Ap World History Chapter 11

Front 1

Aztec provinces:

Back 1

50 city-states

Front 2

What did the Aztecs call Tenochitlan?

Back 2

"the foundation of Heaven"

Front 3

What civilizations followed the collapse of Teotihuacan?

Back 3

Toltecs and Atecs

Front 4

What did the Toltecs and Aztecs base their achievements on?

Back 4

their predecessors but they rarely surpassed them except in political and military organization

Front 5

When/How did the Aztecs rise?

Back 5

In the 15th century from humble beginnings to create an extensive empire organized for war, motivated by religious zeal, and resting on a firm agrarian base

Front 6

What happened to the population when the Toltec Empire fell?

Back 6

the center of population and political power in central Mexico shifted to the valley of Mexico and especially to the shores of lakes

Front 7

People in Central Valley:

Back 7

variety (Chichimec migrants and sedimentary farmers)

Front 8

Conquered people (Aztecs)

Back 8

-pay tribute

-surrender lands

-sometimes do military service

Front 9

3 major groups/cults of Aztec deities:

Back 9

-gods of fertility

-gods of creation

-gods of sacrifice/warfare

Front 10

Capital of Tenochtitlan was dedicated to:

Back 10

Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc

Front 11

When/Where did Toltec civilization start?

Back 11

central Mexico in the 10th century

Front 12

Toltec capital:

Back 12

Tula

Front 13

What was the Toltec civilization based on?

Back 13

Teotihucan

Front 14

Toltec states was the first ___

Back 14

conquered state in Americas

Front 15

Toltec government:

Back 15

ruled by dual kings--> internal conflicts

Front 16

End of Toltec civilization:

Back 16

destroyed by nomadic invaders in 1156 CE

Front 17

Aztecs

Back 17

northern people (clan society) in Lake Texcoco areas

Front 18

2 main cities in Aztec civilization:

Back 18

-Tenochtitlan (capital)

-Tlatelolco (big city)

Front 19

Aztec government:

Back 19

monarchy

city-states

Front 20

Aztec Kings:

Back 20

-conquer territory ---> wealth

-many commoners with little say ---> inequalities in wealth

Front 21

Aztec Agriculture:

Back 21

-land reclamation products

-constructed irrigated fields

-gardens on lake

-food tribute met 1/4 of capital's requirements

Front 22

Aztec Trade:

Back 22

-long distance trade (Central America)

-merchants (lower class)

-no: wheeled vechicles, draft animals, money used

Front 23

Aztec Worship:

Back 23

-large numbers of gods

-Huizilopuchtil (most important, sun god who required human sacrifice)

Front 24

currency in Aztec civilization:

Back 24

cacao beans and gold dust

(mostly barter system)

Front 25

Aztec society became mostly ___

Back 25

hierarchical as the empire grew and social classes with different functions developed, although organizations based ion the calpulli never disappeared

Front 26

Why was it difficult for the Aztecs to maintain the large population of central Mexico?

Back 26

Aztec society confronted technological barriers

Front 27

What happened when Aztec power expanded?

Back 27

a class of nobility emerged, based on certain privileged families in the most distinguished calpulli

Front 28

Roles of women

(peasants):

Back 28

-helped in fields

-run household (children and cooking)

-weaving

Front 29

Aztec Marriages:

Back 29

-arranged between lineages

-virginity at marriage = important

-polygamy among nobility

Front 30

What developed after 1300 CE?

Back 30

in the Andean Cultural hearth the Inca Empire (Twantinsuyu) was a highly centralized system that integrated various ethnic groups into an imperial state

Front 31

States in Andean Zone?

Back 31

many large, important states

Front 32

What was polytheistic belief based on?

Back 32

a profound animism that endowed many natural phenomena with spiritual power

Front 33

Incan empire ruled by ___

Back 33

an inca, who was considered almost a god

Front 34

Twantinsuyu provinces:

Back 34

divided into 4 main provinces, each under a governor, and then divided again

Front 35

Unlike the Aztecs, the Incas ___

Back 35

did not demand a tribute, but instead, labor

Front 36

What was absent in Incan Empire?

Back 36

distinct merchant class---Incans were self-sufficient

Front 37

Similarities between Incas and Aztecs:

Back 37

-represented the success of imperial military organization

-based on intensive agriculture

-older kinship-based institutions were dominant

-nobles were personnel of the state

-reorganized local ethnic groups and political leaders

-created by conquest of sedentary agriculture people

Front 38

Difference between Incas and Aztecs:

Back 38

-trade and markets were more developed in Aztec civilization

-metallurgy, writing, social definition, hiearchy

Front 39

Similarity between Incas and other Indians

Back 39

division into clans

Front 40

Indians

Back 40

Misnomer created by Columbus referring to indigenous peoples of New World, implies social and ethnic commonality among Native Americans that did not exist

Front 41

Calpulli

Back 41

Clans in Aztec society, later expanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors

Front 42

Pachacuti

Back 42

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471, launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca

Front 43

Twantinsuyu

Back 43

Word for Inca Empire, region from present-day Colombia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina

Front 44

Split Inheritance

Back 44

Inca practice of descent, all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead inca's mummy

Front 45

Temple of the Sun

Back 45

Inca religious center located at Cuzco, center of state religion, held mummies of past Incas

Front 46

Tambos

Back 46

Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses, supply centers for Inca armies on move, relay points for system of runners used to carry messages

Front 47

Mita

Back 47

Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion, all communities were expected to contribute, an essential aspect of Inca imperial control

Front 48

Yanas

Back 48

a class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artistians, or workers for the inca or the Incan nobility

Front 49

Quipu

Back 49

System of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system, could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records

Front 50

Inca socialism

Back 50

A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia, image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole

Front 51

Toltec Culture

Back 51

Succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico, strongly militaristic ethnic including human sacrifice, influenced large territory after 1000 CE, declined after 1200 CE

Front 52

Topiltzin

Back 52

Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century, dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl, after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula

Front 53

Quetzalcoatl

Back 53

Toltec deity, adopted by Aztecs as a major god

Front 54

Tenochtitlan

Back 54

Founded CE 1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco, became center of Aztec power, joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of central plateau of Mesoamerica

Front 55

Tlaloc

Back 55

Major god of Aztecs, associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle, god of rain

Front 56

Huitzilopochtli

Back 56

Aztec tribal patron god, central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare, identified with old sun god

Front 57

Nezhualcoyotl

Back 57

Leading Aztec king of the 15th century

Front 58

Chinampas

Back 58

Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands", system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs

Front 59

Pochteca

Back 59

Special merchant class in Aztec society, specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items