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82 Cards in this Set

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Industrial Revolution

series of changes in economy of Western nations between 1740-20th century, stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution (new technology)

What were some major changes in the West?

-monarchies replaced by parliament


-North America emerges as major force in world economies

Phases of Western transformation:

-1750-1775: period of growing crisis


-1775-1850: politcal revolution simultaneously with industrial revolution


-1850-1914: implications of industrial revolution

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's beliefs:

government based on general will

Political thought



gap between:

leaders and thinkers

Age of revolution

period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848

who did new businesspeople challenge?

old aristocracy

Explain the population revolution:

-better border control (kept out immigrants with diseases)


-improved nutrition

Effects of the population revolution:

-upper class needed to control their position


-cant inherit property (join working class)


-rapid expansion of domestic manufacturing (run by merchants)

protoindustrialization

-set the foundation for future capitalism


-shift away from agricultural economy in Europe


-workers produce textile/metal products

population revolution

huge growth in population in western europe beginning about 1730, prelude to Industrial Revolution, population of France increased 50%, England and Prussia 100%

Population revolution altered behaviors:

-consumer mentality


-premarital sex


-parents lose control (can't threaten inheritance anymore)


-definance of authority

American Revolution

rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775-1783, resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of USA

Explain type of revolution that american revolution was

-change of power from one group of elites to another


-enlightened ideas used to justify switch, desire for political office

Why did the Atlantic coast colonies win?

-British blunders


-French help

Type of government Atlantic colonies set up:

-Montesquieu: checks and balances, divided branches


-civil liberties (still slavery)


-voting rights

French Revolution

revolution in France between 1789-1800, resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes, ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte, source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe

Causes of French Revolution:

-ideological factors (enlightment pressure-limit Church/aristocracy)


-social changes (merchant class wanted more power)


-peasants pressed by population issues (want freedom from aristocracy)


-catalyst (economic problems by French govt, series of wars)

Louis XVI

Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution

Role of Louis XVI

called for a meeting (Estates General)


turing into national meeting


king gives this legitimacy after riots, women marching, and chaos

Summer of discontent

-national assembly: passes Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen


-Storming of Bastille: symbol of repression


-great fear: many riots led to great flight

Effects of Summer of discontent

-seizure of church lands


-new parliament to restrict king


-freedom religion, press, property

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution, stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens, later became a political source for other liberal movements

guillotine

introduced as a method of humane execution, utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror (get rid of monarchy)

Describe Maximilien Robespierre

leader of radical phase


-lost touch with issues of the people


-creates new religion (cult of the Supreme Being)


-doesnt listen to urban peoples problems

New changes in the French revolution

-proclaimed universal manhood suffrage


-universal weights and measures


-slavery abolished


-universal military conscription (loyalty to the state)

nationalism

politcal viewpoint with origins in western Europe, urged importance of national unity, valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin

Napoleon Bonaparte

rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution, eventually became general, led a coup that ended the French Revolution, established French Empire under his rule

Describe Napoleon's rule:

followed conservative phase-oligarchy


-centralized system of secondary schools


-meritocracy (achievement based on skills, not birth)


-religious freedom


-tries to conquer Europe

Congress of Vienna

meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes

Balance of power created by Congress of Vienna

-Prussia gains power in Germany


-Piedmont in Northern Italy


-Britain gains new territory around the world


-Russia maintains control of Poland

Conservatives

political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century, opposed revolutionary goals, advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church

Politcal changes pushed for by liberals:

-more say for the people


-govt stays out of individual issues


-constitutional rules for religion, press, and assembly


-economic reforms


-better education

liberals

political viewpoints with origins in western Europe in the 19th century, stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government, urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments

radicals

politcal viewpoints with origins in western Europe in 19th century, advocated broader voting rights than liberals, in some cases advocated outright democracy, urged reforms in favor of the lower classes

what did the radicals want?

-more power for people (universal suffrage)


-socialism (attack private property and divide equally)

Greek Revolution

rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820, kept step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans

Reform Bill of 1832

legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class, failed to produce democracy in Britain

Chartist movement

attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s, demands for reform beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions, movement failed

Revolutions of 1848

climax of protest


-France starts it up again (socialism/govt supports jobs/womens rights-->replaces it with authoritarian)



-nationalism demands in Germany and Austria-Hungary--autonomy

Revolution of 1848 fails again

-revolution too drastic


-better transportation reduces food crisis


-better riot control police

In the Revolution of 1848, who replaces aristocrats

industrial buisness class

1850-1914


Family Life Changes

-low birth rates/low death rates (kids more important)


-better health for kids


-Louis Pasteur discovers germs (better sanitaiton)

1850-1914


Consumer Culture Begins

more money to buy products--

1850-1914


Rise in corporations

-more stock owned companies


-labor unions created

1850-1914


Farmer Life Improves

-more connected


-developed staple crops


-cooperatives to market crops/purchase supplies

Benjamin Disraeli

leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century, took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867, typical of conservative politicians making use of popular politics

Count Camillo di Cavour

architect of Italian unification in 1858, formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy, resulted in creation of constiutional monarchy under Piedmontese king

Otto von Bismarck

conservative prime minister of Prussia, architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870, utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes

American Civil War

rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775-1783, resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of USA

trasformismo

politlcal system in late 19th-century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals, parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo

Political Trends and the Rise of New Nations

-govt starts to gradually enacts reforms to avoid revolution (voting rights, freedoms)


-promoting active foreign policy creates nationalism

social question

issues relating to repressed classes in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women, became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870

socialism

political movement with origins in western Europe during the 19th century, urged an attack on private property in the name of equality, wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man

Karl Marx

german socialist who blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian, saw history as a struggle between low and upper classes, created importance of creating proletarian dictatorship

revisionsim

socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine, believed social success could be achieved gradually through political instituions

feminist movements

sought various legal and economic gains for women, won support from particulaty middle class women, active in western Europe at the end of the 19th century,

What did the west start to have?

-civil service exams (1000 years after Chinese)


-new schools


-welfare programs


Mass leisure culture

an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution, based on newspapers, musical halls, popular theater, vacations, and team sports

explain the emphasis on consumption and leisure

better wages + reduction in hours = free time, expendable income

Chalres Darwin

biolgist who developed the theory of evolution of species

Albert Einstein

deveopled math therories to explain the behavior of planentary motion

Sigmund Freud

viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious, argued the behavior is determined by impulses

Explain the expanding empirical knowledge of humans:

attempts to explain business cycles, causes of property, behavior of crowds

romanticism

aritistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe, held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature

Causes of Western expansion

-new markets for processed goods


-created commercial agriculture in other regions


-communication/transportaiton expansion


-Nationalistic rivalaries


-Businesspeople sought new changes for profit


-massive european emigration

Success of expansion:

-steamships brings technology inland


-improved weaponry-guns

Emerging Power of the United States


first 100 years remained isolated

-improved infrastructure, politcal system, internal growth, westward expansion


-new stream of immigrants


-success of America borrowed by Europeans during revolutions

Explain Civil War

industrial North vs agricultural South


-Civil War freed slaves, but South eventually reenslaved through sharecropping


-accelerataed America's industrizalization


European settlements in Canada, Austrailia, and New Zealand borrowed heavily from Western Civilization:

-parliaimentary legislatures and economies mirrored


-cultural styles borrowed from europe

Canada

-tried to create gradual self-govt to avoid revolution


-Quebec created to ease French tension


-new immigrants poor during last part of 18th century

Austrialia

-1788-1853: exported convicts


-discovery of gold increases population


-unified federal nation

New Zealand

-conflict with maoris (attempts to convert to Christianity)


-agricultural popualtion


-parliament allowed to rule self without interference from mother country

Connections with european settlements in canada, austrialia, and new zealand

-all remained agricultural


-themes of liberalism, socialism, modern art, and science transported


-received new waves of immigrants during 19th century


-industirlization leads to rapid colonization


Triple Alliance

alliance among germany, austria-hungary, and italy at the end of the 19th century, part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to WWI

Triple Entente

alliance among britian, russia, and france at the outset of the 20th century, part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to WWI

Balkan Nationalism

movement to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire, provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system, eventually led to WWI

Who became the new power in Europe by the 1880s

Germany


(secured alliances)

Who was most concerned with Germany?

France

Explain the arms race created to intimidate/defend against rivals

military conscription during peacetime

Explain Balkan states only adding to difficulty

-Balkan nations broke away from Ottoman Empire


-Serbia expanded

Diplomacy and Society

-nationalist competiton got out of control


-govt tried to distract population through foreign actions