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140 Cards in this Set
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Bedouin Tribe
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nomadic Arabs from northern Arabia
tribal autonomous but allegiant with larger community herding and raids, caravans with camels |
Arabia
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Muhammad
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Mohammed
Father of Islam, prophet of Allah Hameshite Quraishi tribe |
Islam
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Early Econonomic Importance
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5 and 6 centuries
other trage routes cocked so Mecca/Yemen route opened Bedouins and wealthy merchants fight |
good
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Pre-Islamic religion
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polytheistic
still had Allah as supremem deity tibes posses own stone representing god worshiped meteorite in Mecca |
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Arabic people
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Semitic speaking
Herodotus named the Arabs in Arabia |
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Similarites with Islam and Christianity
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monotheistic
salvation and afterlife prophet brought message holy book with rules |
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Differences with Islam and Christianity
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Prophet/founder not divine in Christianity
Bible does not set rules for politics |
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Hegira
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trpi to Yathrib (later called Medina)
Medina = "city of prophet" Islam thrived and spread Marked first day of Islamic calendar |
voyage
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Abu Bakr
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Muhammad's father in law
Caliph/Khalifa after Muhammad expanded movement using raides and unified Arabs |
caliph
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Muhammad Ali
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son in law and cousin of muhammad
wanted power instead of abu bakr power after uthman |
caliph
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Jihad
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strive in the way of the lord
"holy war" razzia to expand Islamic believers |
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imam
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religious leader
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caliph/khalifa
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successing ruler
generally imam |
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Hadith
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collection of prophet's sayings
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Shari'ah
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code of law
regulates daily life from Koran and/or Hadith |
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ulama
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scholars
made Shari'ah |
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Five Pillars of Islam
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ethical code
belief in Allah and prophet prayer 5 times a day and on Friday at 12 Ramadan fasting month Mecca pilgrimage once in lifetime alms or zakat(charity) |
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umma
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Muslim community
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Yathrib/Medina
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city of prophet
Hegira won more muslim followers from city and neighbors |
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suras
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chapter of Koran
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Caliphs
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Abu Bakr
Umar Uthman Ali Mu'awiya |
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Dilemma posed by Muhammad's death
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Muhammad was not divine so there was no seperate politial and religious authority
subjects to Allah were subjects to Muhammad ??? no male successors(all daughters) |
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problems with religion of Islam
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Koran is not historically accurate (changes)
Muhammad's fouding details are not many If closely examined, religion could be found faulty Modern Koran is foggy and open to various interps |
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Bans on Muslims
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no: gambling
pork alcohol dishonesty |
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Sex in Islam
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arranged marriages
polygyny (up to four wives) no unmarried men and women contacts |
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Muslim
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people of the book
people of the religion Islam |
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Islam
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"submission"
tolerated other religions Muhammad Allah and Koran |
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Gabriel
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angel spoke to Muhammad and told him message of Allah
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Mecca
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central religious capital
peaceful=trade center=city |
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Ka'aba
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religious gathering place (shrine) in mecca
centered on meteorite |
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majlis
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council of Bedouin elders
chose sheikh consent in decision |
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sheikh
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leader of Bedouin
selected from a leading family |
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Koran
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holy book of Islam
"recitation" rulse of conduct (law and political theory) |
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Allah
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Islam god
originall symbolized by stone communal faith no priests last message of god |
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8th century expansion
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west and east attacks of Mediterranean
North African Berbers Spain and Visigoth kingdom on Iberian peninsula (Andalusia) lost in France |
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African Berbers
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710 ce
Leader Tariq helped cross strait of Gibraltar and defeated Spain |
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Battle of Tours
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(Poitiers)
France Charles Martel led defeated Arabs |
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Byzantium
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surviving Roman empire in the east
717 launched attack on Constantinople Byz used Greek fire and won saved empire and Christian Europe uneasy frontier with Islam |
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Hussein
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Ali's second son
against Umayyads for ligitamacy supporters= Shi'ites Shi'at Ali- partisans of Ali defeated |
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Shi'ite and Sunni
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Sunni= orthodox Muslims
continues as mix today |
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Umayyad Caliphate
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Mu'awiya started hereditary Umayyad rule
Quraishi century rule more political that pious |
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Damascus
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capital of Umayyad dynasty
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Abu al-Abbas
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750 revolted against Umayyads and created new dynasty
Abbasid in Iraq stressed orthodoxy all Muslims more equal |
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Baghdad
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capital of Abbasid dynasty
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Harun al-Rashid
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Harun the Upright
golden age of Abbasid |
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al-Ma'mun
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patron of learning
astronomy and Greek translation economic prosperity (Eastern trade routes) paper from China, food to China and SE Asia |
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Abbasid rule
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regal caliphs (less spiritual, more kingly)
"caliph of God" autocratic very extravagent bureaucracy expanded diwan (council) led by vizier and wazir |
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diwan and vizier
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advising council of Abbasid dynasty
leader(vizier) caliph did not attend meetings, sat behind screen Persian influence or growth and prosperity |
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Abbasid decline (instability)
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succession= civil war between brothers
citizens sided with Amin or Ma'mun prices soared wealth=less power of caliph |
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Harun al-Rashid
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Abbasid king
Hashemite clan used treasury money wife spent much $$$ in Mecca |
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Barmakids
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powerful family
wealthy Rashid eliminated in jealous rage |
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disobedience under Abbasids
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caliphs and luxury
sexual promiscuity caliphs had thoursands of women in harems divorce homosexuality alcohol |
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further fall of Abbasid
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shortage of Arabs for army and bureaucracy
Turks and Persians influx in army and become dominant provinces seperated and started dynasties |
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Fatimids and Cairo
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973 Shi'ite dynasty
people=Fatimids capital Cairo |
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Spain dynasty
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prince of Umayyad travelled over in 750
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Morocco dynasty
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independent
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Seljuk Turks
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11th Century
nomadic Central Asia military mercenaries for Abbasid caliphate (archers) 1055 captured Baghdad sultan "holder of power" |
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Turk expansion
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Egypt and Byzantium
Manzikert battle against Byz |
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Battle of Manzikert
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1071 Byzantine challenged Turks
Lake Van Turks took over Anatolian peninsula Byz turned to west for help, leading to Crusades |
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Outlooks on Turkish rule
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Europe and Muslim= disaster
(barbarians, destroyers, and oppressers) Middle East= beneficial in fact |
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Benefits of Turkish Rule
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end to fraternal fights Sunni and Shi'ites
supported Sunnites reviltalized Islamic law and institutions political stability- prosperity |
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Bassan ben Sabbah
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Cairo= trained Persian
formed rebel group "assassins" |
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assassins
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guardians
founded by Bassan ben Sabbah terrorized government officials, political and religious figures base in South Caspian Sea mountains terrorists Al Qaeda highly motivated Mongols eliminated them |
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Mistakes of Turkish rule
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narrow interpretation of Koran and Shari'ah= difficult for faithful to respond to changes
Shi'ite resentment (betrayal) |
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Alexius I
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called for help from other Christian states against Turks
lied that Muslisms were blocking Christians from holy shrines set in motion Crusades |
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Crusades
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series of raids on Islamiz territory
"holy war" brought Christian rule |
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Saladin
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1169 led Sunni Muslims ended Fatimid dynasty
Sultan and controlled Egypt and Syria United muslim powers invaded jerusalem and defeated christians there no massacre, allowed christian religion to continue |
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Mongols
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pastoral
Gobi Desert-> much of known world Genghis Khan-central asia Hulegu and Khubilai Khan- Persia and Mesopotamia/ no caliphate in Baghdad violent, destroyed economy not Muslim |
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Islamic Reaction to Crusades
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first ineffectual and no action by Turks
Saladin led first deffensive attack |
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Allah's Koran
Islamic doctrine |
not to be changed by humans
politics economics civil and criminal law social ethics no difference from church and state |
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secular
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state
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Lombards
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entered Italy and took over Justinians land there
Byzantium kept southern Italy only |
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Belisarius
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best general of late Rome
defeated vandals in North Africa occupied Sicily, Italy defeated Ostrogoths |
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Justinian
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emperor of eastern Rome
married circus trainer theodora crushed revolts against him started to reconquer west (ended up getting quite a lot) |
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Mehmet II and 1453
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Ottoman Turks
seized Constantinople and ended Byzantine Middle East |
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Mamelukes(Mamluks)
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stopped Mongols in egypt
Turkish military class originally slaves seized power from Saladin Muslim renaissance in Cairo |
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later Mongols
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adapted to conquered peoples cultures
elites convert to Islam persian court rebuilt cities |
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fleets of the desert
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ships carried trade goods
during one of the most prosperous perios in Middle East history |
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Prosperity in Araby
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trade
banking urbanization (great architecture) |
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Leo Africanus
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traveler described Cairo as "one of the greatest and most famous cities in all the world, with great architecture"
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Threats to Urban Life
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fire
flood disease |
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Great Commercial Cities
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Basra(Persian Gulf)
Aden (Arabian peninsula) Damascus (Syria) Marrakech (Morocco) |
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Urban Architecture
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Caliph or Governor Palaces
Mosques Multistoried wealthy homes |
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women in Islam
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repected
inherit property polygany permitted adultery and homoesexuality forbidden (ignored) covering all parts of body in urban areas( Arab tradition not Koran) |
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Islamic society
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all equal in eyes of Allah
upper class farmland eventually in hands of wealthy slavery women |
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culture of Islam
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philosophy and science
Ibn Rushd (Averroes) adopted numerical system from India Algebra Galen (180-200) Ibn Sina (Avecinna) |
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Slavery
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widespread
Muslims could not enslave Muslims Agrica or non Islamic in Asia army or domestic, could purchase freedom revolts on large estates |
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Ibn Rushd
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Spanish Muslim philosopher
Averroes works were known in Europe and influenced christian thought |
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Indian texts
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math and linguistics
stimulated by paper |
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Paper
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allowed practice of mathematics and books
paper factories in Baghdad libraries European papermill- Pryenees region of Spain 12th century |
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astronomy
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observatory in Baghdad
earth was round world map based on Greco Roman astronomer Ptolemy |
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science
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optics
chemistry anatomy (physician Galen from Greece) and medicine |
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literature
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influenced by pre-Islamic traditions
poetry passed down by memory (Bedouin) |
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Rabe'a of Qozdar
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first Persian woman poet
suffering of love |
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Omar Khayyam
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Rubaiyat, Tales from 1001 Nights (Arabian Nights)
poetry combined with science and math calendar more accurate that Gregorian version from Europe simple and down to earth: impermanent life, not able to know god, no afterlife |
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Sadi
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Persian Shakespeare
Rose Garden sonnet love poems |
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Rumi
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Sufism
became dervish |
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Sufism
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"wool"
dervishes "poor" union with God through daning and chanting in a trance |
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al Mas'udi
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first Islamic historian
born in Baghdad 896 Muslim and non Muslim world Meadows of Gold- golden age of Abbasid |
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Ibn Khaldun
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historian in fourteenth century
scholarship and government one of first to attempt philosophy of history |
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Art
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influenced by many peopls in Islamic world
influenced by Romans or Babylonians, rhythm and abstraction |
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Dome of the Rock
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monument to proclaim spiritual and political lefitimacy of new religion to ancient world
Jerusalem |
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kibla
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wall facing holy city of Mecca
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Great Mosque of Samarra
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10 acres, 464 pillars
minaret tower where crier calls is most famous |
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mihrab
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niche in kibla wall with a decoration pointing to Mecca
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muezzin
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crier
calls faithful to prayer fives times a day |
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Cordoba
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in southern Spain
remarkable in world art let alone Islamic art |
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Islamic Palaces
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reflect glory of Islam
desert palaces |
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Alhambra
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palace in Spain
city of Granada The Lion Court |
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woolen rugs
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pre-Muslim era
prayer mats small girls, dowry |
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Trebonian
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jurist authorized to make a compilation of imperial edicts
Code of Law, first part of Corpus luris Civilis |
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Body of Civil Law
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Corpus luris Civilis
Code of Law, Digest, Institues,Novels |
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Digest
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writings of roman jurists
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Institutes
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brief summary of chief principles of Roman law
textbook of roman law |
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Novels
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important new edicts issued during Justinian reign
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Constantinople
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special Christian city
rebuilt by Justinian after riots 12th century, Europe's greatest commercial center silk produced in royal complex |
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Theodosius II
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constructed degensice wall to protect Constantinople
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Manufacturing
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emperors and empresses were active in trade and manufacturing
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Hippodrome
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huge arena in Constantinople
chariot racing Green and Blue |
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layout of Constantinople
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palace complex, Hippodrome, hundreds of churches
all types of houses near eachother underground reservoirs |
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Hagia Sophia
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Justinian's greatest church
Church of the Holy Wisdom |
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Procopius
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wrote a treatise on Justinian's building projects
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problems after justinian
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distant territory
empty treasury smaller population from plague threats at frontiers |
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Heraclius
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emperor of Byzantium
attacks from Persians (east) and Slavs (north) |
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theme
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new administrative unit in Byzantium
combined civilian and military offices to one person civil governor was military leader |
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Yarmuk battle
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Roman army defeated losing Syria and Palestine
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Arabs against Byzantium
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Yarmuk, got Persian empire, failed to get Constantinople
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Balkans
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Asiatic people Bulgars
defeated eastern Roman and took over Danube valley |
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Byzantine Empire
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Constantinople in place of Byzantium
Greek state, Greek language, Christian |
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iconoclasm
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most famous theological dispute of Byzantine empire
opposition of idolatry Roman popes opposed |
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idolatry
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worship of images in sixth century Byzantine
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Leo III
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Byzantine emperor
outlawed idol worship monk resistance |
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Seperation of churches
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Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodoxy (Byzantine true faith)
iconoclastic seperated them |
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Byzantine emperor
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chosen by God
subjects prostrated in his presence absolute power appointed patriarch (therefore control over church and state) |
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Michael III
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revival of Byzantine empire
golden age of Byzantine reforms, abolished iconoclasm pope or patriarch for power?? |
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Patriarch Photius
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did not agree with Nicene Creed as pope did
Photian schism |
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Nicene Creed
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Holu Spirit from Father and Son, not Holy Spirit from Father
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Macedonians
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new dynasty of Byzantine after Michael III
on offensive, domestic order, fought off enemies, support of church little more than barbarian parevenus (newly rich) |
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Charlemagne and Otto I
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Macedonian dynasty
thought of as western emperors |
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Achievements of Macedonians
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free farmers
economic prosperity expanding trade |
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