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82 Cards in this Set
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Industrial Revolution |
series of changes in economy of Western nations between 1740-20th century, stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution (new technology) |
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What were some major changes in the West? |
-monarchies replaced by parliament -North America emerges as major force in world economies |
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Phases of Western transformation: |
-1750-1775: period of growing crisis -1775-1850: politcal revolution simultaneously with industrial revolution -1850-1914: implications of industrial revolution |
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau's beliefs: |
government based on general will |
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Political thought
gap between: |
leaders and thinkers |
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Age of revolution |
period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848 |
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who did new businesspeople challenge? |
old aristocracy |
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Explain the population revolution: |
-better border control (kept out immigrants with diseases) -improved nutrition |
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Effects of the population revolution: |
-upper class needed to control their position -cant inherit property (join working class) -rapid expansion of domestic manufacturing (run by merchants) |
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protoindustrialization |
-set the foundation for future capitalism -shift away from agricultural economy in Europe -workers produce textile/metal products |
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population revolution |
huge growth in population in western europe beginning about 1730, prelude to Industrial Revolution, population of France increased 50%, England and Prussia 100% |
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Population revolution altered behaviors: |
-consumer mentality -premarital sex -parents lose control (can't threaten inheritance anymore) -definance of authority |
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American Revolution |
rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775-1783, resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of USA |
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Explain type of revolution that american revolution was |
-change of power from one group of elites to another -enlightened ideas used to justify switch, desire for political office |
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Why did the Atlantic coast colonies win? |
-British blunders -French help |
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Type of government Atlantic colonies set up: |
-Montesquieu: checks and balances, divided branches -civil liberties (still slavery) -voting rights |
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French Revolution |
revolution in France between 1789-1800, resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes, ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte, source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe |
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Causes of French Revolution: |
-ideological factors (enlightment pressure-limit Church/aristocracy) -social changes (merchant class wanted more power) -peasants pressed by population issues (want freedom from aristocracy) -catalyst (economic problems by French govt, series of wars) |
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Louis XVI |
Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution |
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Role of Louis XVI |
called for a meeting (Estates General) turing into national meeting king gives this legitimacy after riots, women marching, and chaos |
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Summer of discontent |
-national assembly: passes Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen -Storming of Bastille: symbol of repression -great fear: many riots led to great flight |
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Effects of Summer of discontent |
-seizure of church lands -new parliament to restrict king -freedom religion, press, property |
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution, stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens, later became a political source for other liberal movements |
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guillotine |
introduced as a method of humane execution, utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror (get rid of monarchy) |
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Describe Maximilien Robespierre |
leader of radical phase -lost touch with issues of the people -creates new religion (cult of the Supreme Being) -doesnt listen to urban peoples problems |
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New changes in the French revolution |
-proclaimed universal manhood suffrage -universal weights and measures -slavery abolished -universal military conscription (loyalty to the state) |
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nationalism |
politcal viewpoint with origins in western Europe, urged importance of national unity, valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin |
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Napoleon Bonaparte |
rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution, eventually became general, led a coup that ended the French Revolution, established French Empire under his rule |
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Describe Napoleon's rule: |
followed conservative phase-oligarchy -centralized system of secondary schools -meritocracy (achievement based on skills, not birth) -religious freedom -tries to conquer Europe |
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Congress of Vienna |
meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes |
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Balance of power created by Congress of Vienna |
-Prussia gains power in Germany -Piedmont in Northern Italy -Britain gains new territory around the world -Russia maintains control of Poland |
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Conservatives |
political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century, opposed revolutionary goals, advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church |
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Politcal changes pushed for by liberals: |
-more say for the people -govt stays out of individual issues -constitutional rules for religion, press, and assembly -economic reforms -better education |
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liberals |
political viewpoints with origins in western Europe in the 19th century, stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government, urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments |
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radicals |
politcal viewpoints with origins in western Europe in 19th century, advocated broader voting rights than liberals, in some cases advocated outright democracy, urged reforms in favor of the lower classes |
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what did the radicals want? |
-more power for people (universal suffrage) -socialism (attack private property and divide equally) |
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Greek Revolution |
rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820, kept step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans |
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Reform Bill of 1832 |
legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class, failed to produce democracy in Britain |
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Chartist movement |
attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s, demands for reform beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions, movement failed |
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Revolutions of 1848 |
climax of protest -France starts it up again (socialism/govt supports jobs/womens rights-->replaces it with authoritarian)
-nationalism demands in Germany and Austria-Hungary--autonomy |
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Revolution of 1848 fails again |
-revolution too drastic -better transportation reduces food crisis -better riot control police |
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In the Revolution of 1848, who replaces aristocrats |
industrial buisness class |
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1850-1914 Family Life Changes |
-low birth rates/low death rates (kids more important) -better health for kids -Louis Pasteur discovers germs (better sanitaiton) |
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1850-1914 Consumer Culture Begins |
more money to buy products-- |
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1850-1914 Rise in corporations |
-more stock owned companies -labor unions created |
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1850-1914 Farmer Life Improves |
-more connected -developed staple crops -cooperatives to market crops/purchase supplies |
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Benjamin Disraeli |
leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century, took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867, typical of conservative politicians making use of popular politics |
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Count Camillo di Cavour |
architect of Italian unification in 1858, formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy, resulted in creation of constiutional monarchy under Piedmontese king |
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Otto von Bismarck |
conservative prime minister of Prussia, architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870, utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes |
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American Civil War |
rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775-1783, resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of USA |
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trasformismo |
politlcal system in late 19th-century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals, parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo |
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Political Trends and the Rise of New Nations |
-govt starts to gradually enacts reforms to avoid revolution (voting rights, freedoms) -promoting active foreign policy creates nationalism |
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social question |
issues relating to repressed classes in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women, became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870 |
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socialism |
political movement with origins in western Europe during the 19th century, urged an attack on private property in the name of equality, wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man |
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Karl Marx |
german socialist who blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian, saw history as a struggle between low and upper classes, created importance of creating proletarian dictatorship |
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revisionsim |
socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine, believed social success could be achieved gradually through political instituions |
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feminist movements |
sought various legal and economic gains for women, won support from particulaty middle class women, active in western Europe at the end of the 19th century, |
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What did the west start to have? |
-civil service exams (1000 years after Chinese) -new schools -welfare programs
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Mass leisure culture |
an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution, based on newspapers, musical halls, popular theater, vacations, and team sports |
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explain the emphasis on consumption and leisure |
better wages + reduction in hours = free time, expendable income |
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Chalres Darwin |
biolgist who developed the theory of evolution of species |
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Albert Einstein |
deveopled math therories to explain the behavior of planentary motion |
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Sigmund Freud |
viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious, argued the behavior is determined by impulses |
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Explain the expanding empirical knowledge of humans: |
attempts to explain business cycles, causes of property, behavior of crowds |
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romanticism |
aritistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe, held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature |
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Causes of Western expansion |
-new markets for processed goods -created commercial agriculture in other regions -communication/transportaiton expansion -Nationalistic rivalaries -Businesspeople sought new changes for profit -massive european emigration |
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Success of expansion: |
-steamships brings technology inland -improved weaponry-guns |
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Emerging Power of the United States first 100 years remained isolated |
-improved infrastructure, politcal system, internal growth, westward expansion -new stream of immigrants -success of America borrowed by Europeans during revolutions |
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Explain Civil War |
industrial North vs agricultural South -Civil War freed slaves, but South eventually reenslaved through sharecropping -accelerataed America's industrizalization
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European settlements in Canada, Austrailia, and New Zealand borrowed heavily from Western Civilization: |
-parliaimentary legislatures and economies mirrored -cultural styles borrowed from europe |
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Canada |
-tried to create gradual self-govt to avoid revolution -Quebec created to ease French tension -new immigrants poor during last part of 18th century |
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Austrialia |
-1788-1853: exported convicts -discovery of gold increases population -unified federal nation |
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New Zealand |
-conflict with maoris (attempts to convert to Christianity) -agricultural popualtion -parliament allowed to rule self without interference from mother country |
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Connections with european settlements in canada, austrialia, and new zealand |
-all remained agricultural -themes of liberalism, socialism, modern art, and science transported -received new waves of immigrants during 19th century -industirlization leads to rapid colonization
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Triple Alliance |
alliance among germany, austria-hungary, and italy at the end of the 19th century, part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to WWI |
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Triple Entente |
alliance among britian, russia, and france at the outset of the 20th century, part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to WWI |
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Balkan Nationalism |
movement to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire, provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system, eventually led to WWI |
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Who became the new power in Europe by the 1880s |
Germany (secured alliances) |
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Who was most concerned with Germany? |
France |
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Explain the arms race created to intimidate/defend against rivals |
military conscription during peacetime |
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Explain Balkan states only adding to difficulty |
-Balkan nations broke away from Ottoman Empire -Serbia expanded |
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Diplomacy and Society |
-nationalist competiton got out of control -govt tried to distract population through foreign actions
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