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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What animal was considered essential to the Mongol way of life? |
The Horse/Pony |
"The tough _____ they rode to round up their herds, hunt wild animals, and make war were equally essential to their way of life." (page 333) |
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What were some of the vital qualities of a Mongol tribe leader? |
The ability to forge alliances, attract dependents, and have courage in battle. |
"_____, usually evidenced by bravery in the hunt, and the ability to _____ and _____ were vital leadership skills." (page 334) |
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Who was Chinggis Khan before he was called Chinggis Khan (in his youth)? |
Temujin |
"Chinggis Khan, who as a youth was named _____ , was born in the 1170s into one of the splinter clans that fought for survival in the decades after the death of Kabul Khan." (page 335) |
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How did Tumujin recover from the attack of a rival tribe? |
He joined a stronger tribe, had them help him in revenge to the tribes, and gained a reputation strong enough to put him in the position of the khagan. |
"...He and his people _____ the camp of a more powerful Mongol chieftain...with the support of this powerful leader, Temujin's _____ the insults of the clan that had enslaved him...Tumujin - renamed Chinggis Khan - was elected the _____ , or supreme ruler, of the Mongol tribes." (page 335) |
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What did Chinggis Khan bring to the Mongol civilization? |
He brought organization, discipline, and a unity of command to the Mongol empire, unifying them. |
"To a people whose very lifestyle bred mobility, physical courage, and a love of combat, Chinggis Khan and his many able subordinate commanders brought _____ , _____ , and _____ ." (page 335) |
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What is a strong Mongol value in battle that was enforced by Chinggis Khan? |
Cowardness in battle, which means not being in his unit or retreat, would be punished and courage rewarded. |
"Mongol values, which made _____ in battle a prerequisite for male self-esteem, where buttressed by a formal code that dictated the immediate execution of a warrior who _____ his unit." (page 336) |
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What is Chinggis Khan's "greatest pleasure in life"? |
Making war, defeating enemies, forcing their beloved to weep, riding on their horses, and embracing their wives and daughters. |
"He once said that his greatest pleasure in life was making _____, _____, forcing 'their beloved [to] _____, _____ on their horses, _____ their wives and daughters.'" (page 336) |
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What happened to cities that resisted the Mongols? |
They were sacked, the townspeople were killed or became slaves, and the buildings were destroyed beyond repair. |
"...Towns that fought back were usually _____ once they had been taken. The townspeople were _____ or sold into _____; their homes palaces, mosques, and temples were _____." (page 336) |
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What was the Mongol's common technique in battle? |
They would have some of the cavalry attack, then retreat, bringing the remaining enemy forces out. Once they were far enough, the entire cavalry would converge on the forces and defeat them. |
"_____ were sent to attack the enemy's main force. Feigning defeat, the cavalry _____, drawing the opposing forces out...once the enemy's pursuing horsemen had spread themselves over the countryside, the main force of the Mongol heavy cavalry..._____ in a devastating pincer formation." (page 336-337) |
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What did Chinggis Khan take interest in once the conquered people have been subdued? |
"Their" arts and learning. |
"Once the conquered peoples had been subdued, he took a keen interest in _____ and _____, although he refused to live in their cities." (page 338) |
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What seems so paradoxical about the Mongol conquest? |
Mongol destruction and brutality conquering cities also became a major source for a thriving civilization with civilized life. |
"Paradoxically, Mongol expansion, which sedentary chroniclers condemned as a _____ orgy of _____ and _____, also became a major force for _____ and _____ development and the enhancement of _____ life." (page 338) |
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Who became the Khagan after Chinggis Khan? |
Ogedei |
"In accordance with Chinggis Khan's preference, _____, his third son, was elected khagan." (page 338) |
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What armies were responsible for conquering Russia and Europe? |
The Golden Horde |
"Russia and Europe were added to the Mongols' agenda for world conquest. Subjugating these regions became the project of the armies of the _____, named after the golden tent of the early khans of the western sector of the Mongol Empire." (page 339) |
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What was the main cause of the Mongol success in Russia? |
The Russian weaknesses (refused to be unified and being in a decline). |
"...When the Mongol warriors first descended, Russia had been _____ into numerous petty kingdoms...by this time, Kiev, which originally dominated much of central Russia, had been in _____ for some time. As a result, there was no paramount power to rally Russian forced against the invaders." (page 339) |
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What happened to the Russian peasants when the Mongols conquered them? |
They either fled or became serfs. |
"Impoverished and ever fearful of the lightning raids of Mongol marauders, the peasants _____ to remote areas or became, in effect, the _____ of the Russian ruling class in return for protection." (page 339) |
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How did Russia regain independence from the Mongols? |
With the gaining power of Moscow, they gathered an army and defeated the Golden Horde. |
"As _____ grew in strength, the power of the Golden Horde declined...the princes of Moscow shifted from being tribute collectors to being the _____ of Russia. In alliance with other Russian vassals, they _____ that defeated the forces of the Golden Horde at the _____. Their victory and the devastating blows Timur's attacks dealt the Golden Horde two decades later effectively broke the Mongol hold over Russia." (page 340) |
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Who did the Christians in western Europe think that the Mongol khan was? |
Prester John |
"Rumors and reports from Christians living in the area, chafing under what they saw as persecution by their Muslim overlords, convinced many in western Europe that the Mongol khan was none other than _____." (page 341) |
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What was the reason for the Mongol's disappearance in Europe? |
The death of the khagan. |
"The death of the _____, in the distant Mongol capital at Karakorum, forced Batu to withdraw in preparation for the struggle for succession." (page 341) |
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What was a key results of Hulegu's conquests? |
The capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1258. |
"...Once of the key results of Hulegu's assaults on the Muslim heartlands was the capture and _____ of _____ in 1258." (page 341) |
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What factors stopped the conquest in the Islamic heartland? |
The rising power of the Mamluks combined with the threat from Berke. |
"The Mamluks were deeply entrenched and growing stronger; Hulegu was threatened by his cousin Berke, the new khan of the Golden Horde to the north, who had converted to Islam...Hulegu decided to settle for the kingdom he already ruled..." (page 343) |
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What dynasty was established after Kubilai Khan's conquest in China? |
The Yuan Dynasty |
"A decade later, in 1271, on the recommendation of Chinese advisors, he changed the name of his Mongol regime to a Chinese-language dynastic title, the _____." (page 343) |
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What was the new social structure of the Yuan dynasty? |
Mongols, then nomadic and Muslim allies, then the ethnic Chinese. |
"In the Yuan era, a new social structure was established in China, with the Mongols on top and their central Asian nomadic and Muslim allies right below them in the hierarchy...beneath them came the ethnic Chinese..." (page 344) |
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What factor lowered the influence the women in the Yuan dynasty? |
The rising power of neo-Confucianism |
"As _____ gained ground under Kubilai's successors, the arguments for confining women multiplied. Ultimately, even women of the Mongol ruling class saw their freedom and power reduced." (page 344) |
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Why were so many different cultures involved in Kubilai's court? |
Kubilai had a strong interest in learning all the religions and insisted on cultural toleration in his domains. |
"Like his grandfather, Kubilai had a strong interest in all _____ and insisted on _____ in his domains." (page 345) |
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What group did Kubilai Khan make most of his policies benefit? |
The peasantry class |
"Initially, at least, Kubilai Khan pursued policies toward one social group, the _____ that the scholarly class would have heartily approved." (page 346) |
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Who was dedicated to overthrowing the dynasty? |
The White Lotus Society |
"Secret religious sects, such as the _____, were dedicated to overthrowing the dynasty." (page 348) |
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What came after the Mongols? |
The Turks, lead by Timur. |
"Just as the peoples of Europe and Asia had begun to recover from the upheavals caused by Mongol expansion, a second nomadic outburst from central Asia plunged them again into fear and despair. This time the nomads in question were Turks, not Mongols, and their leader, Timur-i Lang..." (page 348) |
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What caused the fall of Timur's empire? |
The death of Timur. |
"After his death in 1405, his empire was pulled apart by his warring commanders and old enemies anxious for revenge." (page 349) |
