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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile carry out? |
A program of unification that sought to eliminate the religious and eventually ethnic divisions in their kingdoms. |
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Who came to America as conquerors? |
Commoners that sought to recreate themselves as a new nobility, with natives as serfs. |
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What did the political centralization in Portugal and Castile mainly depend on? |
A professional bureaucracy, usually made up of men trained as lawyers and judges. |
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What were the three periods of the Spanish and Portuguese conquest? |
First, an era of conquest. Second, an era of consolidation and maturity. Third, a period of reform and reorganization. |
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What was possible by the conquest and destruction of many American Indian societies and the transformation of others? |
Immigration, commerce, and exploitation of native populations, linking these areas of commerce into an Atlantic economy. |
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What came from the surplus labor of the Taino people in the Caribbean? |
The encomienda system |
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What caused the English, French, and Dutch to begin to settle in the Caribbean islands for competition? |
The growth in sugar and slaves became the basis of resurgence. |
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What occurred in the Caribbean in terms of diffusion? |
The Columbian Exchange |
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What participated alongside the administrative institutions in the Caribbean? |
The church |
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What marked the shift from an era of conquest to one of settlement? |
The arrival of both Spanish women and African slaves. |
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What was the cause for the need of African slaves in the Caribbean? |
The rapid depopulation of the native Taino people. |
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What best describes the conquest of the Spanish? |
A series of individual initiatives that usually operated with government approval. |
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What lead to the capture and execution of the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II? |
The combination of deception, boldness, ruthlessness, and luck. |
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What lead the Spaniards to conquer beyond Panama? |
Rumors of a rich kingdom to the South. |
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Who penetrated as far as modern S.W. United States in search for mythical cities of gold? |
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado |
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How many of the conquerors were professional soldiers? |
Very few; They represented all walks of Spanish life, including a scattering of gentlemen, and sometimes even former slaves and freedmen. |
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What generally gave the Spaniards the edge over the American natives? |
The technological advancement that they had, combined with effective and ruthless leadership. |
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What creates a series of important philosophical and moral questions for Europeans? |
The Spanish conquest of the Americas |
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What excuse was used by conquistadors to conquer the Americas? |
The conquest was necessary to spread the gospel and that control of Indian labor was essential for Spain's rule. |
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What caused the massive depopulation of American natives? |
Diseases like smallpox and measles, war, and destruction.
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How did the Spaniards interfere with Native American life traditions? |
They did not interfere if it served colonial goals or at least didn't openly conflict with Spanish authority or religion. |
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What caused the end of the encomienda system? |
The Spanish crowns' unwillingness to see an new nobility arise in the New World among the conquerors with their grants of Indian serfs. |
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What was the basis of Spain's rule in the Indies? |
Mining |
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What did the owners of the mines have to do in terms of production? |
Give 1/5 of their profits to the government. |
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What became the basis of wealth and power for the local aristocracy in many regions? |
The Haciendas
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What controlled goods shopped to America and handled much of the silver received in return? |
Consulado |
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What clarified the spheres of influence and rights of possession in the New World? |
The Treaty of Tordesillas |
