Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
284 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Alamo
|
mission and fort in Texas, battle there during the Texas Revolution, all defenders killed
|
|
|
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
|
Mexican general, president of Mexico, commanded the Mexican army during the Texas Revolution and the Mexican War
|
|
|
Compromise of 1850
|
proposal by Henry Clay, supported by Stephen Douglas, admitted California as a free state, ended slave trade in Washington DC, etc
|
|
|
Franklin Pierce
|
northern Democratic president, wanted sectional harmony, signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act
|
|
|
Free Soil Party
|
party that opposed the spread of slavery into the territories, supported homesteads, cheap postage, internal improvements, eventually absorbed into the Republican Party
|
|
|
Gadsden Purchase
|
acquisition of land from Mexico for $10 million, necessary for possible transcontinental railroad
|
|
|
James K. Polk
|
Democratic president, 'Young Hickory,' aggressive foreign policy, Mexican War, settlement of Oregon issue, Mexican Cession
|
|
|
John L. O'Sullivan
|
editor of the Democratic Review, coined the phrase 'manifest destiny'
|
|
|
Kansas-Nebraska Act
|
bill proposed by Stephen Douglas, opened western territories, popular sovereignty for slavery in the territories, passed to support transcontinental railroad in Illinois
|
|
|
Know-Nothing Party
|
party in the 1840's, opposed immigrants, especially Catholics, supported temperance, waiting period for citizenship, literacy tests, also known as American Party
|
|
|
Lewis Cass
|
Democratic senator, proposed popular sovereignty in the territories, lost 1848 presidential election to Zachary Taylor
|
|
|
Manifest Destiny
|
idea that justified American expansion, American expansion was inevitable and right
|
|
|
Mexican Cession
|
region in present-day California and the American Southwest that Mexico gave the US after the Mexican War
|
|
|
Nashville Convention
|
meeting of southern representatives, laid groundwork for southern confederacy, called for extension of Missouri Compromise Law
|
|
|
Ostend Manifesto
|
statement by American envoys to pressure Spain into selling Cuba to the US, repudiated by US government
|
|
|
Popular Sovereignty
|
political process promoted by Lewis Cass, Stephen Douglas, and northern Democrats, proposed that a territory's residents would vote to decide on slavery
|
|
|
Republican Party
|
political party formed in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, combined Whigs, Free-Soilers, and Know-Nothings, sought to block slavery, favored tariffs, homesteads, and transcontinental railroad
|
|
|
Sam Houston
|
leader of Texas Revolutionaries, first president of the Republic of Texas, ally of Andrew Jackson
|
|
|
'Slave Power'
|
belief that slavery was a power that would spread to through the US if allowed
|
|
|
Stephen Austin
|
leader of American immigration to Texas in the 1820's, negotiated land grants with Mexico, Texas' secretary of state
|
|
|
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
|
agreement that ended the Mexican War, Mexico gave up claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande, ceded California and more to US
|
|
|
Wilmot Proviso
|
Congressional measure from 1846, prohibited slavery in all of the Mexican Cession, blocked by southerners
|
|
|
Winfield Scott
|
American hero of the Mexican War, ran unsuccessfully for president
|
|
|
Zachary Taylor
|
military hero of the Mexican War, last Whig elected president
|
|
|
Abby Kelley
|
public speaker in the American Anti-Slavery Society
|
|
|
American Anti-Slavery Society
|
reformers in the mid 1800's, wanted to end slavery, opposed gradual emancipation and slaveholder compensation, accepted women as members
|
|
|
American Colonization Society
|
organization that supported sending freed slaves to Africa, established Liberia
|
|
|
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
|
founded and led by Tappan brothers opposed radical ideas of William Lloyd Garrison, especially attacks on the church and Constitution, supported more moderate approach
|
|
|
American Society for the Promotion of Temperance
|
first national temperance organization, preached total abstinence from alcohol
|
|
|
Brook Farm
|
utopian society founded by George Ripley, members shared equally, advocated by Nathaniel Hawthorne at first, but he eventually became disenchanted
|
|
|
Burned-Over District
|
area of NY state that was constantly aflame with reform, such as Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites
|
|
|
Charles Finney
|
leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, preached that every person had the capacity for rebirth and salvation
|
|
|
Compensated Emancipation
|
called for slaveowners to be paid for the loss of their slave property when emancipated
|
|
|
Cult of Domesticity
|
belief that as the fairer sex, women should be concerned with domestic issues, not men's work
|
|
|
Declaration of Sentiments
|
resolutions at the end of the Seneca Falls Convention, modeled after Declaration of Independence, called for economic and social equality for women, and suffrage
|
|
|
Dorothea Dix
|
reformer, pioneer of humane treatment of mentally ill
|
|
|
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
|
pioneer in the women's movement, organized Seneca Falls Convention, fought for women's suffrage
|
|
|
Frederick Douglass
|
former slave, became abolitionist, started abolitionist newspaper the North Star
|
|
|
Gradual Emancipation
|
called for the phasing out of slavery over a long period of time
|
|
|
Horace Mann
|
reformer of public education, secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education, established minimum school term, formal teacher training, moved curriculum away from religion to secular subjects
|
|
|
James Birney
|
former slaveowner turned reformer, ran for president with the Liberty Party
|
|
|
Lewis and Arthur Tappan
|
founders of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
|
|
|
Liberty Party
|
political party formed in 1840, eventually merged with Free-Soilers
|
|
|
Lucretia Mott
|
Quaker activist, helped Elizabeth Cady Stanton organize the Seneca Falls Convention
|
|
|
Maine Law
|
first statewide attempt to restrict alcohol, prohibited manufacture and sale except for medical reasons
|
|
|
Sarah and Angelina Grimke
|
Quaker sisters, became reformers and abolitionists
|
|
|
Second Great Awakening
|
period of religious revival in the early 1800's, preached salvation through moral action
|
|
|
Susan B. Anthony
|
partner of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, cofounded the National Woman Suffrage Association
|
|
|
Transcendentalists
|
writers who believed in the search for reality and truth through spiritual intuition
|
|
|
William Lloyd Garrison
|
prominent abolitionist leader, published The Liberator, founded American Anti-Slavery Society
|
|
|
Andrew Carnegie
|
Scottish industrialist, developed the US steel industry, gave significant amounts to charitable causes
|
|
|
Bloody Shirt
|
Republican campaign tactic that blamed Democrats for the Civil War
|
|
|
Coxey's Army
|
unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey to Washington, demanded public works projects, Coxey was arrested for stepping on the grass at the Capitol
|
|
|
Credit Mobilier
|
scandal during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, a French construction company, along with Congress, stole millions of dollars from the government while building the transcontinental railroad
|
|
|
Dawes General Allotment Act
|
abolished communal ownership on Indian reservations, reduced amount of land Indians owned
|
|
|
Eugene V. Debs
|
labor leader arrested during the Pullman Strike, ran for president, campaigned from prison
|
|
|
'Free Silver'
|
political movement to inflate currency by government issuance of silver, supported by farmers who wanted increased money supply
|
|
|
'Grandfather Clause'
|
laws in the southern states that exempted voters from taking literacy tests or paying poll taxes if their grandfathers had voted, gave white southerners suffrage and disenfranchised blacks
|
|
|
Granger Movement
|
farmers' organization, started for social and educational reasons, later organized politically to pass laws that regulated railroads
|
|
|
Grover Cleveland
|
only Democrat elected president from 1856 to 1912, second term marred by Depression of 1893
|
|
|
Haymarket Riot
|
violent incident at a workers' rally in Chicago, started by political radicals and labor leaders, hurt the reputation of the Knights of Labor
|
|
|
Homestead Act
|
encouraged westward settlement, allowed families to buy 160 acres of land cheaply, the land would become theirs after 5 years
|
|
|
James B. Weaver
|
former Civil War general, ran for president with Greenback party and Populist Party
|
|
|
Jim Crow Laws
|
laws passed in the South in the 1880's, segregated blacks and whites, ruled legal in Plessy vs. Ferguson
|
|
|
John D. Rockefeller
|
founder of Standard Oil, robber baron
|
|
|
Knights of Labor
|
labor union built by Terence V. Powderly, called for one big union, replacement of wage system, discourage strikes
|
|
|
'New Immigration'
|
wave of immigration in the 1880's, mostly from southern and eastern Europe, mostly poor, Jewish and Catholic, settled in large cities, prompted restrictions on immigration
|
|
|
Pendleton Act
|
reform passed in Congress, restricted spoils system, established US Civil Service Commission to administer a merit system for government jobs
|
|
|
Plessy vs. Ferguson
|
Supreme Court case, decided that Jim Crow laws were legal
|
|
|
Populist Party
|
largely a farmers' party, supported inflation, government action against railroads and trusts, graduated income tax, immigration restrictions, also known as People's Party
|
|
|
Samuel Gompers
|
labor leader, president of American Federation of Labor, believed in craft unionism, supported capitalism
|
|
|
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
|
first federal action against monopolies, didn't do much at first, but was still a step in the right direction
|
|
|
Social Darwinism
|
supported by William Graham Sumner, applied the theory of evolution to the business world, used by capitalists to justify ruthlessness and poverty
|
|
|
Stalwarts
|
Republicans in the 1870's who supported U.S. Grant and Roscoe Conkling, accepted machine politics and the spoils system, opposed by Half-Breeds
|
|
|
Transcontinental Railroad
|
linked the nation from coast to coast, subsidized by federal government
|
|
|
Tweed Ring
|
scandal in NYC, led by William Tweed of Tammany Hall, headed a corrupt Democratic political machine, stole from the city
|
|
|
William Jennings Bryan
|
spokesman for agrarian values, ran for president but never elected, gave the Cross of Gold speech, supported by Democrats and Populists
|
|
|
William McKinley
|
Republican president, represented conservative easterners, supported expansion, high tariffs, and gold standard, led the nation during Spanish-American War, assassinated by political anarchist
|
|
|
Abraham Lincoln
|
Republican president during the Civil War, emancipated slaves, assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
|
|
|
Andrew Johnson
|
vice president who took over after Lincoln's assassination, impeached but not convicted
|
|
|
Border States
|
Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri, slave states that stayed in the Union, crucial to Lincoln's political and military strategy
|
|
|
Carpetbaggers
|
northerners who went to South to participate in Reconstruction governments, viewed by southerners as cheap, opportunistic, poor whites hoping to exploit the South
|
|
|
Charles Sumner
|
senator from Massachusetts, led Radical Republicans, fought for racial equality, authored the Civil Rights Act of 1875
|
|
|
Compromise of 1877
|
agreement that ended the disputed election of 1876 between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden, South accepted Hayes' election in return for removal of troops from South, support for railroads, and southerners in the Cabinet
|
|
|
Copperheads
|
northern Democrats who supported the southern cause, such as Clement L Vallandigham
|
|
|
Cotton Diplomacy
|
failed southern strategy to embargo cotton from England until Great Britain assisted the Confederacy, they never got aid
|
|
|
Dred Scott Decision
|
Supreme Court case, Chief Justice Roger Taney upheld southern position on slavery, ruled that blacks were not citizens, slavery could expand into all territories, Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
|
|
|
Emancipation Proclamation
|
issued by Abraham Lincoln, granted freedom to all slaves in rebellious states
|
|
|
Fifteenth Amendment
|
granted suffrage to black males
|
|
|
Fourteenth Amendment
|
granted citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in the US, protected citizens from abuse by state governments, overrode Dred Scott Decision
|
|
|
Freedmen's Bureau
|
government-sponsored agency, provided food, schools, and land to former slaves
|
|
|
George McClellan
|
Union general, reluctant to attack Lee, fired twice by Lincoln
|
|
|
Harriet Beecher Stowe
|
wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, book about the cruelty of slavery
|
|
|
James Buchanan
|
weak Republican president right before the Civil War, partly at fault for the formation of the Confederacy
|
|
|
Jefferson Davis
|
president of the Confederacy, believed slavery was essential to the South
|
|
|
John Breckinridge
|
vice president under Buchanan, ran for president in 1860, supported slavery and states' rights
|
|
|
John Brown
|
violent abolitionist, murdered slaveholders in Kansas and Missouri, raided Harpers Ferry, wanted to incite slave rebellion, became a martyr
|
|
|
John Fremont
|
explorer, soldier and politician, ran for president in 1856, had radical views on slavery
|
|
|
Ku Klux Klan
|
terrorist organization in the South throughout Reconstruction and after, wanted to maintain white supremacy through violence and intimidation
|
|
|
Radical Republicans
|
demanded immediate emancipation of slaves, favored racial equality, voting rights, and land distribution to former slaves
|
|
|
Robert E. Lee
|
Confederate general, very successful until he fought U.S. Grant, surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to end the war
|
|
|
Scalawags
|
white southerners who cooperated with and served in Reconstruction governments, considered traitors to their states
|
|
|
Ten-percent plan
|
Reconstruction plan of Lincoln and Johnson, when ten percent of voters in 1860 took and oath of allegiance, renounced secession, and approved the Thirteenth Amendment, a southern state could form a government and elect congressional representatives
|
|
|
Tenure of Office Act
|
attempt by Radicals to diminish Andrew Johnson's authority, provided that he couldn't remove any civilian official without Senate approval, Johnson was impeached because of it
|
|
|
Thaddeus Stevens
|
Radical Republican, wanted to give equality to blacks, leader in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson
|
|
|
Thirteenth Amendment
|
abolished slavery everywhere in the US
|
|
|
Ulysses S. Grant
|
Union general, defeated Robert E. Lee to end the Civil War, was a bad president for two terms
|
|
|
Wade-Davis Bill
|
harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill, provided the president would appoint provisional governments for conquered states until majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union, required abolition of slavery, disenfranchisement of Confederate officials, repudiation of Confederate debt, killed by Lincoln with a pocket veto
|
|
|
William Seward
|
Lincoln's secretary of state, bought Alaska from Russia
|
|
|
Act of Toleration
|
Act passed in Maryland in 1649 - granted freedom of worship to all Christians
|
|
|
Anne Hutchinson
|
Massachusetts Bay colonist, banished from Massachusetts for heresy
|
|
|
Anglican Church
|
Church of England, started by Henry VIII, strong in the Southern Colonies, second largest church in America
|
|
|
Bacon's Rebellion
|
Headed by Nathaniel Bacon, Jamestown was burned; first colonial rebellion against British policy, caused by indentured servant system
|
|
|
Board of Trade and Plantations
|
Chief body in England for governing the colonies
|
|
|
Puritans (Congregationalists)
|
Sought to purify the Church of England because it retained too many Catholic ideas; believed in predestination, strong in New England, very intolerant of other religious groups
|
|
|
Dominion of New England
|
Attempt to combine all the New England colonies under one governor; dissolved after Glorious Revolution in England
|
|
|
Edmund Andros
|
Unpopular governor of the Dominion of New England
|
|
|
First Great Awakening
|
Religious revival in the colonies in the 1730's and 40's; headed by George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards; they preached of atonement for sins by confession; this movement was in response to growing secularism and rationalism
|
|
|
Halfway Covenant
|
Children born to non-members of the Puritan church could be baptized, but could not take communion or vote in gov't / church affairs
|
|
|
Headright System
|
Attracted settlers to colonial America; the more people a man brought over to the colonies, the more land he was granted
|
|
|
House of Burgesses
|
The first popularly elected legislative assembly in America
|
|
|
Indentured Servants
|
'Rented slaves'; precursor to actual slavery; served 4-7 years then were freed
|
|
|
Jonathan Edwards
|
Puritan minister who co-led the Great Awakening; wrote 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God'
|
|
|
John Smith
|
Saved Jamestown, imposed work and order in the settlement during its critical first years
|
|
|
John Winthrop
|
Puritan leader who created the 'city on a hill' ideal
|
|
|
Mayflower Compact
|
Written agreement to create a government in Plymouth; precursor to charters and constitutions
|
|
|
Mercantilism
|
Economic doctrine that called for the mother country to dominate and regulate its colonies; a nation could only profit at the expense of another; fixed trade patters, kept high tarriffs, discouraged colonial manufacturing
|
|
|
Navigation Acts
|
English laws to enforce Mercantilism
|
|
|
Roger Williams
|
Excommunicated and banished from the Puritan Church for calling for separation between the church and state; later founded Rhode Island
|
|
|
Salem Witchhunt
|
Period of hysteria in the late 1600's when teenage girls accused others of witchcraft; 19 were executed and hundreds imprisoned
|
|
|
Salutary Neglect
|
British colonial policy until 1763; very little interference with the colonies, who thrived and prospered with this lack of control
|
|
|
Quakers (Society of Friends)
|
Founded by George Fox; believed in a distinct, individual experience with God; strongly opposed to the Anglican and Puritan churches; William Penn established Pennsylvania as a haven for them
|
|
|
Stono Rebellion
|
Slave rebellion in South Carolina; crushed quickly, and used as an example to other slaves considering rebellion
|
|
|
Theocracy
|
Government organized and administered by the church; example of this is the Puritan Church in the Massachusetts Bay colony
|
|
|
William Penn
|
Established Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers; Pennsylvania was very tolerant religiously
|
|
|
Battle of Saratoga
|
Turning point in the Revolution; 6,000 British soldiers surrendered to American forces in New York; convinced the French to ally with the colonies
|
|
|
Battle of Yorktown
|
George Washington trapped 8,000 British soldiers on a peninsula in Virginia; this was the last major battle in the Revolution
|
|
|
Ben Franklin
|
America's leading diplomat during the Revolutionary period; helped secure the French Alliance and Treaty of Paris
|
|
|
Boston Massacre
|
British troops shot and killed 5 colonists; sparked rebellious dissent in the colonies
|
|
|
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)
|
British Acts punishing Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party; included closing the port of Boston, revoking Massachusetts' charter, trying all British officials in England rather than America, and forcing colonists to house British troops
|
|
|
Declaratory Act
|
Face-saving Act passed after the Stamp Act was repealed; asserted British sovereignty over the colonies
|
|
|
George III
|
King of England during the Revolution; advocate of harsh colonial policies
|
|
|
George Washington
|
Commander of the colonial army; not a military genius, but his integrity and judgment kept the army together; indispensable for the colonial cause
|
|
|
John Dickinson
|
Wrote 'Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania'; advocated colonial rights but wanted conciliation with England; opposed the Declaration of Independence; helped write the Articles of Confederation
|
|
|
John Jay
|
Negotiated the Treaty of Paris
|
|
|
John Locke
|
English philosopher; wrote that governments have a duty to protect people's life, liberty, and property; many colonial patriots like his ideas
|
|
|
Loyalists
|
Colonists who remained loyal to England; often older, better educated people
|
|
|
Patrick Henry
|
Early advocate of independence; strong opponent of the Stamp Act and a great defender of individual rights; said 'give me liberty, or give me death'
|
|
|
Pontiac's Rebellion
|
Indian uprising in the Ohio Valley; 2,000 settlers were killed
|
|
|
Salutary Neglect
|
British foreign policy before 1763; colonies were generally left alone
|
|
|
Samuel Adams
|
Leader of the Sons of Liberty; supported independence; primary leader of the Boston Tea Party; delegate in the Continental Congress
|
|
|
Seven Years War
|
War between England and France; known as the French and Indian War
|
|
|
Sons of Liberty
|
Rebellious colonial groups that worked to enforce boycotts and prevent the distribution and sale of tax stamps; intimidated the British with violence
|
|
|
Stamp Act
|
British tax on all documents
|
|
|
Stamp Act Congress
|
Met in New York to protest the Stamp Act; petitioned the king and organized a boycott that eventually helped force the act's repeal
|
|
|
Sugar Act
|
First British attempt to raise revenue through taxation
|
|
|
Thomas Jefferson
|
Main author of the Declaration of Independence; wrote that governments that did not protect unalienable rights should be changed
|
|
|
Thomas Paine
|
Wrote 'Common Sense'; called for a break with England
|
|
|
Townshend Acts
|
Levied taxes on imported items like paper, glass, and tea; intended to raise revenue
|
|
|
Virtual Representation
|
Idea that Parliament was a collective representation of all English regardless of where they lived; rejected by colonists
|
|
|
Alexander Hamilton
|
Strong nationalist and first secretary of the treasury; founder of the Federalist Party
|
|
|
Alien and Sedition Acts
|
American Acts designed to suppress French agents working against American neutrality; granted the President the power to deport dangerous aliens, lengthen the residency requirement for citizenship, and restrict freedoms of speech and press
|
|
|
Annapolis Convention
|
Meeting over interstate commerce; Alexander Hamilton proposed a meeting the next year to revise the Articles of Confederation
|
|
|
Anti-Federalists
|
Opposed ratification of the US Constitution; feared concentration of federal power
|
|
|
Democratic Republican Party
|
Led by Thomas Jefferson; feared centralized power, supported states' rights, opposed Hamilton's financial plan, and supported ties to France; influenced by Southern agrarians
|
|
|
Farewell Address
|
Presidential address in which Washington warned the nation to avoid foreign alliances and domestic factions; became the basis of isolationism
|
|
|
Federalist Papers
|
Written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison; published in newspapers to convince New York to ratify the Constitution; treatise on the foundations of the Constitution
|
|
|
Federalist Party
|
Led by Alexander Hamilton; favored strong central government, commercial interests, Hamilton's financial plan, and close ties to England; strongest among merchant class and property owners
|
|
|
Federalists
|
Favored the ratification of the US Constitution
|
|
|
Great Compromise
|
Congress would consist of two houses; lower house based on state population, and upper house with equal representation
|
|
|
James Madison
|
Strong nationalist; organized the Annapolis Convention, authored the Virginia Plan, and drafted the Bill of Rights; founder of the Democratic Republican Party
|
|
|
Jay's Treaty
|
Agreement with England; England would evacuate forts in US territory along the Great Lakes, US would pay pre-revolutionary war debts owed to Britain
|
|
|
Loose Constructionist
|
Person who believes that the 'elastic clause' of the Constitution gives the central government wide latitude of action
|
|
|
New Jersey Plan
|
Proposed by William Paterson to counter the Virginia Plan; one-house legislature with equal representation for each state, and strengthened the government's power to tax and regulate commerce
|
|
|
Northwest Ordinance
|
Provided territorial status for a region when population reached 5,000, and petitioning rights for statehood when the population reached 60,000; also outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory
|
|
|
Pinckney's Treaty
|
Agreement with Spain that opened the Mississippi River to American navigation and granted Americans the right to colonize New Orleans
|
|
|
Shays's Rebellion
|
Farmer uprising in Massachusetts; closed courts, threatened revolution in the state; the government's inability to suppress it reinforced the belief that the Articles of Confederation needed strengthening
|
|
|
Strict Constructionist
|
Person who interprets the Constitution very narrowly; believes that a power not strictly stated in the Constitution could not be exercised by the government
|
|
|
Thomas Jefferson
|
First secretary of state; led opposition to the Hamilton/Washington plan to centralize power; founded the Democratic Republican Party; vice president for two terms
|
|
|
Three-Fifths Compromise
|
Agreement at the Constitutional Convention; said slaves would count as 3/5 of a free person for taxation and representation
|
|
|
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
|
Reaction against the Sedition Act; stated that when the national government exceeded its Constitutional powers, the states had the right to nullify any offending laws
|
|
|
Virginia Plan
|
Edmund Randolph and James Madison's proposal in the Constitutional Convention; would have a two-house legislature; elected lower house and an upper house appointed by the lower house; this supported larger states
|
|
|
Whiskey Rebellion
|
Uprising in Pennsylvania over an excise tax on whiskey; George Washington crushed the rebellion with force
|
|
|
XYZ Affair
|
Diplomatic effort by John Adams to soothe relations with the French, who were upset by Jay's Treaty and American neutrality in their conflict with Britain; three Americans were told they must offer a bribe before they could negotiate; began war hysteria in the US
|
|
|
Adams-Onis Treaty
|
Also known as Florida Purchase Treaty and the Transcontinental Treaty, U.S. paid $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized American claims in the Oregon Territory, U.S. gave up its claim to Texas
|
|
|
American System
|
set of proposals by Henry Clay, called for National Bank, protective tariff, internal improvements; goal was to make America self sufficient
|
|
|
Andrew Jackson
|
US General who defeeated Indians at Horseshoe Bend and commanded victory over the British at New Orleans. War of 1812 made him a hero, which lead him to presidency
|
|
|
Battle of New Orleans
|
Major battle of War of 1812, took place after the war was over.Americans Protected the title city and inflicted heavy defeat upon the British and this caused Andrew Jackson to rise in fame
|
|
|
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
|
british Ship attacked American ship and killed many and used impressment to bring 4 alleged deserters into the British Navy
|
|
|
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
|
Supreme courth Case in which the court prevented New Hampshire from changing Dartmouths charter. this limited states power and promoted business interest
|
|
|
Embargo Act
|
law passed by Congress to stop all US exports until French and British interference with American merchant ships. this didnt do very much but hurt American economy
|
|
|
Fletcher v. Peck
|
Supreme Court case that established the Courts power to invalidate any state law contrary to the constitution. this case prevented Georgia from rescinding a land grant even though it was fraudulently made
|
|
|
Gibbon v Ogden
|
Landmark case in which supreme court struck down a new york law that granted monopoly to certain steamboats between NY and NJ. Established Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce and it expanded federal power and limited States' Rights
|
|
|
Hartford Convention
|
meeting of New England state leaders in 1814. the delegates called for restrictions on embargoes and limits on presidential tenure. the end of the war brought an end to the gathering, but it was later branded as unpatriotic and helped bring on the collapse of the Federalist Party
|
|
|
Henry Clay
|
Leading American statesman fron 1810 to 1852; he served as a member of congress, speaker of the House, senator, and secretary of state and made 3 unsuccessful presidential bids. he was known as the Great Compromiser for his roles in the compromises of 1820, 1833, and 1850
|
|
|
Impressment
|
the forceful drafting of American Sailors into the British navy. this was the principal cause of the war of 1812
|
|
|
John Marshall
|
Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court, 1801-1835. arguably the most influential chief justice. he authored many court cases and incorporated Hamilton's Federalist concepts into the Constitution. he established the principle of Judicial Review.
|
|
|
Louisiana Purchase
|
an 828,000 square mile purchase from france in 1803 for $15 million. this doubled the size of the United States and brought in control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans
|
|
|
Macon's Bill No. 2
|
modified Embargo that replaced the Non Intercourse Act. this measure reopened trade with both Britain and France but held that id either agreed to respect America's neutrality in the conflict, then the US would end trade with the other.
|
|
|
Marbury v. Madison
|
court case that established Judicial review. court struck down Judiciary Act of 1789, which the judges believed gave the court power that exceeded the Constitution's intent
|
|
|
McCulloch v. Maryland
|
Court case in which the Court established supremacy of Federal Law over State Law.
|
|
|
Missouri Compromise
|
compromise settled by Henry clay. it had three parts. (1) Missouri became the 12th Slave State, (2) Maine became the 12th Free State, and (3) and created a line in the Louisiana Territory at 36 30' above which no slavery was allowed and below which slavery was allowed
|
|
|
Non-Intercourse Act
|
replaced the embargo policy by allowing US trade with all countries except Britain and France.
|
|
|
Monroe Doctrine
|
proclaimed that no new colozation in the Western Hemisphere was allowed, existing colonies were not to be interfered with, and the US would not meddle in European affairs
|
|
|
Panic of 1819
|
severe depression that followed the economic boom of the post War of 1812 years. the Second National Bank called in loans and raised interest rates, and therefore received the blame for the panic.
|
|
|
Second Bank of the United States
|
National Bank organized in 1816 closely modeled after the First one. it held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy.
|
|
|
Treaty of Ghent
|
agreement that ended the war of 1812 but was silent on the causes of the war. all captured territory was returned and unresolved issues were left to future negotiations.
|
|
|
War Hawks
|
young congressmen in the 12th congress from the South and West who demanded war with Britain. led by Henry Clay and Hohn Calhoun, they hoped to annex canada, defend US maritime rights, and end troubles with Native Americans in the Trans-Appalachian West
|
|
|
Corrupt Bargain
|
Agreement between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams during the disputed election of 1824. Clay threw his support to Adams in turn for Clay becoming the Secretary of state. Andrew Jackson believed he had been cheated out of presidency
|
|
|
Daniel Webster
|
noted orator, constitutional lawyer, senator, secretary of state, and major spokesman for nationalism and the union in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s
|
|
|
Democratic Party
|
modern day major political party whose antecedents can be traced to the Dem-Rep party. these came out of the outraged supporters of Jackson after the "corrupt Bargain"
|
|
|
Exposition and Protest
|
document secretly written by VP Calhoun in support of nullification.
|
|
|
His Accidency
|
nickname given to John Tyler in 1841 by his opponents when he assumed presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison. this nickname symbolized his conflict with the whig party on key national issues such as the National Band, the high tariff, and internal improvements
|
|
|
Indian Removal Act
|
Gave the president the athourity to negotiate treaties with southeastern tribes and to trade their land in the east for territory in the West. it provided money for the relocation and transfer of the tribes
|
|
|
John C. Calhoun
|
VP under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, he wrote Exposition and Protest and led the nullification fight in 1832 and 1833
|
|
|
John Quincy Adams
|
Son of President John Adams and secretary of state who helped purchase Florida and formulate the Monroe Doctrine and a president who supported an activist government and economic nationalism. he was defeated in his bid for a second term by Jackson, after which he was an active member of congress
|
|
|
Market revolution
|
process that took place in 19th century America in which an economy dominated by small farms and workshops was transformed into an economy in which farmers and manufacturerrs produced for distant cash markets. it led to the emergence of the "Working Class
|
|
|
Martin Van Buren
|
senator, VP and president of the US. panic of 1837 ruined his presidency. he later supported the Free Soil Party
|
|
|
Nullification
|
theory that the states created the Constitution as a compact among them and that they were the final judge in the constitutionality of federal lay.states could basically refuse to obey a law that they disagreed with
|
|
|
Panish of 1837
|
Major depression, crop failures, European Financial trouble, the Specie Circular all contributed to the crash. this ruined the Presidency of Martin Van Buren.
|
|
|
Pet Banks
|
financial institutions friendly to Andrew Jackson;s administration that received federal funds when he vetoed the second National Bank's recharter in 1832 and removed all government deposits from it
|
|
|
Specie Circular
|
federal government action to dampen inflation, Jackson issued an order that all payment for public lands be in gold and silver.
|
|
|
Spoils System
|
practice of appointing people to government positions as a reward for their loyalty and political support.
|
|
|
Tariff of Abominations
|
name given to high tariff that passed in 1828. after years of steadily rising, it suddenly jumped to all time highs on certain goods. this led to the nullification crisis
|
|
|
Train of Tears
|
removal of 18000 Cherokees, evicted from lands in the SE US and marched to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma
|
|
|
Whigs
|
Political party formed in 1832 to oppose Andrew Jackson, led by Henry Clay. it opposed Strong Presidents and advocated the rechartering of the national bank, distributing western lands, high tariff, and internal improvements.
|
|
|
Alfred T. Mahan
|
naval officer, writer, teacher, philosopher of new imperialism, wrote 'The Influence of Sea Power Upon History'
|
|
|
Big Four
|
leaders who constructed the Treaty of Versailles: Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando
|
|
|
Big Stick Policy
|
Theodore Roosevelt's method for achieving American goals in the Caribbean, 'speak softly and carry a big stick,' protected American commercial supremacy, limited European intervention, protected Panama canal
|
|
|
Boxer Rebellion
|
Chinese uprising against foreigners, prompted the Second Open Door Note
|
|
|
Dollar Diplomacy
|
President Taft's policy, encouraged American businesses to invest in Latin America to achieve US control
|
|
|
Emilio Aguinaldo
|
Filipino patriot, led a rebellion against both Spain and the US, seeking independence for the Philippines
|
|
|
Fourteen Points
|
Woodrow Wilson's terms for the Treaty of Versailles, called for free trade, self-determination for all people, freedom of the seas, open diplomacy, and a League of Nations, European powers did not think it was harsh enough on Germany
|
|
|
George Dewey
|
naval hero of the Spanish-American War, defeated the Spanish at Manila Bay
|
|
|
Henry Cabot Lodge
|
chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, demanded changes to the Fourteen Points, but Wilson refused, causing it to be rejected
|
|
|
John Fiske
|
historian and expansionist, argued that the US had the right of manifest destiny
|
|
|
John Hay
|
secretary of State under McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, author of the Open Door Notes, which attempted to protect American interests in China
|
|
|
John Pershing
|
American commander in France during WWI, 'Black Jack'
|
|
|
Josiah Strong
|
expansionist who blended racist and religious reasons to justify American expansion, saw WASP's as trained by God to expand and spread Christianity
|
|
|
Lusitania
|
British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine, over 100 Americans were killed, one of the reasons the US got involved in WWI
|
|
|
Maine
|
US battleship sent to Havan to protect American interests, mysteriously blew up, American press blamed the Spanish and helped start the Spanish American War
|
|
|
Pineapple Republic
|
popular name for the government US sugar planters in Hawaii set up
|
|
|
Platt Amendment
|
an amendment added to Cuba's constitution by the Cuban government, said that Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence or granted concessions to other countries without US approval
|
|
|
Roosevelt Corollary
|
addendum to the Monroe Doctrine issued after the Dominican Republic got into financial trouble with several European nations, the US assumed the right to intervene in Latin American countries
|
|
|
Teller Amendment
|
part of a declaration of war against Spain, Congress pledged that Cuba would be freed and not annexed by the US as a result
|
|
|
Theodore Roosevelt
|
assistant secretary of the navy, headed a volunteer regiment in the Spanish American War (Rough Riders), later became president of the US
|
|
|
Treaty of Paris
|
ended the Spanish American War, terms said that Cuba gained independence from Spain, and the US acquired Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines
|
|
|
Treaty of Versailles
|
ended WWI, much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted
|
|
|
Valeriano Weyler
|
Spanish governor in charge of suppressing the Cuban revolution, brutal tactics, American press called him the Butcher
|
|
|
William Borah
|
led a group of Senators who were opposed to joining the League of Nations, promoted isolationism
|
|
|
William Borah
|
led a group of senators who opposed joining the League of Nations, believed in traditional isolationism
|
|
|
William McKinley
|
president at the turn of the century, reluctant expansionist, assassinated
|
|
|
William Seward
|
secretary of state, expansionist, bought Alaska from Russia, acquired Midway
|
|
|
Yellow Journalism
|
sensationalism in the press, dominated by Pulitzer's New York World and Hearst's New York Journal, stirred Americans against Spain
|
|
|
Zimmerman Note
|
secret German proposal to Mexico for an alliance against the US, intercepted by the Allies
|
|
|
A. Mitchell Palmer
|
attorney general during the Red Scare, led raids against suspected radicals
|
|
|
Booker T. Washington
|
influential black leader, proposed that blacks accept social and political segregation in return for economic opportunity, founded Tuskegee Institute
|
|
|
Calvin Coolidge
|
pro-business president, took over after Harding's death, restored honesty to government, laissez-faire policies brought short-term prosperity
|
|
|
Currie Chapman Catt
|
president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, organized the League of Women Voters
|
|
|
Charles Lindbergh
|
mail service pilot, made the first flight across the Atlantic, later became a leading isolationist
|
|
|
Eighteenth Amendment
|
prohibition, Noble Experiment
|
|
|
Federal Reserve Act
|
established a national banking system for the first time since the 1830's, designed to combat the money trust, created 12 regional banks
|
|
|
Great Migration
|
movement of southern, rural blacks to northern cities
|
|
|
Harlem Renaissance
|
black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920's, when writers, poets, painters, musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, mostly about injustice
|
|
|
Ida Tarbell
|
crusading journalist, wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company, documented Rockefeller's ruthlessness and questionable business tactics
|
|
|
Wobblies
|
Industrial Workers of the World, revolutionary industrial union, led by Big Bill Haywood, worked to overthrow capitalism
|
|
|
Jane Addams
|
social worker, leader in the settlement house movement, founded Hull House, shared the Nobel Peace Prize
|
|
|
Ku Klux Klan
|
Reconstruction-era organization, revived in 1915, opposed blacks, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants
|
|
|
Langston Hughes?
|
leading literary figure of the Harlem Renaissance
|
|
|
Lincoln Steffens
|
leading muckraking journalist, exposed political corruption in the cities, wrote The Shame of Cities
|
|
|
Marcus Garvey
|
black leader in the 1920's, appealed to urban blacks with self-sufficiency, pride, founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association, deported to Jamaica
|
|
|
New Nationalism
|
Theodore Roosevelt's progressive reform platform, built on the Square Deal, called for strong federal government to maintain economic competition and social justice, but also accept trusts
|
|
|
Nineteenth Amendment
|
granted women's suffrage
|
|
|
Pure Food and Drug Act
|
regulated food and patent medecine industries
|
|
|
Red Scare
|
period of hysteria after WWI over the possible spread of Communism in the US
|
|
|
Robert La Follette
|
progressive governor and senator, established Wisconsin idea that reformed the state through direct primaries, tax reform, and anti-corruption legislation
|
|
|
Sacco and Vanzetti
|
Italian radicals, became symbols of the Red Scare, arrested and executed for robbery and murder, believed to be innocent
|
|
|
Scopes Trial
|
trial over John Scopes' teaching of evolution, pitted fundamental Bible teachings against evolution, Scopes was convicted, but fundamentalism was damaged
|
|
|
Social Gospel
|
movement that began in Protestant churches in the late 1800's, applied Bible teachings to industrial age problems, led by Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch
|
|
|
Tea Pot Dome Scandal
|
biggest scandal of Harding's administration, Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall illegally leased government oil fields
|
|
|
Upton Sinclair
|
wrote The Jungle, helped convince Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act
|
|
|
W. E. B. DuBois
|
black intellectual, opposed Booker T. Washington, called for immediate equality, founding member of the NAACP
|
|
|
Warren Harding
|
weak president, allowed appointees to loot and cheat the government
|
|
|
Woodrow Wilson
|
successful Democratic president, viewed trusts as evil, called for their destruction, drew heavily on Louis Brandeis, led the nation through WWI
|
