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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain China in the mid-18th century. |
doing great -controlled interaction with Europeans -population, trade, agricultural production growing -territory largest since Tang in 7th century |
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Explain Ottoman Empire ini mid-18th century. |
-Austrian Hapsburgs/Russians chipping away at empire -African Muslim kingdoms broke away -Economic problems -military can't keep back Europeans |
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Ottoman and China in 19th century. |
China shows how vulnerable they are -huge impact of Europeapn industrialiation -overpopulation, govt little power, rebellions
Ottomans still hanging in there -new leaders/new Western reforms |
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Ottoman and China in 20th century. |
China -foreign invasions, revolution, social/economic collapse
Ottomans -new leaders take power from sultanate -turkish area becomes a nation -middle east now exposed to europe |
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Explain then Ottoman problems due to series of weak rulers. |
-power struggles between ministers, religious experts, and Janissaries -local leaders + landowners (ayan) cheat sultan of money due to him -role of artisans/merchants declines with European impact |
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Explain how the Ottomans couldn't defend outer areas. |
-limited money for military, inferior tech -Russians push for warm-water port in Black Sea -throughout the 1800s, Europeans hold revolts (in Greece, Serbia, Balkans) |
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Selim III |
sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789-1807, aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy, toppled by Janissaries in 1807 |
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Mahmud II |
Ottoman sultan, built a private, professional army, tormented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army, destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allied, initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents |
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Tanzimat reforms |
series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839-1876, established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms, resulted in creation of new constiution in 1876 |
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What do the British help the Ottoman Empire do and why?
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Counter Russian advances
-concerned Russians might hurt British naval dominance |
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What does Sultan Selim III push for?
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Improved bureaucrats, navy and army
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Accomplishments of Mahmud II:
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-gets rid of Janissaries
-Great Soup Kettle Debate of 1836 -Sultan's secret military force slaughters Janissaries -limits power of ayan |
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Who were the Ulama?
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Religious leaders that pushed for conservative theocracy
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Explain the Tansimat reforms.
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-Westernized university education
-state run postal, telegraph, railroad -legal reforms |
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Effects of the Tansimat Reforms.
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-killed artisans (no import taxes)
-women no effect (ignored) |
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Abdul Hamid
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Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878-1908, nullified constition and restricted civil liberties, deposed in coup in 1908
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Ottoman Society for Union and Progress |
Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid, also called "Young Turks", desires to restore 1876 constition
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Irony of westernizing.. |
Western administrators want to end sultanate
-new elites compete with older convervatives (ulama and ayan) |
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How does Abdul try to end reforms? |
By becoming a despot
-Abdul restricts civil liberties(freedom of press) -"troublemakers" imprisoned Or killed |
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Explain the different ways of reversing the decline of the Islamic world? |
-return to Islamic past (some rose up to lead jihads, holy wars, against Europeans) -large-scale adaptation of Western ways -combine 2 approaches (Egypt's Muhammad Ali will try to combine both) |
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Describe the Arab world's frustration with Turkish/Ottoman rule. |
-cant stop European threat -Muslims at one point had destroyed/evenly matched Christendom -annoyed that they had been displaced as the leading civilization |
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Murad |
head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt, opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat, failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core |
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Muhammad Ali |
won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks, established mastery of all Egypt by 1811, introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms, by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople, died in 1848 |
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Explain the 1798 Napoleonic invasion of Egypt. |
-squares off against Mamluk (slave) regimes -Napoleon was able to defeat tens of thousands of Mamluks with firepower -symbolic of how far behind Muslim world was -eventually british shrink Napoleon's navy |
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What happens when Albanian Muhammad Ali rises and realizes the strength of the West? |
he tried to adapt European style of military -hired French officers -conscription for peasants -imported French weapons -adopted western tactics/methods of supply |
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Muhammad Ali's economic problems: |
military=expensive -told peasants to increase production -some new harbors, canals, irrigation -cant build industry because European goods are cheaper |
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What happened after Muhammad Ali's death? |
Egyptians intermarried with Turks Khedives=Ali's descendants rule until 1952 |
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Suez Canal |
built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869, financed by European investors, with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptians politics to protect their investment |
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al-Afghani |
muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century, stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry |
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Muhammad Abduh |
disciple of al-Afghani |
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Ahmad Orabi |
student of Muhammad Abduh, led revolt in 1882 against Turkish influence in Egyptian army, forced khedive to call on British army for support |
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Egypt's economic problems |
-making cotton one stable crop lead to market fluctuation (reliance on imports) -wealth waste on expensive pastimes -Egypt goes into debt to European financiers |
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Effects of Egypt's debt to Europeans |
-Europe wants access to cheap cotton -Europe wants access to Suez Canal -Frace/Britian involve themselves -British troops end up supporting puppet govts (khedives) |
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Explain Egypt's strategies of resistance: |
Muslim thinkers start meeting to discuss options -Jihad (drive infidels from Muslim lands) -return to religious/social life under Muhammad -borrow tech from west |
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Khartoum |
river town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan |
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Muhammad Achmad |
head of Sudanic Sufi brotherhood, claimed descent from prophet Muhammad, proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels, launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities, took Khartoum in 1883, also known as the Mahdi |
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Mahdi |
in Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer, also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of the late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in Sudan |
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Khalifa Abdallahi |
successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan, established state in Sudan, defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598 |
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Egypt conquers sendentary people, but explain the trouble with nomads: |
-taxes high -leaders corrupt -favoritism of some Sudanese tribes over others -Egyptians tried to get rid of slave trade |
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ExplInn Muhhammad Achmad's reforms: |
-control drinking and smoking -severely punish theft, prostituiton, adultery |
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Nurhaci |
architect of Manchu unity, created distinctive Manchu banner armies, controlled most of Manchuria, adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Bejing |
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banner armies |
eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags, created by Nurhaci in early 17th century, utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty |
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Kangxi |
confucian scholar and manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722, estblised high degree of Signification among the Manchus |
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Effects of Chinese isolation |
government turns corrupt/ineffective |
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Explain how the Manchus invited in by the Ming to help put down a rebellion: |
-they end up invading Beijing and then pushed S -forced submission of nomadic peoples on west, tribute from south kingdoms -took dynasty name of Qing |
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what did the manchus allow china to maintain |
chinese scholar gentry |
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Unlike the Mongols, the Manchus .... |
-retained exam system -most recent son of heaven--adopted ideology -practiced traditional confucian virtues -patrons of the arts |
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Explain how the Manchus maintained Chinese social structure. |
-respect/acceptance for rank/hiearchy -suspicion of other social organizations (guilds/secret societies) -women were treated poorly |
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Describe how the QIngs focused on making lives better for farmer. |
-tax breaks for those who resettle lands -tax/labor demands lowered -money spent of repairing infrastructure |
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Explain how the Qings loosen control of commerce |
-new ways for fiancing -lucrative market for traders |
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compradors |
wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty, specizalied in the import-export trade on China's south coast, one of the major links between China and the outside world |
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Explain the end of the Qing exam system |
cheating/favoritism |
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Who was money given to in the Qing dynasty |
the rich, not infrastructure |
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Why wasn't the Qing dynasty replaced by another dynasty? |
-Ming era brought in American crops (population explosion) -refusal to bring in tech innovations to satistfy population -corruption and conservative Manchus prevented needed changes
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Opium War |
fought between British and Qing China beginning in 1839, fought to protect British trade in opium, resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of traded |
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Lin Zexu |
distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in s china, ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium, sent into exile following the Opium War |
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Taiping Rebellion |
broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s, led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet, sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar gentry |
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Hong Xiuquan |
leader of Taiping Rebellion, converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity, attacked traditional Confuician teachings of Chinese elite |
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self-strenghtening movement |
late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West, led by provincial leaders |
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Boxer Rebellion |
popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China, failed because of intervention of armies of Wesern powers in China, defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provinical officials |
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What did Hong Xiuquan promise |
social reforms land redistribution liberation for women
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Sun Yat-sen |
head of revolutionary alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China, briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912, created Nationalist party of China |
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Puyi |
last emperor of China, deposed as emperor while still a small boy |
