Ap World History Chapter 2

Front 1

Loess

[lO es, les, lus]

Back 1

Fine grained soil deposited in Ordos region in China bent by winds from central Asia; created fertile soil for sedentary agricultural communities

Front 2

Daoism

Back 2

Philosophy associated with Laozi; stressed need for alignment with Dao or cosmic force

Front 3

Secret societies

Back 3

Chinese peasant organizations; provided financial support in hard times and physical protection in case of disputes with local aristocracy

Front 4

Patrilineal

Back 4

Family descent and inheritance traced through the male line

Front 5

Loyang

Back 5

Along with Xian, capital of the Zhou dynasty

Front 6

Hsiung-nu

[shEE oong nU]

Back 6

Also known as the Huns; horse nomads responsible for the disruption of Chinese, Gupta, and Roman civilizations

Front 7

Shang

Back 7

First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bend

Front 8

Laozi

Back 8

Also known as Lao Tsu; major Chinese philosopher; recommended retreat from society into nature; individual should seek to become attuned with Dao

Front 9

Ordos bulge

Back 9

Located on Huanghe River; region of fertile soil; site of Yangshao and Longshan cultures

Front 10

Qin dynasty [chin]

Back 10

Established in 221 B.C.E. at the end of the Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 B.CE.

Front 11

Wang Mang

Back 11

Member of one of the powerful families related to the Han emperors through marriage; temporarily overthrew the Han between 9 and 23 C.E.

Front 12

Liu Bang

Back 12

Founder of the Han dynasty in 202 B.C.E.

Front 13

Shi

Back 13

Probably originally priests; transformed into corps of professional bureaucrats because of knowledge of writing during Zhou dynasty in China

Front 14

Forbidden City

Back 14

Imperial precinct within the capital cities of China; only imperial family, advisors, and household were permitted to enter

Front 15

Yellow River

Back 15

Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China

Front 16

Confucius

Back 16

Also known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher; born in 6th century B.C.E.; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi

Front 17

Feudalism

Back 17

The social organization created by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service

Front 18

Oracles

Back 18

Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing

Front 19

Yu

Back 19

A possible mythical Chinese ruler revered for the construction of an effective system of flood control along the Huanghe River valley; founder of the Xia kingdom

Front 20

Ideographic writing

Back 20

Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing

Front 21

Tian

Back 21

Heaven; an abstract conception in early Chinese religion; possibly the combined spirits of all male ancestors; first appeared during Zhou dynasty

Front 22

Mandate of Heaven

Back 22

The divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers; established by Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang

Front 23

Extended families

Back 23

Consisted of several generations, including the family patriarch’s sons and grandsons with their wives and children; typical of Shang China elites

Front 24

Nuclear families

Back 24

Consisted of husband and wife, their children, and perhaps a grandmother or orphaned cousin; typical of Chinese peasantry

Front 25

Great Wall

Back 25

Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi

Front 26

Mencius

Back 26

Also known as Meng Ko; follower of Confucius; stressed consent of the common people

Front 27

Xia

[shEE Š]

Back 27

ChinaÕs first, possibly mythical, kingdom; no archeological sites have been connected to it; ruled by Yu

Front 28

Shi Huangdi

[shOE hwŠng dEE]

Back 28

Founder of the brief Qin dynasty in 221 B.C.E.

Front 29

Eunuchs

Back 29

Castrated males used within the households of Chinese emperors, usually to guard the emperorsÕ concubines; became political counterbalance to powerful marital relatives during Later Han

Front 30

Scholar-gentry

Back 30

Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China

Front 31

Zhou

Back 31

Originally a vassal family of Shang China; possibly Turkic in origin; overthrew Shang and established second historical Chinese dynasty

Front 32

Xian

[shEE Šn]

Back 32

Along with Loyang, capital of the Zhou dynasty

Front 33

Wu

Back 33

First of the Zhou to be recognized as king, 1122 B.C.E.

Front 34

Han dynasty

Back 34

Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 B.C.E.; ruled for next 400 years

Front 35

Vassal retainers

Back 35

Members of former ruling families granted control over the peasant and artisan populations of areas throughout Shang kingdom; indirectly exploited wealth of their territories

Front 36

Sunzi

[hsun tzu, shUn-]

Back 36

A 4th century B.C.E. advisor to Chinese monarch, who wrote the classic treatise The Art of War