
When presented with the imperial crown by _______ in 800 C.E., Charlemagne __________________. The result of this action ____________. (p. 334)
Pope Leo III on Christmas Day
Became emperor
was that Pope Leo gained military support for the Vatican, and Charlemagne gained the authority to revive the unity of the Roman Empire in medieval Europe.
After the death of Louis the Pious, the Carolingian empire (p. 335)
was divided into three portions by his sons who ruled each as king.
Constantinople was raided at least three times in the ninth and tenth centuries by the (p. 335-336)
Vikings
The theme system (p. 337)
This system divided the Byzantine Empire into different districts that were each led by a general, they were created so that the military could respond quickly to attacks, also peasants who joined the army were given plots of land, thereby increasing the free peasant class.

flourished until the 11th century
The bezant (p. 338)
the Byzantine gold coin that became the standard currency in the Mediterranean basin for more than halfa millennium
One of the biggest reasons for increased agricultural production in Europe was the (p. 338)
The introduction of a Heavier Plow
Historians once used the term feudalism to refer to (p. 340)
the political and social order of medieval Europe
In medieval society, political power was vested in (p. 340)
lords
The most important relationship in feudalism was between (p. 340)
lords and retainers (vassals)
By the year 1000, the population of the two provinces of Christendom rose to about (p. 342)
36 million
Who provided the Roman church with a sense of direction by reasserting papal primacy? (p. 343)
Pope Gregory I
Emperor Leo III inaugurated the divisive ecclesiastical policy of (p. 343)
iconoclasm
St. Basil of Caesarea _______________.
prepared regulations for monasteries
The Benedictine Rule was spread to women living in convents by __________________________. (p. 344)
St. Scholastica
In 1054, the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople (p. 346)
mutually excommunicated
Saints Methodius and Cyril (p. 345)
devised the Cyrillic alphabet
What city, influenced heavily by Constantinople, was most important in the early rise of Russia? (p. 345)
Kiev
The rise of Orthodox Christianity in Russia was helped by the conversion in 989 of (p. 345)
Prince Vladimir of Kiev
The largest empire of all time was created by the Mongols. Karakorum was (p. 353)
the Mongol capital
The invasions of the nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries (p. 354)
meant that the nomadic peoples became more prominent in Eurasian affairs and led to Mongol Empire
The Turkish peoples (p. 354)
migrated to Persia, Anatolia, and India, where they overcame existing authorities and established new states.
The environment of central Asia (p. 354)
does not receive enough rain to support large-scale agriculture but grasses and shrubs flourish on the steppe lands so mainly pasture
Yurts were _________________.
large woolen tents that nomads lived in
The nomadic Turkish tribes made use of kumiss, which __________________. (p. 354)
was an alcoholic drink made by fermenting mare's milk into a potent concoction
Which of the following did NOT act as a limitation on the development of central Asian societies? (p. 354-355)
Did: aridity of climat,e nomadic liestyle, small-scale cultivation agriculture; no large-scale craft production

Did NOT : lack of trading opportunities - they traded extensively
The class structure of nomadic societies normally produced ______________________________________.
two classes, nobles and commoners
The noble class, in nomadic society, ______. (p. 355)
was fluid, people could gain or lose status
The earliest religion of the Turkish peoples was ______________________.
revolving around shamans
Which of the following religions did NOT ever become popular among the nomadic Turkish tribes?
Islam
In the tenth century, the Turks living near the Abbasid empire began to convert to _______________________. (p. 356)
Islam
The political power of the khans was based on (p. 356)
ruling through leaders of allied tribes
Nomadic peoples’ military might was based on their (p. 356)
cavalry forces
The term sultan means (p. 357)
chieftain or ruler
In 1055, the Saljuq Turkish leader Tughril Beg _________________________________.
was recognized as sultan
At Manzikert in 1071, the Saljuq Turks won an important victory over the __________. (p. 357)
Byzantines
Mahmud of Ghazni, the Ghaznavid Turkish leader who raided and plundered India in the eleventh century, invaded India based on (p. 358)
wanting to plunder it, but eventually wanted permanent rule
The Delhi sultans (p. 358)
claimed authority over all of northern India by the 13th century
In an effort to strengthen the Mongol fighting forces, Chinggis Khan _____________________________________.
created an army
At its height, Chinggis Khan’s army was as large as _________________________ troops. (p. 359)
100,000 to 125,000 Mongol troops
After 1215, the Mongol capital in China was (p. 360)
Khanbaliq (City of the Khan) which was originally the Jurchen capital near modern Beijing
Chinggis Khan (p. 361)
ruled the Mongols themselves through his control over the army, but did not establish a central government for the lands that he conquered.
The Chaghatai khans ruled (p. 361)
the Khanate of Changhai in central Asia
In 1279, Khubilai Khan proclaimed the _______.
himself the emperor and established the Yuan dynasty
It is during this time that Marco Polo spent almost _____________ years of his life in the court of Khubilai Khan.
20 (17 years?)
Khubilai Khan’s military and imperial pursuits _________________________________________________. (p. 362)
were not successful
The Mongol naval campaign against Japan in 1281 (p. 362)
was thwarted by a typhoon, which destroyed about 4500 Mongol vessels carrying more than 100,000 armed troops
Russia was dominated from the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries by the (p. 362)
Golden Horde
In 1295, the Ilkhan Ghazan converted to which religion, causing it to become the favored religion in Persia? (p. 363)
Islam
During their time as rulers of China, the Mongols ___/ (p. 364)

A) strengthened the Chinese educational and examination system.
B) made tremendous use of native Chinese administrators.
C) forbade the Chinese from learning the Mongol language.
D) encouraged intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese.
E) forged a lasting cultural and diplomatic exchange with Japan.
forbade the Chinese from learning the Mongol language,

Also< Stood aloof from their subjects, forbade intermarriage, and eliminated the Confucian system
During the period of Mongol domination (p. 364)
long-distance trade became much less risky
The Mongols brought about greater integration among Eurasian peoples by all of the following means EXCEPT ______________. (p. 364-365)
a common state religion
The ilkhanate in Persia began a rapid decline in the 1290s after (p. 365)
after the government issued paper money
The late-fourteenth-century Turkish ruler who weakened the Golden Horde, sacked Delhi, and launched campaigns in southwest Asia and Anatolia was ________________.
Tamerlane.
What was the name of his capital city? (p. 366-367)
Samarkand
The founder of the Ottoman Turks was (p. 368)
Osman I