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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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trans- Siberian railroad
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-created by Russia in the 1870s
-connected European Russia with Pacific -nearly completed by the end of the 1880s -directly stimulated expansion of Russia's iron and coal sectors, and the export of grain to the West, which now became essential to earn foreign currency needed in payment for advanced Western machinery -railroads opened Siberia up to new development, which in turn brought Russia into a more active and contested Asian role -led to modern factories, urban working class, printing factories, and metalworking shops expanded the skills artisanry in the cities, and metallurgy and textile plants recruited a still newer semiskilled industrial labor force from the troubled countryside |
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Sergei Witte
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-Minister of Finance from 1892 to 1903 and an ardent economic modernizer
-under him, the government enacted high tariffs to protect new Russian industry, improved its banking system, and encouraged Western investors to build great factories with advanced technology |
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By 1900, approximately half of Russian industry was...
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foreign owned and much of it was foreign operated, with British, German, and French industrialists taking the lead
-Russia became a debtor nation as huge industrial development loans piled up -Russia has surged to fourth rank in the world in steel production and was second to the United States in the newer area of petroleum production and refining -Russian textile output was also impressive -long-standing Russian economic lags were beginning to yield |
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Russia's world rank by 1900 was a function more of its...
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great size and population, along with its rich natural resources, than of thorough mechanization
-many Russian factories were vast but they usually were not up to Western technical standards, nor was the labor force highly trained -agriculture also remained backward, as peasants, often illiterate, had neither capital nor motives to change their ways |
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How did Russia remain a traditional peasant society in many ways?
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-beneath the official military reorganization, many peasant-soldiers continued to see their officers as landlord- patrons
-discipline and military efficiency were lax -absence of a large, self-confident middle class of the sort that had arisen earlier in the West were evident -businesspeople and professionals grew in numbers, but often they were dependent on state initiatives, such as zemstvo employment for doctors and economic guidance for businesspeople -they also lacked the numbers and tradition to become as assertive as their Western counterparts had been (for example, in challenging aristocratic power and values) |
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How did Alexander II's reforms affect Russia?
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-Minority nationalists made demands of the great empire
-intellectuals explored the cultural traditions of Ukrainians and other groups -nationalist beliefs initially were imported from western Europe, but here and elsewhere in eastern Europe, they encouraged divisive minority agitation that multinational states, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, found very hard to handle -social protest was heightened not only by the limitations of reform but by industrialization itself -recurrent famines provoked peasant uprisings -peasants deeply resented redemption payments and taxes and often seized and burned the records that indicated what they owed -many educated Russians clamored for revolutionary change -many business and professional people, though not very aggressive, began to seek a fuller political voice and new rights such as greater freedom in the schools and press; they argued for liberal reforms |
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Intelligentsia
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-Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th century group that wanted political freedom and deep social reform; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West
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Role of intellectuals during the 19th century group
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-remained inspired by radical doctrines, and more than a few devoted their lives to a revolutionary cause
-this kind of intellectual alienation rested on some of the principles that had roused intellectuals in the West, but it went deeper in Russia -It was the first example of a kind of intellectual radicalism, capable of motivating terroris, which would characterize other societies caught in tense transitions during the 20th century -the Russian intellegentsia wanted political freedom and deep social reform while maintaining a Russian culture different from that to the West, which they saw as hopelessly materialistic -their radicalism may have stemmed from the demanding task they set themselves: attacking key Russian institutions while building a new society that would not reproduce the injustices and crippling limitations of the Western world |
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Anarchists
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political groups that sought the abolition of all former government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarist autocracy; hoped they could triumph by winning peasant support
-eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II |
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조금 전에
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a little while ago (1)
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Why did Alexander II pull back from his reform interest by the late 1870s?
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-feared that change was getting out hand
-censorship of newspapers and political meetings tightened -many dissidents were arrested and sent to Siberia |
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What happened after the death of Alexander II?
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-His successors, while increasing the effort to industrialize, continued to oppose further political reform
-new measures of repression also were directed against minority nationalities, partly to dampen their unrest and partly to gain the support of upper-class conservatives -The Poles and other groups were supervised carefully -Russian language instruction was forced on people such as Ukrainians -Persecution of the large Jewish minority was stepped up, resulting in mass executions- called pogroms-- and seizures of property -by 1890s, Marxist doctrines spread from the Western socialist movement to a segment of the Russian intelligentsia, who became committed to a tightly organized proletarian revolution |
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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)
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was one of the most active Marxist leaders; came from a bureaucratic family and introduced important innovations in Marxist theory to make it more appropriate for Russia
-argued that because of the spread of international capitalism, a proletariat was developing worldwide in advance of industrialization; helped Russia undergo a proletarian revolution without going through a distinct middle-class phase -insisted on the importance of disciplined revolutionary cells |
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Bolsheviks
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the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin & dedicated to his concept to social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolutions
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Where did the radicalism of the Russian workers stemmed from?
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-the absence of legal political outlets
-arose also from rural unrest--for these new workers pulled in peasant grievances against the existing order--and from the severe conditions of early industrialization, with its large factories and frequent foreign ownership |
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What did the Russian worker do during Lenin's rule?
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they formed unions and conducted strikes (illegal)
-by 1900, the contradictory currents in Russian society may have made revolution unavoidable |
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What did the conservative ministers urge during the protests in Lenin's rule?
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they urged a vigorous policy of resistance and repression
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Russia and Britain during 1904 and 1905 both increased their influence in...
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Persia and Afghanistan, reaching some uneasy truces that divided spheres of activity early in the 20th century
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How did the creation of the trans-Siberian railroad affect China?
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the creation led Russia to incorporate some northern portions of Manchuria, violating the 18th century Amur River agreement
-Russia also joined Western powers in obtaining longterm leases to Chinese territory during the 1890s |
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Russo- Japanese War
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-1904
-war over territory in Manchuria; Japanese defeated the Russians; largely because of its naval power -Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance |
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Duma
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nationalist parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905 (cause: Russia's loss in Russo-Japanese War); progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed forestall further revolution
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Stolypin reforms
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reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister Plotyr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905
-included reduction in redemption payments, attempts to create market-oriented peasantry (in which successful farmers would move away from the peasant masses,becoming rural capitalists) |
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Kulaks
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-agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural
-But the reform package quickly fell apart as tsar withdrew rights, took authority away from the duma, and resumed police repression |
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What did the Russian government do during when Russia was pressed in the diplomatic arena by the Japanese advance?
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they turned once again on the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans
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Name all the small eastern European states that paralleled a number of Russia's patterns.
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Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece
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Compare the small eastern European states to Russia
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-most of the small European states established parliaments, in imitation of Western forms, but carefully restricted voting rights and parliamentary powers
-kings ruled without many limits on their power -most eastern European nations abolished serfdom either in 1848 or soon after Russia's move -they also industrialized much less extensively than Russia, and as agricultural exporters they remained far more dependent on Western markers |
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How did eastern Europe enjoy a period of glittering cultural productivity in the 19th century amid all the problems?
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-development of the romantic tradition and other Western style continued
-national dictionaries and histories, along with the collection of folktales and music, helped the small Slavic nations gain a sense of their heritage -Russian novel enjoyed a period of unprecedented brilliance -Russian music moved from the romanticism of Tchaikovsky to more innovative, atonal styles of the early 20th century -Russian painters began participating in modern art currents, producing important abstract work -scientific research advanced at levels of fundamental importance |
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What caused Russia to ally first with republican France and then with the even more democratic Britain?
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fear of Germany's growing economic and military power
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Why is the year 1917 so important?
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-Russian Revolution
-United States enters WWI |
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1918
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-Treaty of Bresk-Litvosk
-Russia withdraws from war |
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What was France's reason of allying with Russia?
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France hoped that their alliance with Russia would lead to a two-front war that would brake Germany's rising supremacy and allow France to recover the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, which France lost to Germany in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870
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Where was the decades of rivalry and mounting tensions within the European state system increasingly centered on?
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the Balkans
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Where did Russia sought to back or help out?
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Serbia
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When and where was Archduke Ferdinand assassinated by Gavriel Princip?
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1914; Balkans
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Austrian Hungary were determined to...
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put an end to decades of Serbian challenges to their control over portions of the Balkans
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What did mobilization mean to the Germans?
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war
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What did the Germans depend on to overwhelm the Belgians and defeat the French before they could even fully mobilize?
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country's superb railway system and huge armies
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What was the most important thing about the Western Front?
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-neither side (France and Germany) could break the stalemate; hundreds of thousands were killed or maimed
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When was the tsarist regime destroyed in Russia?
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1917
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When did Serbia finally crush?
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1915
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What part of British empire were drawn into the war?
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New Zealand, Canada, Australia, and some parts of Africa
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British navy cut off Germany from its colonies in...
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Africa, China, and the Pacific islands
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Which country proved the most adept in propaganda?
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Britain
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How was Italy affected by the war in the beginning?
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Incompetent and corrupt generals, soldiers increasingly disgusted by costly campaigns that went nowhere, and venal politicians double-dealing behind the lines resulted in the near collapse of the Italian front in 1917
-Italian soldiers deserted in droves and the war plunged Italy into social and political turmoil |
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Where was the Dominion troops' mainstay of British operations?
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Middle East, Suez Canal link, and the ill-fated assault at Gallipoli in 1915
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Who did the Young Turk leaders (Ottoman Empire) sought to blame on?
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the Armenians
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Why did German commanders agree to an armistice (a suspension of fighting) in 1918?
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-they feared that their armies were on the verge of collapse and menaced by widespread rebellions at home
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Around the end of WWI, what caused the millions of soldiers and civilians die in Asia and other countries?
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influenza pandemic
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What countries did Austria- Hungary break up into?
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Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yogoslavia
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Gallipoli
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peninsula south of Istanbul, site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Austrailian and New Zealand forces under British command during WWI
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Indian Congress Party
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-grew out of regional associations of Western educated INdians
-originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras -became political party in1885 -focus of nationalist movement in INdia -governed through most of postcolonial period -led it's country's move toward independence |
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B.G. Tilak
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believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in India
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Morley- Minto reforms
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provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all India legislative councils
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Montago- Chelmsford reforms
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increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all- India level and played much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919
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Rowlatt Act
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placed severe restriction on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concession granted under Montago- Chelmsford reforms
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Satyagraha
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literally, "truth-force"; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Monhanda Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the U.S.
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Lord Cromer
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British adviser in khedival Egypt, pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime
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effendi
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class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored independence
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While lawyers took the lead in nationalist movements in India, who took the lead in Egypt?
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journalists (a number of them educated in France)
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Indian Congress Party
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-grew out of regional associations of Western educated INdians
-originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras -became political party in1885 -focus of nationalist movement in INdia -governed through most of postcolonial period -led it's country's move toward independence |
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What was the role of pigeons to the Egyptians?
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-served as an important supplement to the meager peasant diet
-British used them for hunting; Dinshawai incident (showed British' racism) |
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B.G. Tilak
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believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in India
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Morley- Minto reforms
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provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all India legislative councils
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Montago- Chelmsford reforms
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increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all- India level and played much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919
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Rowlatt Act
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placed severe restriction on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concession granted under Montago- Chelmsford reforms
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Satyagraha
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literally, "truth-force"; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Monhanda Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the U.S.
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Lord Cromer
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British adviser in khedival Egypt, pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime
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effendi
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class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored independence
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While lawyers took the lead in nationalist movements in India, who took the lead in Egypt?
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journalists (a number of them educated in France)
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What was the role of pigeons to the Egyptians?
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-served as an important supplement to the meager peasant diet
-British used them for hunting; Dinshawai incident (showed British' racism) |
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Ataturk
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also known as Mustafa Kemal, leader of Turkish republic was formed on the basis of a Western model
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Hussein
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sherif of Mecca; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support British against the Turks in WWI; angered by Britain's failure to keep promise
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Mandates
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governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of WWI
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Britain occupied mandates in...
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Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Palestine after 1922
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Zionism
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involvement originating in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine
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Balfour Declaration
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British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917
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Leon Pinsker
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European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land
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Theodor Herzl
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Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state
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