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1004 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Recorded history began ____ years ago.
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6000
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It was ___ years ago that Europeans set foot on the Americas to begin the era of accurately recorded history on the continent.
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500
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The theory of “_______” exists suggesting that the continents were once nestled together into one mega-continent. The continents then spread out as drifting islands.
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Pangaea
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What created the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains?
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Geologic forces of continental plates created the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains.
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Where were the Incas from and what were they known for
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Incas – Peru, with elaborate network of roads and bridges linking their empire.
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Where were the Mayas from and what were they known for?
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Mayas – Yucatan Peninsula, with their step pyramids.
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Where were the Aztecs from and what were they known for?
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Aztecs – Mexico, with step pyramids and huge sacrifices of conquered peoples.
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Development of corn or “maize” around 5,000 B.C. in Mexico was revolutionary in that…
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Then, people didn’t have to be hunter-gatherers, they could settle down and be farmers.
This fact gave rise to towns and then cities. |
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The _______ were the 1st American corn growers.
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Pueblos
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Where did the Pueblo Indians live?
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They lived in adobe houses (dried mud) and pueblos (“villages” in Spanish)
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Explain the term Pueblos
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villages of cubicle shaped adobe houses, stacked one on top the other and often beneath cliffs
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What advancement were the Pueblos known for?
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They had elaborate irrigation systems to draw water away from rivers to grown corn
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Explain 3 sister farming
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Corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk, squash’s broad leaves kept the sun off the ground and thus kept the moisture in the soil.
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Who was the legendary leader of the Iroquois Confederation?
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Hiawatha
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The ________ ______________ was a group of 5 tribes in New York state.
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Iroquois Confederation
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Explain how Native American views differed from that of Europeans
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Native Americans felt no man owned the land, the tribe died. (Europeans liked private property)
Indians felt nature was mixed with many spirits. (Europeans were Christian and monotheistic) Indians felt nature was sacred. (Europeans believed nature and land was given to man by God in Genesis to be subdued and put to use). Indians had little or no concept or interest in money. (Europeans loved money or gold) |
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The 1st Europeans to come to America were the _____
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Norse (Vikings from Norway)
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Who led the Vikings who landed on North America around 1000 AD
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Erik the Red and Leif Erikson
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Where did the Vikings who landed on North America around 1000 AD land?
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They landed in “Newfoundland” or “Vinland” (due to all of the vines).
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_____ ____ traveled to China and stirred up a storm of European interest.
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Marco Polo
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a ship with triangular sail that could better tack (zig-zag) ahead into the wind and thus return to Europe from the Africa coast.
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caravel
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a sextant gizmo that could tell a ship’s latitude.
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astrolabe
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Where was the first African slave trade?
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Across the Sahara Desert
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Explain the Treaty of Tordesillas
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1494 – Portugal and Spain feuded over who got what land. The Pope drew this line as he was respected by both.
The line ran North-South, and chopped off the Brazilian coast of South America Portugal got everything east of the line (Brazil and land around/under Africa) Spain got everything west of the line (which turned out to be much more, though they didn’t know it at the time) |
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Who “discovered” the Pacific Ocean across the isthmus of Panama?
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Vasco Balboa
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Who circumnavigated the globe (he was the first to do so).
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Who touches and names Florida looking for legendary “Fountain of Youth”?
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Ponce de Leon
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Which Spanish conquistador enters Florida, travels up into present day Southeastern U.S., dies and is “buried” in Mississippi River?
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Hernando Cortes
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Which Spanish Conquistador conquers Incan Empire of Peru and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain. This huge influx of precious metals made European prices skyrocket (inflation).
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Francisco Pizarro
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Which Spanish Conquistador ventured into current Southwest U.S. looking for legendary Cibola, city of gold. He found the Pueblo Indians.
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Francisco Coronado
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Explain the Encomienda theory
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Indians were “commended” or given to Spanish landlords
The idealistic theory of the encomienda was that Indians would work on the farm and be converted to Christianity. But it was basically just slavery on a sugar plantation guised as missionary work. |
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Who conquered the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan?
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Hernando Cortez
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Who did the Aztec King think Cortes was upon his arrival?
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Montezuma, the Aztec king, thought Cortez might be the god Quetzalcoatl who was due to re-appear that very year. Montezuma welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan.
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Who sailed down the Mississippi River for France claiming the whole region for their King Louis and naming the area “Louisiana” after his king?
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Robert DeLasalle
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Explain the "Black Legend"
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The Black Legend was the notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery)
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______________ had broken with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s, brining the Protestant Reformation to England and thus creating religious division.
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King Henry VIII
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When ________ became queen, England moved decidedly in the Protestant direction. This also meant Catholic _____ was an immediate rival.
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Elizabeth I, Spain
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Explain the "Irish Problem"
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Catholic Ireland sought Spain’s help in ousting Protestant England’s control over the “Emerald” island of Ireland.
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_________ was a fiery red-headed queen with loads of ambition, gall, and the political shrewdness to get what she wanted.
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Elizabeth I
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_______ _____was a “sea dog” who pirated Spanish ships for gold. On one occasion, he stole the gold, circumnavigated the earth, and then was rewarded by Elizabeth I knighting him on his ship. This brazen reward by the English queen infuriated the Spanish.
First attempts by the British to colonize the American coast failed miserably. |
Francis Drake
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___ ______ _______ established the Roanoke Island Colony, later to become known as ___ ____ ______
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Sir Walter Raleigh, The Lost Colony
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What was the turning point in history in 1588 and why?
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Spain plotted revenge on England and in 1588 their Spanish Armada attacked England only to get themselves defeated. The turning point in history was a large one…
This stunning victory opened the door for Britain to cross the Atlantic and finally establish colonies. England’s victory also emboldened Britain and launched her golden age |
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A tradition where the firstborn son inherits ALL of the father’s land.
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primogeniture
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In this type of company, people invest money with hopes and expectations the company will do well. Thus the investor will make money as a share-owner.
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Joint-stock Company
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Explain the main benefit of the Joint-Stock Company
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The benefit of the joint-stock company is that they can generate large amounts of start-up money to get a company going.
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In 1606, King James I gave the ________ _______ a charter to establish a colony in America.
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Virginia Company
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When was the Jamestown settlement established?
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May 1607
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What were the early problems with the Jamestown Settlement?
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Problems then emerged including (a) the swampy site of Jamestown meant poor drinking water and mosquitoes causing malaria and yellow fever, (b) “gentlemen” wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops), and (c) there were zero women on the initial ship.
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How were the misfortunes of the Jamestown settlement turned around?
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Their fortune began to change in 1608 when Captain John Smith took control and instituted a strong measure of much-needed discipline.
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What ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614
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It was sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe.
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What did Pocahontas and John Rolfe develop?
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Together, Pocahontas and Rolfe would develop a sweet tobacco. This would become the cash crop that would save Jamestown.
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What were the negative effects of Tobacco Farming?
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Its success caused settlers to scramble for more land to cultivate. It also encouraged “land butchery”—farmers would cultivate the land ‘til it gave out, then just move on.
It boosted the plantation economy and created a demand for cheap labor. At first this labor was filled mostly by white indentured servants, and then as the 1600s turned into the 1700s, by black slaves. It built Virginia’s economy on a single item, tobacco. Their economy was thus susceptible to the whims of having “all their eggs in one basket.” |
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____ _________ founded Maryland in 1634.
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Lord Baltimore
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Why was Maryland founded?
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Maryland was founded as a haven (safe place) for Catholics to avoid persecution from Protestants in Europe or in America.
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_____ ____________ founded Georgia in 1733 and named after King George II.
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James Oglethorpe
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What religion was not allowed in Georgia?
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Catholics
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1517,______ ______ started the Protestant Reformation when he nailed his “95 Theses” on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral.
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Martin Luther
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Luther had several challenges to the Roman church. The most basic of Luther’s ideas were …
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The Bible or scripture alone was the source of God’s word (not the Bible and the church or pope).
People are saved by grace alone from God (salvation comes as an undeserved gift from God, not by earning it or deciding to be saved). People are saved simply by faith in Christ alone (not by any “good works” the person might’ve done). |
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John Calvin preached Calvinism that stressed what?
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Predestination
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Why did King James I force the Puritans out of England?
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King James I harassed the Separatists out of England. His reasoning was that if this group of people were willing to defy him as their spiritual leader, they might also defy him as their political leader.
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Before the Pilgrims' journey to America, where did they live and why did they leave?
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The Pilgrims, as Separatists, wanted to completely break away from the Church of England.
They first moved to Holland with intentions of simply living there. Then they decided they’d have to move since their children were growing up Dutch. This was understandable, of course, but they wanted their kids to grow up English. They sought a location with English traditions where they’d be free to worship in their own way—America was the logical place. |
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What group of Indians assisted the Pilgrims and participated in the First Thanksgiving with them?
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Massasoit Indians
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Who was selected as governor of the Plymouth colony 30 times in annual elections?
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William Bradford
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What colony did the puritans settle in 1629?
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Massachusetts
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Who was the governor of Massachusetts for 19 years when the Puritans settled there
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John Winthrop
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The most noteworthy Puritan preacher was ____ ______. He’d been educated at Cambridge, criticized the Church of England, and then emigrated to Massachusetts.
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John Cotton
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____ _________ was an outspoken woman who challenged predestination.
Her theory, called ____________, argued that if there was predestination, then a person’s actions were immaterial (because the saints and sinners were already determined). This was heresy. |
Anne Hutchinson, antinomianism
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What colony did Rodger Williams start
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Rhode Island
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Explain the New England Confederation
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in 1643, the New England Confederation was set up.
It consisted of 4 colonies and held the main goal of defense. The colonies were Puritan only (Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and scattered Connecticut settlements). The confederation was weak but noteworthy in that it was a large step toward American unity. |
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Explain the Dominion of New England
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In 1686, the Dominion of New England was created as an arm of the king. It’s goals were to (a) to strengthen colonial defense against the Indians and, more importantly, (b) to regain control by England over America by enforcing the Navigation Acts
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What were the Navagation Acts
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The Navigation Acts limited American trade to within the British Empire exclusively.
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Who was Henry Hudson
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Dutch Explorer who founded New Amsterdam (Now NYC)
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Who forced the Dutch to surrender at New Amsterdam
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The Duke of York
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How did the Dutch leave their mark on America?
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The Dutch left their mark in the forms of…
The aristocratic flavor of New Netherland/New York. Place names such as Harlem (Haarlem), Brooklyn (Breuckelen), and Hell Gate (Hellegat). 'Gambrel' architecture (a barn shaped roof, modeled after the gambrel or back leg of a horse). And also, the Dutch left the traditions of Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf (kolf) |
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Why are Quakers called so?
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They’re called “Quakers” because they shook or quaked when moved by religious emotion.
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Why was Pennsylvania a popular colony
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Freedom of religion was allowed to all except Jews and Catholics.
The death penalty was allowed only for murder or treason. The Quakers didn’t like slavery. They were the first group to formally take a stand against slavery. Immigration was unrestricted and naturalization was easy. |
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Name the Middle Colonies
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The Middle Colonies consisted of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania.
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What was the headright system?
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if an aristocrat sponsored an indentured servant’s passage to America, the aristocrat earned the right to purchase 50 acres land
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What was Bacon's Rebellion and who led it?
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Their ambition was to get Gov. William Berkeley to crack down on the Indians rather than continue his Indian-friendly fur trading. The poor men wanted land from the Indians. Nathaniel Bacon
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How many people were executed in the Salem Witch Trials?
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20
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"How is the term ""Original 13 colonies"" misleading?"
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"a. Britain – 32 colonies in North America by 1775
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i. This included Canada
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the Floridas
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In 1775 - what % of people lived in rural areas?
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75
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In 1775 - what % of the total population was German?
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6
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Why did the Germans come to America?
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"2. Fleeing religious persecution
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What was the primary religion of the Germans
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Lutheran
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What represented the German Culture
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Stone Barns
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What Hampered the Scots-Irish economic life
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Economic life was hampered when English placed limits on their production of woolens and linens
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When did the Scots-Irish come to Pennsylvania
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Early 1700's
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Where did the Scots Irish settle when they came to America
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"i. Filled the back-country of PA
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What was built first in a new Scots-Irish community
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The Church
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2. Judged crimes as well as theological questions"
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Session
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iii. The Largest single non-English group were the ________
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Africans
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True/False: Colonial Social Statuses were set in stone
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false
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c. The poor were taken in by __________ in Philadelphia and New York City
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Almshouses
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Where was the wealth concentrated in the colonies
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e. Wealth was concentrated in the hands of the largest slave owners
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What was the most honored profession in the colonies
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Christian ministry
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When was the first Medical School established in the colonies
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1765
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What was a favorite remedy for smallpox
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b. Powdered dried toad
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What was the leading industry in Workaday America
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Agriculture
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What was the staple crop in MD and VA
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Tobacco
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What did the middle colonies produce in Workaday America
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Grain
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What was popular for agriculture in New England
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Fishing
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ii. Formally established in all NE colonies except RI"
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Congregational Church
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"Pre Great Awakening
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Puritans were brought down by what two burdens"
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Where did the Great Awakening Start?
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"Northampton
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"a. Explained the belief that hell was “paved with the skulls of unbaptized children"""
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2. “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry Godâ€
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ii. Skeptical of the emotionalism and the theatrical antics of the revivalists"
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Old Lights
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i. Defended the awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion
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New Light Ministers
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Where in the Colonies did education flourish
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New England
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i. Geared toward preparing men for ministry
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Colleges in New England
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Where was the colonial architecture from
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The Old World
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d. Influenced by Alexander Pope"
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Phillis Wheatley
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b. Best known for Poor Richard’s Almanac"
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Ben Franklin
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a. Libraries were created in what year?
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1744
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Which two colonies elected their own governors
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Connecticut and Rhode Island
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How were governors manipulated?
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Money
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What was the name of irishmen who led a rebellion similar to Bacon's Rebellion
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The Paxton Boys
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The Contest for mastery of North America involved which 3 old world nations
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England/France/Spain
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how many bitter wars convulsed Europe during The Contest for mastery of North America?
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4
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How many wars during The Contest for mastery of North America was the United States involved in?
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All of them
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This war was AKA French and Indian War and Set stage for America’s Independence
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Seven Years War
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Why was France a latecomer in New World real estate?
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Because of foreign wars and domestic strife
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What stopped the wars in France in the early 1700's
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The Edict of Nantes
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This king was Crowned at age 5/Ruled for 72 years/and had a Deep interest in overseas colonies
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King Louis XIV
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"Why was Samuel de Champlain crowned ""The Father of New France"""
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Because of energy and leadership
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Who did Samuel de Champlain have friendly political relations with?
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The Huron Indians
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What did the Huron Indians request of Samuel de Champlain?
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Requested his aid in fight against Iroquois Federations of upstate NY
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The Government of Quebec fell under direct control of who after multiple commercial companied faltered or failed?
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The King of France
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The French Government favored which colony over Canada? Why
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The Caribbean Islands because of their higher production rate
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What was the most valuable resource in New France?
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beaver
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Why was the beaver valued so highly in new France
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It was Valued for warmth and opulent appearance
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Coureurs de bois means what?
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Runner of the woods
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What does Baton Rouge mean?
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Red Stick
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What does Terre Haute mean?
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High land
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What does Des Moines mean?
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Some monks
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what does Grand Teton mean?
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big breast
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What was the job of French voyagers
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Recruited Indians into the fur business
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What was a serious drawback to the fur trade
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Indians were diseased and alcoholics
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This city was aka as “The City of Straits†and was Founded by Antoine Cadillac
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Detroit
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This man Journeyed to the mouth of the Mississippi River / Named the region Louisiana In honor of Louis XIV / Returned to Gulf of Mexico 3 years later to colonize with 4 ships and Failed to find the Mississippi Delta and instead Landed in Spanish Texas and then was Murdered by mutinous men in 1687
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Robert de Lasalle
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_____ from Illinois country was floated downriver to be shipped to the West Indies and Europe
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Grain
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This was was Caused by Trade disputes and was British vs. Spain. The war was Confined to Caribbean Sea then Merged with larger war – War of Austrian Succession
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War of Jenkins’s Ear
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AKA King George’s War
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War of Austrian Succession
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Who did France ally with in the War of Austrian Succession
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Spain
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What outcome of the War of Austrian Succession outraged Americans
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Peace treaty of 1748 returned Louisbourg to France
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1754 -Virginia Governor sends ______ __________ to secure Ohio Valley lands
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George Washington
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"in 1754
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Washington was forced to Surrender at ____ _________"
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General ________ and 2000 men sent to capture Fort Duquesne
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Braddock
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This man was AKA as the “Great Commoner†and in 1757 – became a foremost leader in the London government
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William Pitt
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What was the first significant British victory in the Seven Years war
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the recapturing of Louisbourg
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Who did William Pitt choose to concentrate on taking over Quebec
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James Wolfe
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______ ___ ______ ___ brought some unity among Americans
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French and Indian War
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How do the british retalliate to the indians taking back the Ohio country
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British retaliate by infecting Indians with smallpox
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Prohibits colonial settlements beyond Appalachian Mountains
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Proclamation of 1763
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This Society was opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions
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Republicanism
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A group that was Against British limitations on Americans and Accused British monarchy of corruption
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Radical Whigs
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Britain looked to colonies as _______ to stimulate British economy
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tenants
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Until when were the British Navigation Laws loosely enforced
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1763
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How were early American fortunes achieved
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smuggling
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Colonial American economy relied on whom?
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British merchants and creditors
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Americans start resenting Britain due to what?
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enforcement of the Navigation Laws by George Greenville in 1763
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1st law passed to raise revenue from the colonies for the crown but was Lowered after protest from colonists
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Sugar Act of 1764
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Act that Required Americans to house and feed British troops
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Quartering Act of 1765
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This group Met in NYC with 27 delegates from 9 colonies and Promoted colonial unity
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Stamp Act Congress of 1765
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What policy was more effective than the Stamp Act Congress of 1765
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Non-importation Agreements
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Who was the organizers of the extreme rebellions of the Stamp Act
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Sons and Daughters of Liberty
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What were the Townshend Acts funding
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salaries of Royal officials in America
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This man Organized local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts
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Sam Adams
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This committee's Chief function was to spread resistance to British policy
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committees of correspondence
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Who was the first intercolonial committee in 1773
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Virginia
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What was a result of the intercolonial committees
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The First Continental Congress
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What caused the Boston Tea Party
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"a. In Boston
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This act Closed the harbor until damages were paid and order was restored
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Boston Port Act
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Continental Congress summoned in 1774 to this city? ____________
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Philadelphia
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Which was the only colony not represented in the Continental Congress
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Georgia
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Most significant action of the First Continental congress was the creation of ___ ___________
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The Association
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Why were British troops sent to Lexington and Concord
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to seize stores of colonial gunpowder and to capture Sam Adams and John Handcock
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German who harshly trained Americans for the Revolution
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Baron von Steuben
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A just society as one in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good.
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Republicanism
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In Republicanism, Stability of society and authority of the government depended on what?
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the virtue of the citizenry
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This Society was opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions
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Republicanism
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A group that was Against British limitations on Americans and Accused British monarchy of corruption
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Radical Whigs
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Britain looked to colonies as _______ to stimulate British economy
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tenants
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Until when were the British Navigation Laws loosely enforced
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1763
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How were early American fortunes achieved
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smuggling
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Colonial American economy relied on whom?
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British merchants and creditors
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Americans start resenting Britain due to what?
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enforcement of the Navigation Laws by George Greenville in 1763
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1st law passed to raise revenue from the colonies for the crown but was Lowered after protest from colonists
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Sugar Act of 1764
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Act that Required Americans to house and feed British troops
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Quartering Act of 1765
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Act passed To raise revenue for a new military force and was Required on bills of sale, playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, and marriage licenses
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Stamp Act of 1765
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What were stamps required on for the Stamp Act of 1765
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Required on bills of sale, playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, and marriage licenses
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This group Met in NYC with 27 delegates from 9 colonies and Promoted colonial unity
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Stamp Act Congress of 1765
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What policy was more effective than the Stamp Act Congress of 1765
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Non-importation Agreements
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Who was the organizers of the extreme rebellions of the Stamp Act
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Sons and Daughters of Liberty
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light import taxes known as the __________ ____ on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea
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Townshend Acts
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What were the Townshend Acts funding
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salaries of Royal officials in America
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This man Organized local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts
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Sam Adams
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This committee's Chief function was to spread resistance to British policy
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committees of correspondence
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Who was the first intercolonial committee in 1773
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Virginia
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What was a result of the intercolonial committees
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The First Continental Congress
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What caused the Boston Tea Party
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In Boston, Massachusetts Governor, Thomas Hutchinson ordered tea ships not to leave the harbor until unloaded
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A just society as one in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good.
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Republicanism
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In Republicanism, Stability of society and authority of the government depended on what?
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the virtue of the citizenry
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This Society was opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions
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Republicanism
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A group that was Against British limitations on Americans and Accused British monarchy of corruption
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Radical Whigs
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Britain looked to colonies as _______ to stimulate British economy
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tenants
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Until when were the British Navigation Laws loosely enforced
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1763
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How were early American fortunes achieved
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smuggling
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Colonial American economy relied on whom?
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British merchants and creditors
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Americans start resenting Britain due to what?
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enforcement of the Navigation Laws by George Greenville in 1763
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1st law passed to raise revenue from the colonies for the crown but was Lowered after protest from colonists
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Sugar Act of 1764
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Act that Required Americans to house and feed British troops
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Quartering Act of 1765
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Act passed To raise revenue for a new military force and was Required on bills of sale, playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, and marriage licenses
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Stamp Act of 1765
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What were stamps required on for the Stamp Act of 1765
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Required on bills of sale, playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, and marriage licenses
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This group Met in NYC with 27 delegates from 9 colonies and Promoted colonial unity
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Stamp Act Congress of 1765
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What policy was more effective than the Stamp Act Congress of 1765
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Non-importation Agreements
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Who was the organizers of the extreme rebellions of the Stamp Act
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Sons and Daughters of Liberty
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light import taxes known as the __________ ____ on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea
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Townshend Acts
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What were the Townshend Acts funding
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salaries of Royal officials in America
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This man Organized local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts
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Sam Adams
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This committee's Chief function was to spread resistance to British policy
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committees of correspondence
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Who was the first intercolonial committee in 1773
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Virginia
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What was a result of the intercolonial committees
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The First Continental Congress
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What caused the Boston Tea Party
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In Boston, Massachusetts Governor, Thomas Hutchinson ordered tea ships not to leave the harbor until unloaded
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These acts were Passed in 1774 to chastise Boston in particular, Massachusetts in general and were Known in America as “the massacre of American Liberty”
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The Intolerable Acts
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This act Closed the harbor until damages were paid and order was restored
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Boston Port Act
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This British Act Was very tolerant to French as they were allowed to retain their religion, customs, etc. and Extended Quebec south into present day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Ontario
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1774 Quebec Act
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Continental Congress summoned in 1774 to this city? ____________
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Philadelphia
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Which was the only colony not represented in the Continental Congress
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Georgia
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Most significant action of the First Continental congress was the creation of ___ ___________
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The Association
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Why were British troops sent to Lexington and Concord
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to seize stores of colonial gunpowder and to capture Sam Adams and John Handcock
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Heading into the Revolution, what were 3 pros for Britain
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3:1 odds against Colonies / Britain had a professionally trained army compared to a wretchedly trained American militia / Britain also had the money to hire mercenaries
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Heading into the Revolution, what were 3 cons for Britain
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Britain was at a disadvantage being so far away from home base / Orders from London would not be applicable by the time they got to America / America had no single city that would cripple the nation if captured
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Heading into the Revolution, what were 3 pluses for America
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Colonists were blessed with outstanding leaders / Foreign aid came from France almost right away / Situations like this had occurred before with the underdog on top
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Heading into the Revolution, what were 3 minuses for America
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Americans were disorganized / Unity was on and off / Congress was no more than a debating society
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German who harshly trained Americans for the Revolution
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Baron von Steuben
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__________ _____ could only be shipped to England from the colonies
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Enumerated goods
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What could the Privy council do in Britain during the colonial times?
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Void American laws
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The Navigation Laws were despised by Americans but weren't enforced (until 1763). This non-enforcement was called "_________ _______" and effectively let the Americans do their own thing for a century.
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salutary neglect
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Prime Minister ______ __________ suggested enforcement of the much-ignored Navigation Acts on the colonies after the French and Indian War
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George Greenville
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The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775 with what goal?
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merely a desire to
continue fighting in the hope that the king and Parliament would consent to a redress of grievances. |
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What three things did the Second Continental Congress achieve in 1775
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It sent another list of grievances to Parliament.
It also adopted measures to raise money for an army and a navy. It also selected George Washington to command the army. |
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In May 1775, a tiny American force called the _____ ________ _____,
led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, surprised and captured the British garrisons at Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point |
Green Mountain Boys
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1. The wealthiest people in pre-Revolutionary America were primarily
a) lawyers, doctors, and yeoman farmers b) northern merchants and southern plantation owners c) inland farmers d) industrialists e) clergymen and local government officials |
b
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2. The First Great Awakening was
a) a slave rebellion in colonial South Carolina b) an 18th century religious movement among Native Americans dedicated to reaffirming traditional values c) the flowering of Enlightenment political thought in colonial America d) an early colonial protest against English imperial policy e) a religious revival that occurred throughout the American colonies |
E
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3. The French and Indian War was a pivotal point in America's relationship to Great Britain because it led Great Britain to
a) encourage colonial manufactures b) impose revenue taxes on the colonies c) restrict emigration from England d) ignore the colonies e) grant increased colonial self-government |
B
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4. The mercantilist system in the eighteenth century led to
a) the restriction of governmental intervention in the economy b) the protection of Native Americans from European economic exploitation c) the expansion of colonial manufacturing d) the subordination of the colonial economy to that of the mother country e) noncompetitive commercial relations among nations |
D
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5. According to the 18th century theories of mercantilism, and in light of England's pattern of trade with Europe and America, England's most valuable colony or group of colonies was which of the following? A) New England
b) New York c) Pennsylvania d) Virginia and Maryland e) Delaware and New Jersey |
A
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6. England defeated a major rival prior to her successful effort to colonize the New World. She also defeated another major rival just prior to losing many of her colonies in the New World. Herrivalswere
first a) France, then the U.S. d) France, then Spain b) Spain, then France e) Portugal, then Spain c) France, then Holland |
D
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7. Liberty of conscience was defended by Roger Williams on the ground that
a) all religions were equal in the eyes of God b) the institutions of political democracy would be jeopardized without it c) Puritan ideas about sin and salvation were outmoded d) theological truths would emerge from the clash of ideas e) the state was an improper and ineffective agency in matters of the spirit |
E
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8. A Puritan minister in Massachusetts Bay Colony would be most likely to have attained his position by
having been a) chosen by the Archbishop in London b) chosen by his own congregation c) chosen at a town meeting d) chosen by the General Court e) elected by other ministers in the Puritan community |
C
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9. A source of friction between the British and French in the New World during the colonial era was that
a) the enforcement of the Navigation Acts after the Seven Years War antagonized officials in New France b) both the French and the English regarded the Connecticut River Valley as a strategic area c) both the French and English regarded the Ohio River Valley as a strategic area d) neither France nor England wished to accept Huguenot settlers in their colonies e) the French Revolution created both ideological and political conflicts among the English colonists |
C
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10. Large families were desirable in the American colonies because
a) soldiers were needed to fight the Indians b) the colonies were underpopulated and labor was scarce c) school and college enrollments were small d) most religious groups encouraged large families e) there were few opportunities for women to work outside the home |
B
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11. Which of the following was NOT a tenet of Puritan theology?
a) All human beings were born evil and deserved damnation. b) The elect was comprised of individuals predestined to go to heaven. c) Salvation was determined by God's will. d) All members of the community had an opportunity for salvation through good works. e) The covenant relationship was one established between man and God. |
D
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12. The Act of Toleration passed by Maryland's assembly in 1649
a) provided religious toleration to people of all faiths b) provided religious toleration for all Trinitarian Christians c) provided religious toleration only for Catholics d) provided religious toleration for all settlers except Jews and atheists e) was too liberal for most of Maryland's settlers and never put into practice |
B
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13. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 resulted in
a) popular uprisings such as Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia b) the end of the Dominion of New England c) abolition of representative assemblies in several colonies d) the end of proprietary government in Pennsylvania and Delaware e) the beginning of increased toleration for Catholics in the colonies |
B
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14. Which of the following statements describes correctly the legal status of women in America during the colonial period?
a) Women were prohibited by law from remaining single or working outside the home. b) Women enjoyed legal and political rights equal to those of men because of the fluid nature of American society. c) Women enjoyed legal and political rights equal to those of men under English common law. d) Women did not enjoy legal and political rights equal to those of men until the era of the American Revolution ( 1776-1783). e) The legal and political rights of married women in the colonies were limited under English law. |
E
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15. The first step in the 13 colonies toward intercolonial unity was
a) the Dominion of New England b) the Albany Plan of Union c) the New England Confederation d) the Hartford Convention e) John Locke's Grand Model for the Carolinas |
C
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16. Which is an accurate statement about Puritan beliefs?
a) Despite the stern nature of their theology, the Puritans were convinced of the innate goodness of man. b) The Covenant relationship between man and God must be recognized as the central tenet of Puritan theology. c) As sermons of the period prove, salvation through good works was a vital component of the Puritan work ethic. d) Because of their dependence on an all powerful God, the Puritans were convinced of the free will of man. e) As Puritan ministers consistently explained to their congregations, anyone who was determined to be saved from the perils of hell could experience a conversion, even if this were to alter his predestined course. |
B
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17. Which of the following did NOT characterize colonial Massachusetts?
a) great power exerted by the Puritan clergy in politics b) small freehold fauns c) participation in the slave trade d) a significant number of ministers serving as civil magistrates or officials e) town meeting government |
C
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18. The position of a member of the House of Burgesses in colonial Virginia can be most accurately
compared to that of a a) member of the governor's cabinet d) member of the state legislature b) member of the Electoral college e) judge c) U.S. Senator |
D
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19. The American colonies failed to develop a feudal aristocracy because
a) primogeniture and entail were prohibited by English laws b) there were no significant differences among the social classes c) the availability of land in the New World made the establishment of the manorial system difficult d) there were no attempts to establish manorial systems or establish a feudal aristocracy e) feudal arrangements were specifically prohibited by colonial charters. |
C
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20. "For we must consider that we shall be a city upon a Hill; the eyes of all people are upon us; so that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken and so cause him to withdraw his present help from us, we shall be made a story and a byword throughout the world..."
The quotation above was most likely said by: a) Roger Williams d) John Winthrop b) William Penn e) Lord Baltimore c) William Bradford |
D
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21. Education was of particular importance to the Puritans in Massachusetts Bay Colony because it
a) provided knowledge of the scriptures needed for salvation b) opened the door to economic opportunity c) encouraged proper decorum among children d) encouraged egalitarianism e) encouraged religious toleration |
A
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22. Under the proprietary system of government during the colonial period, the Proprietor
a) had the right to appoint his own governor and grant land b) could appoint officials and grant land only with the consent of the crown c) could appoint officials and grant land only with the consent of the colonial legislature d) could appoint officials and grant land but was required to remain in England e) could raise duties on goods coming into his colony. |
A
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23. The Halfway Covenant of 1662 can be most accurately described as
a) a division of power between church and state in Massachusetts Bay b) a means of increasing the power of the Puritan clergy c) a division of power between Congregationalists and Presbyterians d) a liberalization of the requirements for church membership e) a means of insuring each individual in the Puritan community had a 50-50 chance of salvation. |
D
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24. The majority of the colonial population of 1750 was comprised of
a) landed gentry d) indentured servants b) slaves e) Scotch-Irish immigrants c) white freeholders |
D
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25. The studies of Puritanism written by historians from the 1930s to the present, such as Edmund Morgan, may be most accurately described as
a) pietistic history d) economic history b) political history e) nativist history c) social and intellectual history |
A
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26. Which of the following was NOT the leader of the settlement paired with his name?
a) John Smith - Jamestown d) Roger Williams - Hartford b) James Oglethorpe - Savannah e) William Bradford - Plymouth c) William Penn - Philadelphia |
D
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27. Which of the following acts was NOT part of British mercantilist policy?
a) Hat Act d) Toleration Act b) Iron Act e) Wool Act c) Sugar/Molasses Act |
D
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28. The traditional rights of Englishmen DO NOT derive from
a) the Magna Carta d) the English Bill of Rights b) English common law e) the Petition of Right c) England's written Constitution |
C
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29. By the time of the Revolution, the American colonists had generally come to believe that creation of a republic would solve the problems of monarchical rule because a republic would establish
a) a highly centralized government led by a social elite b) a strong chief executive c) a small, limited government responsible to the people d) unlimited male suffrage e) a society in which there were no differences of rank or status |
C
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31. The historian investigating the origins of slavery in the colonial period encounters little documentary evidence to establish the date when the two essentials of slavery - lifetime service and inherited status first appeared. Even less information provides clues to why black slavery was established. Which of the following has NOT been advanced as an explanation for the development of slavery in colonial America?
a) need for labor b) inability of Indians to serve as a labor source c) the example of black slavery in Great Britain d) prejudice toward blacks e) status of blacks in the eyes of whites as heathens in religious matters |
C
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32. The high wages enjoyed by colonial workers were primarily caused by
a) little competition from English craftsmen b) monopolies granted by town councils c) restrictions of the guild system d) the existence of so much land e) laws against manufacturing |
D
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33. "0 Sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in! It is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath that you are held over in the hand of that God whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you as many of the damned in hell. Your hand by a slender thread, with the flames of Divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every moment to singe and burn it asunder. . ." The above selection from "Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God," by Jonathan Edwards was all of the
following EXCEPT a) an attempt to restore religious fervor in an ever increasing materialistic society b) an attempt to point out the theological inaccuracies of the doctrine of predestination c) an attempt to bring about a return to redemption by faith alone, not salvation earned by good works d) typical of the style of writing during the Great Awakening e) an attempt to frighten people into realizing the awesome power of God and the horrors of hell. |
B
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34. The Dominion of New England in 1685 was
a) a voluntary union of the New England colonies for the purpose of mutual self defense b) an attempt on the part of Massachusetts Bay Puritans to enforce religious conformity c) an attempt by the British government to increase the effectiveness of her political, religious, and economic control over her colonies d) intended to prevent French expansion out of Canada to the English colonies e) an attempt to unite all the British North American colonies under the leadership of New England to protest British mercantile policies. |
C
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35. Religious tolerance developed during the colonial period because
a) the colonists saw the folly of Europe's bloody wars of religion b) no one church was strong enough to gain domination c) of the example of the Puritans coming to America for religious reasons d) of Roger Williams' example of separation of church and state e) of the English tradition of strict separation of church and state |
B
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36. The tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy were distinctive in that they
a) were less militant than other Native American tribes b) all allied themselves with the American colonists against Great Britain during the Revolutionary War c) successfully resisted incorporation into the English fur-trading system d) were all converted to Anglicanism e) formed the most important Native American political organization to confront the colonists |
E
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37. Established churches existed in all of the colonies EXCEPT
a) New Jersey and Massachusetts b) Pennsylvania and Rhode Island 0 Virginia and South Carolina d) Maryland and Pennsylvania e) New York and Rhode Island |
C
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38. An historian compared tax lists for the years 1687 and 1771. What changes do you think he found in the Boston of 1771 compared to the Boston of 1687?
a) an increase in the number of indentured servants entering Boston from abroad b) a decline in the number of people considered poor and propertyless c) a more stratified social structure d) an economy controlled by large landowners rather than by merchants e) a stable population with little geographical, occupational, economic, or generational mobility |
B
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39. Who is described in the following quotation? " Their thinking was dominated by the word covenant, one a covenant between God and the church and the other between the governed and the government."
a) Maryland Catholics d) Puritans in Massachusetts b) Baptists in Rhode Island e) Quakers in Pennsylvania c) Pilgrims in Plymouth |
D
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40. Which was NOT a result of the French and Indian War?
a) France lost Canada b) Great Britain incurred high war costs c) Great Britain gained Louisiana d) Great Britain saw a need to tighten its administrative system e) Great Britain made a decision to reinvigorate the mercantile system |
C
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41. There wasn't one but two colonial Souths: the Chesapeake society and the Carolina society. In four of the following respects these two Souths were alike. In which way were they different?
a) the dependence on black slaves b) the existence of towns as a focal point for social life c) the existence of indentured servants d) their fears of a slave revolt e) their dependence on export crops |
B
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42. More than any other, this colony was the lengthened shadow of one man. He offered easy land terms of 50 free acres; laid out his principal city in checkerboard fashion to prevent a disaster similar to the Great Fire of London; and offered a sincere trust in humanity and religious freedom in his "Holy Experiment." What colony and founder is described?
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C
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43. In the colonial period, vestward settlement in the Mohawk River Valley west of Albany was
a) blocked by the Ir quois Confederacy b) stopped by the A palachian Mts. c) stimulated by the Erie Canal d) encouraged by the Northwest Ordinance e) accomplished by Scotch-Irish settlers |
A
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44. Political theory in the colonial period said that the ideal government was a "mixed government" that contained elements of democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy. The glue that held the mixture together was "deference," which was the belief in
a) universal suffrage for white males d) yielding to the leadership of a superior upper class b) popular sovereignty e) the consent of the governed c) the acceptance of majority rule |
C
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45. The Great Awakening
a) undermined the prestige of the learned clergy in the colonies b) split colonial churches into several competing denominations c) led to greater religious toleration d) tended to break down sectional barriers among the colonies e) all of the above |
A
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46. The "new light" preachers of the Great Awakening
a) rarely addressed themselves to the matter of individual salvation b) were much given to highly intellectual theology c) were ultimately unsuccessful in arousing the religious enthusiasm of colonial Americans d) reached their greatest success in cities along the eastern seaboard e) delivered intensely emotional sermons underscoring the innate depravity of man |
C
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47. One of the characteristics of colonial America was frequent rebellions or uprisings against the political authorities. Which of the following was NOT an uprising in the colonial period?
a) Leisler's Rebellion d) Bacon's Rebellion b) the Stono Rebellion e) the Regulator Movement c) the Populist Crusade |
C
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48. The Treaty of Tordesillas
a) divided the New World between the Spanish and the Portuguese b) established Spanish as the official language of South America c) resolved the French and Dutch claims to Martinique d) determined the border between Florida and Georgia e) proclaimed the Papacy's desire to prevent warfare between colonies and native Americans |
A
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49. Which of the following later reinforced the principle established in the Zenger case?
a) the Mayflower Compact d) the 1st amendment to the Constitution b) the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut e) the Declaration of Independence c) the Salem Witch Trials |
D
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50. Which was a major difference between American colonial society and European society of the same period?
a) greater social mobility in Europe than in the American colonies b) the absence of a social class structure in America c) greater emphasis in colonial America on wealth resulting from land ownership rather than family background d) lack of a merchant class in the colonies, but a well defined one in Europe e) the absence of social class structure in Europe, but a well defined class system in the colonies |
c
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1. An historian analyzing the causes of the American Revolution might legitimately point to all of the following EXCEPT
a) the breakdown of the British mercantile system b) the conviction of American leaders that the colonies were being deprived of their political powers c) the influence of political propaganda d) the influence of Enlightenment thinking e) the influence of the French Revolution |
C
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3. The direct economic and social consequences of the American Revolution included all of the following EXCEPT
a) expanded opportunities for settlement in the West b) reforms in laws and inheritance c) increased property holding rights for married women d) new opportunities for trade and manufacturing e) confiscation of Loyalist property. |
C
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4. The Stamp Act of 1765 was designed to
a) increase colonial postal rates b) establish a colonial mint to stamp out silver coins c) facilitate British postal censorship of colonial mails d) establish a colonial postal service e) increase British tax revenue from the colonies |
E
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5.The French government supported the American Revolution primarily because
a) there was general support for the political ideals of the Enlightenment in France_ b)an American victory would enable France to recapture Canada. c) Benjamin Franklin and his scientific achievements inspired admiration by the French. d) France wished to reduce the British empire and gain influence in North America e) France's ally, Spain, was eager to recapture Gibraltar from Britain. |
A
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6.The Ordinances of 1785 and 1787 were notable accomplishments because they
a) established the principle that western lands are the joint property of all the states. b) initiated a territorial policy that provided for the orderly creation of new states. c) made possible a policy of Indian relations which enabled new western areas to be settled peacefully. d)put land into the hands of the actual settler rather than the speculator. e) were the basis for the future settlement of the dispute with Britain over British troops at posts in the Northwest Territory. |
B
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7. After 1763, changes in the British imperial system threatened the interests of which of the following groups of American colonists?
I. Land speculators with interests west of the Appalachian Mountains II. Newspaper editors and lawyers. III. Farmers wishing to settle in the Ohio River Valley IV. Boston smugglers :D a) III only d) I, 111, and IV only b) IV only e) I, II, III, and IV c) I and III only |
D
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8. The primary difference between the Constitution and the Articles of Confederation was that
the Constitution A) reserved explicit powers for the states B) created a much stronger national government C) created a loose confederation of states D) protected civil liberties E) provided for a federal legislative body |
B
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9. The distinction drawn by the colonists between internal and external taxation was proved invalid when the colonists also objected to the
a) Stamp Act d) Townshend Acts b) Declaratory Act e) Quebec Act c) Tea Act |
A
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10. Which provision of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 was NOT carried out until after the U.S. fought another war with Britain?
a) settlement of the western boundary of the U.S. b) evacuation of British troops from U.S. soil C) formal recognition of U.S. independence by Britain d) payment of a cash indemnity by Britain to the U.S. e) sharing of Newfoundland fisheries by Britain and the U.S |
B
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11.Which of the following reflects the economic hardships of the "Critical Period" of
American History from 1781-1789? a) the Stamp Act Congress d) Shays' Rebellion b) the views expressed in Common Sense e) the Boston Tea Party c) the Northwest Ordinance |
D
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12. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided for the
a) admission of new states to the union as equals to the original states b) admission of new states to the union with popular sovereignty regarding the slavery c) creation of self-governing territories independent of Congress d) creation of new states governed by Congressional committees e) removal of British troops from their posts in the Northwest Territory |
A
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13. American success in the Revolutionary War may be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT
a) French assistance b) popular support for rebel troops c) the distance between Britain and her troops in the colonies d) solid opposition by British leaders to what was going on in the colonies e) better colonial knowledge of the terrain |
D
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14. Shays' Rebellion in western Massachusetts can be most accurately said to have been brought about by
a) boundary conflicts b) high taxes and uncertainty over the value of paper money c) the ratification controversy d) objections to the presence of British troops e) the issues that led to the "Great Compromise" |
D
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15. Colonial objections to the Stamp Act won sympathy and approval from
a) George Grenville d) Edmund Burke b) Lord North e) Joseph Galloway c) Charles Townshend |
D
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16. The most significant provision of the Proclamation of 1763 was the one that
a) forbade further migration into the Ohio territory b) gave England control of all areas east of the Mississippi c) provided for the settlement of the Great Lakes Region d) added Quebec to the British empire e) prohibited inter-colonial migration |
A
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17."Resolved, that whoever shall be siding, or assisting, in the landing or carting of such tea, from any ship, or vessel, or shall hire any house ... whatsoever, to deposit the tea, subject to a duty as aforesaid, he shall be deemed an enemy to the liberties of America... Whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions, we will not deal with or employ or have any connection with him."
The quotation above was most likely to have been made by a) Parliament in the Tea Act b) the writers of the Suffolk Resolves c) the Sons of Liberty in a resolution d) Lord North in the Intolerable Acts e) Thomas Paine in Common Sense |
C
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18. Which of the following was NOT a reaction of the American colonists to the Stamp Act?
a) The Stamp Act Congress b) Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions c) Non-importation measures d) Declaratory Act e) boycotts |
D
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(19 -20-) "You are to be diligent in the execution of the powers and authorities given you by several Acts of Parliament for visiting and searching of ships, and for seizing, securing and bringing on shore any goods prohibited to be imported into, or exported out of said plantations; or for which any duties are payable, or ought to have been paid, by any Act of Parliament."
19. The above quotation sets forth the British theory that Parliament had the right to a) dominate the seas d) control colonial trade b) regulate production in the colonies e) issue Bills of Attainder c) seize missing seamen 20. The above quotation was most likely taken from the a) Acts of Trade and Navigation d) Quebec Act b) Stamp Act e) Olive Branch Petition c) Quartering Act |
D,B
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21. Writs of Assistance could best be described as
a) orders given to colonists to quarter British troops b) summonses to Navigation Court c) documents presented by colonial agents to parliament d) the equivalent of cease and desist orders e) general search warrants used by customs officials |
E
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24. The purpose of the Committees of Correspondence was to
a) write petitions to George III b) keep each colony informed about events in other colonies c) protest the Townshend Acts d) interest the colonists in the ideas of the Declaration of Independence e) all of the above |
D
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25. According to the Treaty of Paris of 1783, the U.S. was given its independence and
a) all the land east of the Mississippi River b) all the land west of the Mississippi River c) all the land east of the Mississippi River except Florida d) all the land from the Ohio River to the Rio Grande e) all the land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River |
E
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26. The American Revolution resulted in all of the following EXCEPT
a) the breakup of large estates b) abolition of property qualifications for voting c) inclusion of a bill of rights in the new state constitutions d) emancipation or gradual emancipation of Blacks in some northern staes e) separation of church and state in southern states |
E
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27. In response to the colonists' cry of "no taxation without representation," Prime Minister George Grenville justified the Stamp, Sugar, Tea and Declaratory Acts by saying
A) that the colonies must disband their own forms of colonial government before they could be represented in Parliament B) that the colonies could never be represented in Parliament because American colonists were not loyal enough to the Crown to merit representation C) that the colonies could never be represented in parliament because only people living in Great Britain were represented D) that colonists were "virtually represented" because Parliament remembered the interests of all those under British rule E) that royal governors in each colony relayed the interests of the colonists directly to King George III and therefore the colonies did not require parliamentary representation. |
D
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28. Why were the western Native Americans firm allies of the British during the War for Independence?
A. White expansion into the Ohio Valley made the Indians distrust and resent the Americans. B. Indians saw comforting similarities between their tribal structure and the structure of the British government. C. The expansion of the British into the Ohio Valley had created a strong bond of friendship between the Indians and the British. D. Most Indian chiefs believed that after the war the British would be less formidable adversaries than the colonists. E. The Indians were grateful for British missionary efforts among their tribal people. |
A
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29.The outcome of the Battle of Saratoga was important because
A. It enabled the British to sever New England from the rest of the colonies. B. It convinced the French government to f6i nially recognize the United States and go to war against Britain. C. It provided the beleaguered Americans with their first victory against the British since the beginning of the war. D. It convinced Lord North that, as he said, "It's all over, " and that the Americans had won their independence. E. It gave the Americans control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans. |
B
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30. Which branch of state government lost the most power as a result of the political changes that were instituted during the 1770s and 1780s?
A. The judicial branch B. The assembly C. The upper house of the state legislature D. The executive E. The governor's council |
B
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31. At its outset the Revolutionary War was directed by the
a) Committees of Correspondence d) Continental Army b) Second Continental Congress e) Sons of Liberty c) Government under the Articles of Confederation |
B
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32. "When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people. . .7 is an excerpt from
a) The United States Constitution d) The Bill of Rights b) The Declaration of Independence e) The Articles of Confederation c) The Virginia Statute for Religious Liberty |
B
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33. In which pair of events is the first item a cause of the second item? a) Boston Tea Party - Passage of the Intolerable Acts
Passag Meeting of the First Continental Congress - outbreak of the French & Indian War c) Battle of Saratoga - Adoption of the Declaration of Independence d) Stamp Act Congress - Proclamation of 1763 e) Adoption of the Articles of Confederation - Battle of Yorktown |
A
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34.Which of the following statements best describes British colonial policy after 1763?
a) It was a continuation of the policy of "salutary neglect." b) The British Crown grew more and more concerned with religious conformity. c) There was a renewed effort to enforce trade regulations to ease financial problems d) There was a willingness to allow an increasing degree of self-government. e) British colonies often acted out of a spirit of cooperation concerning trade with Britain. |
C
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35-All of the following are compromises arrived at in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 EXCEPT
a) the fractional representation of slaves in determining the population b) separation of government powers into different branches to insure against abuses of power c) a bicameral legislature d) checks and balances among the different branches of government e) the power of judicial review over legislation |
E
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36.The principal purpose of the Annapolis Conference of 1.786 was to
a) revise the Articles of Confederation b) resolve problems associated with interstate trade c) elect a President to give direction to the nation d) lay the foundation for a constitutional convention to four a more powerful central government e) send ambassadors to Britain to secure trade privileges within the British Empire |
D
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37. All of the following were foreign problems confronted by the Articles of Confederation EXCEPT
a) the unwillingness of the British to evacuate her forts in the Northwest Territory b) the dumping of manufactured goods by British merchants c) Spanish closing of the Mississippi River to American trade d) the demand of France that we honor our pledge in the Franco-American alliance of 1778 to aid them when needed e) raids by the Barbary Pirates on American commercial shipping |
D
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40. Which of the statements below accurately describes what is taking place in the above cartoon?
a) A colonial merchant is being punished for violating the Navigation Acts. b) A Quaker in Massachusetts Bay is being punished for violating the Sabbath. c) A French fur trapper caught in the Ohio Territory is being made an example of to keep Canadian Catholics out of the territory d) The Sons of Liberty are punishing someone who purchased British tea after the passage of the Tea Act e) A British soldier captured in battle is being humiliated for attempting to crush the rebellion. |
D
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41.The Constitution was written to make it difficult for the majority of the population to impress its will on the federal government. Which of the following gave the people the most impact on the federal government?
a) Length of the term of office for federal judges b) Length of the term of office for members of the House of Representatives c) Choosing the president by the Electoral College d) The method of electing U.S. senators e) Having 1/3 of the Senate elected every two years |
B
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42. Which of the following were characteristics of new state constitutions written during the Revolutionary War?
I. A Bill of Rights was included II. The principles of separation of powers and checks and balances were incorporated III. A weak executive was provided for IV. All property qualifications for suffrage were abolished a) 1, 11, 111, IV d) II and IV only b) I, III, and IV only e) I, II, and III only c) II, III, IV only |
E
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43. Which of the following ideas is NOT found in the preamble to the Declaration of Independence?
a) Governments exist to protect their citizens' inalienable rights b) When a government is oppressive, the people have a right to revolt c) The government is the servant of the people, not their master d) Governments are founded on the popular consent of the governed e) Governments exist to give all people an equal opportunity to share in the wealth of the nation |
E
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46. After the Constitution was written in 1787 it was sent to the states for ratification. Virginia narrowly approved the Constitution 89-79. Who was the Virginia delegate to the Constitutional Convention who fought in Virginia against ratifying the Constitution because it lacked a Bill of Rights? His fight earned him the title, "Father of the Bill of Rights."
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D
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47. The major issue that delayed the ratification of the Articles of Confederation for 4 years concerned
a) taxation d) monetary policy b) tariff policy e) western lands c) interstate commerce |
E
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48. The central point at issue between the supporters and critics of the Articles of Confederation concerned how to
a) reconcile states' rights with strong national government b) transfer territories to equal statehood c) abolish slavery yet preserve national unity d) balance the power of legislative and executive offices of government e) settle boundary quarrels between states |
a
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49- Match the nation on the left with the description of the problem it presented to U.S. foreign relations following the Revolutionary War.
A. Britain 1. Threatened American commerce in the Mediterranean Sea B. France 2. Demanded repayment of wartime loans C. Spain 3. Occupied a chain of trading forts in the Old Northwest D. Barbary Coast 4. Controlled important trade routes from the interior of North America Answers: a) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 b) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 c) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 d) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 e) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3 |
D
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50. John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton wrote the essays collected in The Federalist Papers in order to
A. convince New Yorkers and other Americans not to support ratification of the Constitution B. convince New Yorkers and other Americans that they needed to rebel against Great Britain C. convince New Yorkers and other Americans that the central government under the Articles of Confederation was too weak and required amending D. convince New Yorkers and other Americans that the Articles of Confederation did not require amending because it represented the highest level of democratic government E. convince New Yorkers and other Americans to support ratification of the Constitution |
E
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1 - A majority of the early English migrants to the Chesapeake Bay area were
(A) families with young children (B) indentured servants (C) wealthy gentlemen (D) merchants and craftsmen (E) disfranchised Catholics |
B
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2- Which of the following best describes Deism?
(A) A belief that the course of each individual's life is predestined by God (B) A concept of toleration advanced by Quaker preachers (C) The belief that God had created the world but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature (D) A principle taught in colonial New England colleges (E) A radical theory encouraging free love and communal living |
C
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3. France decided to aid the North American colonies in their war for independence primarily because France
(A) was working to establish democratic rule in European countries (B) saw the war as an opportunity to end the international slave trade (C) wanted to weaken the British empire (D) was allied with Spain, which had already joined the colonists' cause (E) had long been the primary trading partner of the North American colonies |
C
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4. In the eighteenth century, British colonists wishing to settle west of the Appalachians were principally motivated by
(A) the comparatively small numbers of American Indians in the old Northwest (B) the low price and easy availability of land (C) freedom from the threat of Spanish authorities (D) a desire to escape overcrowded cities along the Atlantic coast (E) promises of tax breaks for those willing to establish frontier settlements |
B
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5- British colonists in North America objected to the Stamp Act primarily because it
(A) threatened the free press (B) disrupted trade with the West Indies (C) closed the colonial courts (D) enriched corrupt officials (E) taxed them without their consent |
E
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6. African Americans who fled the violence of the Reconstruction South in 1879 and 1880 to start anew in Kansas were known as
(A) exodusters (B) homesteaders (C) scalawags (D) jayhawkers (E) the Colored Farmers' National Alliance |
A
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7. President George Washington's Farewell Address set a course for the nation by
(A) endorsing the economic policies of the Federalists (B) discouraging permanent alliances with foreign nations (C) endorsing the two-party system (D) calling for strict term limits for federal officeholders (E) calling for the adoption of universal suffrage |
B
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8. The Supreme Court established which of the fol
lowing by its ruling in Marbury v. Madison ? (A) States have the authority to nullify acts of Congress. (B) The Bank of the United States is constitutional under the implied powers clause. (C) States may not interfere with interstate Commerce. (D) The Supreme Court has the authority to determine the constitutionality of congres-sional acts. (E) Government contracts cannot be repealed by popular majority. |
D
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9. Support for slavery in the Southern states was based on all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
(A) Most White families owned slaves. (B) Slaveholders believed that slaves were inferior and required White guardianship. (C) Slavery was condoned in the Bible. (D) White plantation owners feared abolition would destroy the South's economy. (E) Poor White farmers feared the economic competition of four million freed persons. |
A
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10. Most of the Irish immigrants who came to the United States following the potato famine of the 1840s settled in
(A) urban areas of the North (B) seacoast cities of the South (C) rural sections of the Old Northwest (D) California (E) Appalachia |
A
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11. A distinguishing feature of American society in the early nineteenth century was the
(A) increasing readership of newspapers (B) lack of enthusiasm for religious reform (C) embrace of an aristocratic hierarchy (D) creation of original forms of art and architecture (E) dislike of voluntary associations |
A
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12. In the last half of the nineteenth century, the New South advocates supported
(A) elimination of convict leasing (B) expansion of southern industry (C) creation of a southern literature critical of the Old South (D) elimination of Jim Crow segregation (E) limitation on West Indian migration to the United States |
B
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14. City bosses and urban political machines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did which of the following?
(A) They enabled the urban middle class to participate more effectively in politics. (B) They provided some welfare for poor immigrants in exchange for political support. (C) They encouraged racial integration of residential neighborhoods. (D) They discouraged railroad and highway construction to prevent people from moving out of urban areas. (E) They promoted prohibition and the abolition of prostitution. |
B
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15. The United States devised the Open Door policy in 1899 in order to
(A) establish a United States colony in China (B) encourage the Chinese to adopt Western culture (C) protect United States economic interests in China (D) prevent European nations from establishing a presence in Chinese territory (E) assure the right of the Unites States to intervene in China whenever necessary |
C
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PLATFORM
First. – That the union of the labor forces of the United States this day consummated shall be permanent and perpetual. Second. – Wealth belongs to him who creates it... . The interests of rural and civil labor are the same; their enemies are identical.... 1. We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to I.... 3. We demand a graduated income tax.... RESOLVED, That we demand a free ballot and a fair count in all elections. . . through the adoption of the Australian or secret ballot system. 16. The excerpts above appeared in the platform of which of the following political parties? (A) American Party (B) Greenback Labor Party (C) Populist Party (D) Socialist Party (E) Progressive Party |
C
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17. The Palmer raids of 1919 to 1920 were most closely related to the
(A) fear of communism and radicalism (B) formation of the American Federation of Labor (C) enforcement of prohibition (D) rise of racial unrest in the Midwest (E) enforcement of child labor laws |
A
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I8. A significant demographic development in the two decades following the Second World War was a
(A) decline in marriage and birth rates (B) rapid growth of suburbs (C) movement from urban to rural communities (D) great migration from the South and West to the Northeast (E) rapid increase in the average age of Americans |
B
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19. The 1962 book that helped launch the national environmental movement was
(A) James Baldwin's The Fire Next Time (B) Michael Harrington's The Other America (C) Alice Walker's In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens (D) Jack Kerouac's On The Road (E) Rachel Carson's Silent Spring |
E
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20. During 1968 the deep divisions within the American public were demonstrated by all of the following EXCEPT
(A) the assassinations of Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. (B) urban riots in major cities across the country (C) antiwar demonstrations at the Democratic national convention in Chicago (D) the refusal of most Republicans to support Richard Nixon as their presidential candidate (E) the strong showing of George Wallace's American Independent Party in southern states and some northern urban centers |
D
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21. Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense attacked which of the following?
(A) France for its failure to support the colonial war effort (B) Parliament for its continued opposition to the king of England (C) Politicians who believed a small island could not effectively rule a distant continent (D) The king of England and the principle of monarchy (E) The authors of the Declaration of Independence |
D
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22. Which of the following was true of colonial New England?
(A) It consisted of loosely organized communities spread some distance apart. (B) Its economy was dependent on large-scale fanning and trading. (C) Life was centered in clustered villages with farmland surrounding the villages. (D) Most people lived in large cities. (E) Villages and small towns were tightly organized around an artisan community. |
C
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23. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 did all of the following EXCEPT
(A) create a government that would be satisfac¬tory to both slave and free states (B) create a government that would be satisfac¬tory to both large and small states (C) create a strong central government that would not threaten the sovereignty of the states (D) establish a balance of power between the three branches of the national government (E) determine provisions to be included in the Bill of Rights |
E
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24. After the French and Indian War, British political leaders were determined to
(A) require the North American colonies to pay a greater share of the empire's administrative expenses (B) end slavery in the North American colonies (C) encourage colonial expansion into the Ohio Valley by moving all American Indian peoples further west (D) strengthen the French colonial holdings in Canada and the northwest to discourage Spanish expansion (E) convert all Catholic colonists to the beliefs of the Anglican Church |
A
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25. The concept of republican motherhood includes the idea that women should
(A) have the right to vote (B) hold public office (C) be educated to raise their children to be good citizens (D) be encouraged to seek employment (E) have as many children as possible |
C
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26. The Missouri Compromise was a victory for antislavery advocates because it
(A) provided for the gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri (B) excluded slavery from all territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River (C) prohibited slavery from future territorial acquisitions (D) condemned the fugitive slave law (E) closed most of the Louisiana Purchase to slavery |
E
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27. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the central and western areas of New York were known as the "burned-over district" because
(A) of intense religious zeal created during the Second Great Awakening (B) terrible fires had followed the clear-cut logging by pioneers in that part of the state (C) the area had not recovered from the devastation of the War of 1812 (D) American Indian settlements had been completely destroyed as settlers moved in and took over the land (E) the region's economy had never revived after the hardships that followed the Whiskey Rebellion |
A
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28. The Monroe Doctrine maintained that
(A) all nations and states in the Americas were territories of the United States (B) European powers should not pursue any future colonization in the Americas (C) Cuba, Texas, and Puerto Rico were protectorates of the United States (D) Haiti would be established as a colony to be settled by formerly enslaved people from the United States (E) the United States Congress could overrule the president's foreign policy initiatives in Latin America |
B
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29. The Southern economy before the Civil War increasingly
(A) diversified, with more industry and more mechanized agriculture (B) produced more cotton and other crops but did not develop much industry (C) depended on immigrant labor (D) produced tobacco and sugar rather than cotton (E) depended on the North for raw materials |
B
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30. The Republican Party of the 1850s took which of the following positions on slavery?
(A) Residents of territories could decide on the basis of popular sovereignty whether to have slavery. (B) Slavery could remain where it existed but should not be extended into territories or new states. (C) The federal government should abolish slavery. (D) The federal government should purchase slaves from their masters and relocate them to the west coast of Africa. (E) Slavery was a state issue, and the federal government should play no role in its regulation. |
B
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31. Thomas Jefferson believed all of the following EXCEPT:
(A) A strong national army is essential to keep order in the United States. (B) The farmer is the backbone of American society, (C) The government is best that governs least. (D) The president should practice republican simplicity. (E) Freedom of speech is essential in a republic. |
A
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32. According to historian Frederick Jackson Turner, a key factor in the development of American individualism and democracy was
(A) Puritan theology (B) transcendentalism (C) the American Revolution (D) the Civil War (E) the frontier |
E
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"Money is power, and you ought to be reasonably ambitious to have it. You ought because you can do more good with it than you could without it. Money printed your Bible, money builds your churches.... The man who gets the largest salary can do the most good with the power that is furnished to him. Of course he can if his spirit be right to use it for what it is given to him. I say, then, you ought to have money."
33. The quotation above is an example of (A) transcendentalism (B) existentialism (C) the Gospel of Wealth (D) the Social Gospel (E) Reform Darwinism |
C
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34. Jacob Riis's principal involvement in the reform movements of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was his effort to
(A) bar obscene materials from the United States mail system (B) organize the transfer of urban orphans to homes in rural areas (C) publicize poor housing and sanitation in urban tenements (D) establish special homes for juvenile delinquents (E) pass federal laws to end prostitution |
C
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35. During Reconstruction, a major economic development in the South was the
(A) creation of large commercial and banking centers (B) spread of sharecropping (C) rise of large-scale commercial farming (D) decline of the textile industry (E) emergence of the cotton economy |
B
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36. A key goal of the Progressive movement was to
(A) replace capitalism with socialism (B) transform the United States into an agrarian republic (C) use government power to regulate industrial production and labor conditions (D) eliminate class differences in the United States (E) bring about racial integration in public accommodations |
C
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37. During the Second World War, Japanese
Americans were relocated because of (A) the need for skilled workers in specialized industries in Utah and Montana (B) previous laws that had incarcerated German Americans (C) fear of possible subversive activity against the war effort (D) the fact that most Japanese Americans were Dot citizens (E) the continued efforts by the United States military to stop immigration to California |
C
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38. Which of the following resulted from the Cuban missile crisis?
(A) The Soviets were allowed to keep existing missiles in Cuba but could not increase the number of missiles. (B)The United States agreed to withdraw from Berlin in exchange for Soviet withdrawal from Cuba. (C) The Soviets gained none of their objectives, while the United States emerged victorious. (D) The United States succeeded in eliminating all communist influence from the Western Hemisphere. (E) The Soviets withdrew their missiles from Cuba in exchange THAT the United States not to attack Fidel Castro. |
E
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39. The Taft-Hartley Act did which of the following?
(A) Established wage and price controls during the Nixon administration (B) Protected American manufacturers from European competition during the Depression (C) Recognized the right of labor unions to establish closed shops (D) Limited the powers of labor unions (E) Created the interstate highway system |
D
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40. Which of the following did the Black Panthers and the Nation of Islam have in common in the late 1960s?
(A) They advocated ending segregation in the North rather than the South. (B) They sought affiliation with the American Communist Party. (C) They emphasized developing a greater sense of Black nationalism and solidarity. (D) They advocated nonviolent means to achieve, their goals. (E) They split off from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) after the death of Martin Luther King, Jr. |
C
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41. Anne Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637 because she
(A) violated Puritan laws regarding marriage (B) advocated the inclusion of American Indians in Puritan congregations (C) was a Quaker who sought converts (D) advocated giving women full inheritance (E) challenged the religious beliefs of the colony's leaders |
E
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42. The government of the Articles of Confederation was successful in resolving the problem of how to
(A) open British Caribbean ports to American trade (B) enable American citizens to trade through the port of New Orleans (C) overcome state-imposed tariff barriers to interstate commerce (D) provide for statehood for western territories (E) secure sufficient funds for payment of the national debt |
D
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43. Which of the following happened as a result of Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 7
(A) Governor William Berkeley abolished Virginia's House of Burgesses. (B) Virginia passed new laws protecting workers' rights. (C) Tensions between backcountry farmers and the tidewater gentry were exposed. (D) Indentured servants received additional free land after fulfilling their terms of service. (E) The king allowed Virginia colonists to select their own governor. |
C
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44. Alexander Hamilton's domestic and foreign
policies were directed primarily toward strengthening the federal government by (A) favoring free trade (B) substituting a parliamentary for federal system of government (C) averting United States entanglement in Europe's wars (D) favoring the interests of the propertied and monied classes (E) establishing gold as the sole backing of United States currency |
D
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45. All of the following contributed to Northern fear of a slave power conspiracy in the 1840s and 1850s EXCEPT the
(A) enforcement of a new fugitive slave law (B) decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case (C) imposition of a gag rule in the House of Representatives (D) proposal of the Ostend Manifesto (E) passage of the Wilmot Proviso |
E
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46. A key purpose of Henry Clay's American System was to
(A) expand slavery into new territories to preserve its economic viability (B) improve diplomatic relations with European nations by allowing free immigration (C) develop a national economy by improving transportation (D) create more interest in politics by eliminating voting restrictions remove American Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River to prevent further conflicts |
C
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47. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which of the following was the principal public opponent of lynching in the South?
(A) Booker T. Washington (B) Theodore Roosevelt (C) Robert M. La Follette (D) Ida B. Wells (E) Susan B. Anthony |
D
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48. Which of the following was true of the 1873 Slaughterhouse Cases and the 1883 Civil Rights cases?
(A) They weakened the protections given to African Americans under the Fourteenth Amendment. (B) They weakened the protections given to women under the Fourteenth Amendment. (C) They were reversed in Plessy v. Ferguson. (D) They were concerned with the constitution-ality of the Emancipation Proclamation. (E) They were deplored by President Grant. |
A
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49. Settlement house workers of the late nineteenth century would most likely have engaged in all of the following EXCEPT
(A) establishing day nurseries for working mothers (B) offering literacy and language classes for immigrants (C) publishing reports on deplorable housing conditions (D) teaching classes on cooking and dressmaking (E) organizing women workers into labor unions |
E
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50. "Another marked characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is what may be called an instinct or genius for colonizing. His unequaled energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his personal independence, made him a pioneer. He excels
all others in pushing his way into new countries." Americans advocating the ideas expressed in the passage above would be most accurately described as (A) transcendentalists (B) Populists (C) scientific managers (D) Social Darwinists (E) Mugwumps |
D
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51. Which of the following was true of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 ?
(A) It created American Indian reservations for the first time. (B) It was intended to recognize the contributions of American Indian peoples. (C) It eliminated most tribal land ownership in favor of ownership by individuals. (D) It led directly to the Battle of Wounded Knee. (E) It indicated that the federal government had abandoned the goal of American Indian assimilation. |
C
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52. After the Civil War, women reformers and former abolitionists were divided over
(A) creation of a sharecropping system in the South (B) legislation that ensured the voting rights of African American males (C) use of military forces to keep order in the South (D) reliance on female workers in Northern factories (E) redemption of greenback dollars for gold currency |
B
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53_ An important result of the 1936 presidential
(A) emergence of a viable third party (B) landslide win by Republicans in the Congress (C) shift of African American voters from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party (D) move of intellectuals to Alf Landon and the Republican ticket (E) decline in support for the New Deal |
C
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54. Which of the following was an achievement of the John F. Kennedy administration?
(A) Passage of civil rights legislation (B) Passage of bills to create health insurance for the aged and to increase aid to education (C) Extension of diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China (D) Passage of the Alliance for Progress to provide economic aid for Latin America (E) Passage of the Economic Opportunity Bill |
D
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55. During the Civil War, the Republican Party passed legislation promoting economic development con-cerning all of the following EXCEPT the
(A) granting of government subsidies to encourage the export of manufactured goods (B) establishment of a high tariff to protect American industry from foreign competition (C) organization of a national banking system to provide a uniform national currency (D) provision of government loans and land grants to private companies to construct a trans-continental railroad (E) passage of the Homestead Act |
A
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56. Which of the following was NOT a figure in the Harlem Renaissance?
(A) James Weldon Johnson (B) Langston Hughes (C) Zora Neale Hurston (D) Josephine Baker (E) A. Philip Randolph |
E
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57. The presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977-198 1) was plagued by which of the following foreign policy issues?
(A) The taking of American hostages in Iran (B) The Cuban missile crisis (C) The bombing of the United States embassy in Lebanon (D) The invasion of Grenada (E) The crisis in Nicaragua |
A
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58. An underlying cause of the Great Depression, which began in 1929, was
(A) excessive government control of business and industry (B) overproduction in the manufacturing and farm sectors (C) the budget deficit incurred after the First World War (D) withdrawal of foreign investments from the United States (E) the implementation of free-trade policies after the First World War |
B
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59. Which of the following led a campaign to block ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment?
(A) Gloria Steinem (B) Phyllis Schlafly (C) Betty Friedan (D) Marabel Morgan (E) Shirley Chisholm |
B
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60. All of the following were crises during Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency EXCEPT
(A) the Soviet Union launching Sputnik (B) Egypt seizing the Suez Canal (C) the Soviet Union shooting down an American U-2 spy plane (D) Fidel Castro gaining control of Cuba (E) the Soviet Union blockading river, road, and rail traffic into West Berlin |
E
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61. Mercantilism as applied by Britain to its North American colonies meant that the British government
(A) subsidized colonial merchants (B) encouraged the colonists to trade with other foreign countries (C) encouraged the colonies to become economically self-sufficient (D) regulated colonial shipping and tobacco production (E) barred trade with American Indians |
D
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62. The Great Awakening of the 1740s led to
(A) the growth of religious conformity throughout all the colonies (B) an increase in attacks on American Indian peoples (C) the establishment of Harvard College in Massachusetts (D) splits among existing religious denominations and the rise of new churches (E) the growth of hysteria in Massachusetts over witchcraft |
D
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63. Shays' Rebellion reflected which of the following tensions in United States society during the 1780s?
(A) Conflict between Loyalist supporters of Great Britain and United States citizens (B) Concerns about increasing numbers of slaves in Massachusetts (C) Economic frustration of New England farmers who had trouble paying debts in hard currency (D) State governments' restrictions on westward expansion into the Ohio River Valley (E) Rivalries between merchants and shipbuilders in the Atlantic trade |
C
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64. What was the primary intention of the Adams administration in enforcing the Sedition Act?
(A) To stop illegal aliens from voting (B) To intimidate critics of Adams' foreign policy toward France and England (C) To prosecute Democratic-Republicans who violated American neutrality (D) To prepare for war against Great Britain (E) To keep France from selling Louisiana to Spain |
B
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65. The most controversial and divisive component of the Compromise of 1850 was the
(A) measure's endorsement of popular sovereignty (B) admittance of Missouri as a slave state and the establishment of the 36°30' line (C) passage of a tougher national fugitive slave act (D) admittance of Texas as a slave state (E) legislation permitted the surveying of a southern transcontinental railway line |
C
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66. A major consequence of the 1973 Yom Kippur War in the Middle East was that it led
immediately to (A) a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel signed at Camp David (B) the nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egypt (C) the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat (D) an energy crisis sparked by OPEC's embargo of oil to the Western world (E) international recognition of an independent country of Israel |
D
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67. Which of the following occurred during Radical Reconstruction?
(A) The passage of the Black Codes (B) A permanent shift of Southern voters to the Republican Party (C) The creation of a new industrial base in a majority of Southern states (D) The formation of the Ku Klux Klan (E) Widespread redistribution of confiscated land to former slaves |
D
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68. "Every contract, combination in form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce in any territory of the United States is hereby declared illegal."
The passage above was most effectively used for which purpose in the late nineteenth century? (A) Supporting the goals of Social Darwinists (B) Restricting the power of monopolies and trusts (C) Limiting the power of labor unions (D) Regulating railroads and grain storage silos (E) Upholding the powers of the Interstate Commerce Act |
C
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69. The slaves who participated in the Stono rebellion in South Carolina in 1739 hoped to
(A) take over the colony and end slavery in it (B) return to Africa by commandeering boats (C) flee to Florida where the Spanish offered freedom (D) run away to join Maroon groups living in the backcountry (E) escape to the North where they would be free |
C
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70. African American migration to the urban North during the First World War was due primarily to
(A) racially integrated residential neighborhoods in Northern cities (B) increased educational opportunities resulting from affirmative-action programs C) recruitment efforts by labor unions (D) expanded job opportunities in Northern factories (E) encouragement by White Protestant churches in the North |
D
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71. A key diplomatic achievement of Richard M. Nixon's presidency was
(A) a nuclear test ban treaty with the Soviet Union (B) the signing of the Camp David Accords (C) a joint Apollo-Soyuz space mission with the Soviet Union (D) a visit to Angola to help the African nation resist communist guerrillas (E) a visit to China in February 1972 |
E
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72. The containment policy articulated by George F_ Kennan in 1947 proposed
(A) a United States commitment to free Eastern Europe from communism (B) a change in United States investment policies to limit the possibility of involvement in world conflict (C) an all-out campaign to destabilize the Soviet Union (D) a plan to give Western Europe, greater political power and economic independence from the United States (E) efforts by the United States to block the expansion of the Soviet Union's influence |
E
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73. The rock 'n' roll of Elvis Presley,
Jerry Lee Lewis, and The Rolling Stones derived primarily from (A) European folk music (B) nineteenth-century American ballads (C) cowboy songs (D) African American rhythm and blues (E) Scotch-Irish ballads |
D
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74. One of the goals of Reaganomics was to
(A) encourage private investment through tax cuts for businesses and the wealthy (B) redistribute income to the bottom fifth of wage earners (C) reduce the United States nuclear arsenal (D) restrict immigration from Mexico (E) outsource United States manufacturing to Asian countries |
A
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75. Betty Friedan is best known for her
(A) efforts to organize migrant workers (B) surprise election to the Senate (C) criticism of traditional gender roles (D) support for early childhood education (E) opposition to the war in Vietnam |
C
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76. The purpose of the immigration restriction acts passed in the 1920s was to
(A) exclude Chinese immigration for a period of ten years (B) favor northern and western European immigration (C) favor southern and eastern European immigration (D) deny citizenship to immigrants from Asia and Africa (E) limit immigration from Canada and Mexico |
B
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77. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution is significant because it
(A) requiredTaiwan to relinquish its position on the United Nations Security Council to China (B) authorized the president to take any measures necessary to repel attacks against United States forces and allies in Southeast Asia (C) led to an alliance between the United States, Japan, and Taiwan to limit the power of China in Asia (D) conferred the most-favored-nation status to China in its trade with the United States (E) declared that the United States would continue to provide air and naval support but withdraw all ground troops in the Vietnam War |
B
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78. During the 1960s, sit-in demonstrations were first effectively used by
(A) college students working with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (B) Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) (C) Huey Newton and the Black Panthers (D) Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam (E) African American veterans returning from the Second World War |
A
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79. Which of the following is true of American
women during the Second World War? (A) They initiated a visible and highly vocal feminist movement. (B) They married younger and had more children than women did before or after the war. (C) Those who took industrial jobs learned new skills and earned better pay than in jobs previously open to them. (D) They organized labor unions and led strikes demanding better working conditions. (E) Aside from participating in rationing programs, women contributed little to the war effort. |
C
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80. Which of the following statements about George Wallace's third-party presidential campaign in 1968 is correct?
(A) He appealed to many middle-class voters upset by the civil disobedience associated with the Civil Rights and antiwar demon-strations. (B) He appealed to the isolationists who opposed United States involvement in Vietnam. (C) He supported the integrationist goals of Martin Luther King, Jr., but opposed the more extreme tactics of the Black Muslims and Black Panthers. (D) He was strongly supported by intellectuals and college students who thought the Democratic and Republican parties were both too conservative. (E) He advocated an expansion of poverty programs in an effort to win the support of the inner-city poor. |
A
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1. As one progressive explained, the ‘real heart’ of the progressive movement was to
a) preserve world peace b) use the government as an agency of human welfare c) ensure the Jeffersonian style of government d) reinstate the policy of laissez faire e) to promote economic and social equality |
b
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1. Progressives who were among the strongest critics of injustice in early-twentieth-century America, received much of their inspiration from
a) the Federalists b) the Greenback Labor party and the Populists c) foreign nations d) progressive theorists, like Jacob Riis e) social Darwinists |
b
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1. Match each late-19th century social critic below with the target of his criticism.
A. Thorstein Veblen 1. ‘bloated trusts’ B. Jack London 2. ‘slum conditions’ C. Jacob Riis 3. ‘conspicuous consumption’ D. Henry Demarest Lloyd 4. destruction of nature a) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1 b) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2 c) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1 d) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 e) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 |
c
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1. Progressivism
a) supported many reforms advocated by feminists b) offered little to the ever-growing women’s movement c) supported only the demand for woman suffrage d) followed examples set by women’s reform movements in Europe e) reflected the views of working-class women |
a
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1. President Theodore Roosevelt branded reporters who tried to uncover injustice as ‘muckrakers’ because
a) he saw them as trying to clean up society b) they brought ugly problems to public attention c) of their work in the ‘muck’ of the slums d) of their coverage of the meat-packing industry e) he was annoyed by their excessive zeal |
e
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1. Match the earl 20th century muckraker below with the target of his or her expose
A. David Phillips 1. the U.S. Senate B. Ida Tarbell 2. the Standard Oil Company C. Lincoln Steffens 3. city governments D. Ray Stannard Baker 4. the conditions of blacks a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 b) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1 c) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 d) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 e) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3 |
a
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1. Lincoln Steffens, in his series of articles entitled ‘The Shame of the Cities,’
a) attacked the U.S. Senate b) exposed the deplorable conditions of blacks in urban areas c) laid bare the practices of the stock market d) uncovered official collusion in prostitution and ‘white slavery’ e) unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government |
e
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1. The muckrakers signified much about the nature of the progressive reform movement because they
a) counted on drastic political change to fight social wrongs b) thrived on publicity rather than social change c) believed that the cure for the ills of American democracy lay in less democracy and more government control d) sought not to overthrow capitalism but to cleanse it with democratic controls e) refused to look beyond middle-class concerns |
d
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1. Most muckrakers believed that their primary function in the progressive attack on social ills was to
a) formulate a consistent philosophy of social reform b) explain the causes of social ills c) devise solutions to society’s problems d) make the public aware of social problems e) link up with movements for social justice |
d
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1. The two key goals pursued by progressives were to curb the threats posed by ________________ on the one hand and __________________ on the other.
a) New immigrants; blacks b) feminists; patriarchal males c) the social gospel; the gospel of wealth d) the Old Guard; muckrakers e) trusts; socialists |
e
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1. Progressive reformers were mainly men and women from the
a) middle class b) lower class c) upper class d) new wave of immigrants e) small towns |
a
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1. Political progressivism
a) made little difference in American life b) died out shortly after Teddy Roosevelt stepped down as president c) emerged in both major parties, in all regions, at all levels of government d) was more a minority movement than a majority mood e) began in Northeastern big cities |
c
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1. According to progressives, the cure for American democracy’s ills was
a) technical and scientific expertise b) a third political party c) socialism d) a more conservative government e) more democracy |
e
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1. To regain the power that the people had lost to the ‘interests,’ progressives advocated all of the following except
a) initiative b) referendum c) recall d) socialism e) direct election of U.S. senators |
d
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1. All of the following were prime goals of earnest progressives except
a) the direct election of U.S. senators b) the elimination of graft c) woman suffrage d) ending prostitution and ‘white slavery’ e) opposition to Prohibition |
e
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1. The progressive movement was instrumental in getting both the 17th and 18th amendments added to the Constitution. The 17th called for ________________, and the 18th called for _______________,
a) prohibition; woman suffrage b) direct election of U.S. senators; prohibition c) woman suffrage; income taxes d) income taxes; direct election of U.S. senators e) woman suffrage; direct election of U.S. senators |
b
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1. The settlement house and women’s club movements were crucial centers of female progressive activity because they
a) provided literary and philosophical perspectives on social questions b) broke down the idea that women had special concerns as wives and mothers c) introduced many middle-class women to a broader array of urban social problems and civic concerns d) helped slum children learn to read Dante and Shakespeare e) became the launching pads for women seeking political office |
c
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1. Which of the following was not among the issues addressed by women in the progressive movement?
a) ending special regulations governing women in the workplace b) preventing child labor in factories and sweatshops c) insuring that food products were healthy and safe d) attacking tuberculosis and other diseases bred in slum tenements e) creating pensions for mothers with dependent children |
a
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1. In Muller vs. Oregon, the Supreme Court upheld the principle promoted by progressives like Florence Kelly and Louis Brandeis that
a) child labor under the age of fourteen should be prohibited b) the federal government should regulate occupational safety and health c) factory labor should be limited to the hours a day, five days a week d) female workers should receive equal pay for equal work e) female workers required special rules and protection on the job |
e
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1. The public outcry after the horrible Triangle Shirtwaist fire led many states to pass
a) mandatory fire escape plans for all business employing more than ten people b) safety regulations and workmen’s compensation laws for job injuries c) restrictions on female employment in the clothing industry d) zoning regulations governing where factories could be located e) laws guaranteeing unions the right to raise safety concerns |
c
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1. The case of Lochner v. New York represented a setback for progressives and labor advocates because the Supreme Court in its ruling
a) declared a law limiting work to 10 hours a day unconstitutional b) declared unconstitutional a law providing special protection for women workers c) declared that prohibiting child labor would require a constitutional amendment d) upheld the constitutionality of a law enabling business to fire labor organizers e) ruled that fire and safety regulations were local and not state or federal concerns |
a
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1. The progressive-inspired city-manager system of government
a) brought democracy to urban dwellers b) was developed in Wisconsin c) was designed to remove politics from municipal administration d) made giant strides under the leadership of Hiram Johnson e) opened urban politics to new immigrants |
c
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1. Progressive reform at the level of city government seeme4d to indicate that the progressives’ highest priority was
a) democratic participation b) governmental efficiency c) free enterprise d) economic equality e) urban planning |
b
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1. While president, Theodore Roosevelt chose to label his reform proposals as the
a) Fair Deal b) Big Deal c) Big Stick d) New Deal e) Square Deal |
e
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1. As a part of his reform program, Teddy Roosevelt advocated all of the following except
a) control of labor b) control of corporations c) consumer protection d) conservation of natural resources e) an end to railroad rebates |
a
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1. Theodore Roosevelt helped to end the 1902 strike in the anthracite coal mines by
a) using the military to force the miners back to work b) passing legislation making the miners’ union illegal c) helping the mine owners to import strike-breakers d) appealing to mine owners’ and workers’ sense of the public interest e) threatening to seize the mines and to operate them with federal troops |
e
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1. One unusual and significant characteristic of the anthracite coal strike in 1902 was that
a) the coal miners’ union was officially recognized as the legal bargaining agent of the miners b) for a time the mines were seized by the national government and operated by federal troops c) the national government did not automatically side with the owners in the dispute d) the owners quickly agreed to negotiate with labor representatives in order to settle their differences peacefully e) it generated widespread middle-class support |
c
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1. The Elkins and Hepburn acts dealt with the subject of
a) regulation of municipal utilities b) the purity of food and drugs c) conservation of natural resources d) women’s working conditions e) railroad regulations |
e
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1. Theodore Roosevelt believed that trusts
a) could be destroyed without damage to the American economy b) were greedy for power and wealth c) were too powerful to be regulated d) were here to stay with their efficient means of production e) should be balanced by strong labor unions |
d
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1. The real purpose of Theodore Roosevelt’s assault on trusts was to
a) fragment big business b) prove that the government, not private business, ruled the country c) halt the trend toward combination and integration in business d) establish himself as a bigger ‘trustbuster’ than William Howard Taft e) inspire confidence in small business owners |
b
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1. President Roosevelt believed that the federal government should adopt a policy of __________________ trusts.
a) dissolving b) ignoring c) regulating d) collusion with e) monitoring |
c
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1. Passage of the Federal Meat Inspection Act was facilitated by the publication of
a) Theodore Dreiser’s The Titan b) Jack London’s Call of the Wild c) Henry Demarest Lloyd’s Wealth Against Commonwealth d) Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives e) Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle |
e
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1. When Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, he intended his book to focus attention on the
a) unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry b) plight of workers in the stockyards and meat-packing industry c) corruption in the U.S. senate d) deplorable conditions in the drug industry e) unhealthy effects of beef consumption |
b
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1. Of the following legislation aimed at resource conservation, the only one associated with Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency was the
a) Desert Land Act b) Forest Reserve Act c) Newlands Act d) Cary Act e) Clean Water Act |
c
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1. According to the text, Theodore Roosevelt’s most enduring, tangible achievement may have been
a) the Panama Canal b) his trust busting c) mediating an end to the Russo-Japanese War d) his efforts supporting the environment e) his efforts at consumer protection |
d
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1. The idea of ‘multiple-use resource management’ included all of the following practices except
a) recreation b) damming of rivers c) sustained-yield logging d) summer stock grazing e) watershed protection |
b
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1. Theodore Roosevelt weakened himself politically after his election in 1904 when he
a) got into a quarrel with his popular secretary of war, William Taft b) refused to do anything in response to the ‘Roosevelt Panic’ c) supported the Federal Reserve Act d) began to reduce his trust-busting activity e) announced that he would not be a candidate for a third term as president |
e
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1. The panic of 1907 stimulated reform in ______________ policy.
a) banking b) tariff c) land-use d) industrial e) stock-trading |
a
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1. Theodore Roosevelt is probably most accurately described as
a) an ardent defender of American individualism b) a near-socialist c) a middle-of-the-road politician d) a champion ‘trustbuster’ e) a political elitist |
c
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1. While president, Theodore Roosevelt
a) greatly increased the power and prestige of the presidency b) showed no skill and little interest in working with Congress c) was a poor judge of public opinion d) was surprisingly unpopular with the public e) held rigidly to ideological principles |
a
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1. During his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt did all of the following except
a) expand presidential power b) shape the progressive movement c) aid the cause of the environment d) provide an international perspective e) tame capitalism |
c
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1. As president, William Howard Taft
a) was a good judge of public opinion b) held together the diverse wings of the Republican party c) was wedded more to the status quo than to change d) adopted a confrontational attitude toward Congress e) carried on the legacy of Theodore Roosevelt |
c
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1. President Taft’s foreign policy was dubbed
a) big-stick diplomacy b) the Open Door policy c) the Good Neighbor policy d) dollar diplomacy e) sphere-of-influence diplomacy |
d
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1. The Supreme Court’s ‘rule of reason’ in restraint-of-trade cases was handed down in a case involving
a) Northern Securities b) United States Steel c) General Electric d) Armour Meat-Packing e) Standard Oil |
e
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1. Theodore Roosevelt decided to run for the presidency in 1912 because
a) William H. Taft had seemed to discard Roosevelt’s policies b) Taft decided not to run for a second term c) he was drafted by the Republican party d) Sen. Robert La Follette encouraged him to do so e) the Democratic Party was split |
a
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1. Before he was elected president in 1912, Woodrow Wilson had been a
a) Presbyterian minister b) state governor c) successful businessman d) Progressive Republican e) U.S. Senator |
b
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1. As a governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson established a record as a(n)
a) mild conservative b) reactionary c) man who would work with the party bosses d) moderate liberal e) passionate reformer |
e
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1. In 1912, Woodrow Wilson ran for the presidency on a Democratic platform that included all of the following except a call for
a) antitrust legislation b) monetary reform c) dollar diplomacy d) tariff reductions e) support for small business |
c
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1. When Jane Addams placed Theodore Roosevelt’s name in nomination for the presidency in 1912, it
a) demonstrated that the Republican party supported woman suffrage b) ensured Roosevelt’s defeat by William H. Taft c) symbolized the rising political status of women d) showed that Roosevelt had lost touch with public opinion e) demonstrated his concern for international peace |
c
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1. Theodore Roosevelt’s New Nationalism
a) pinned its economic faith on competition b) opposed consolidation of labor unions c) favored the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets d) supported a broad program of social welfare e) favored state rather than federal government activism |
d
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1. Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom
a) advocated social-welfare programs b) opposed fragmentation of big industrial combines c) favored small enterprise and entrepreneurship d) supported minimum-wage laws e) opposed banking and tariff reform |
c
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1. The 1912 presidential election was notable because
a) it gave voters a choice of political and economic philosophies b) personalities were the only issue of the campaign c) it was the first time women had the right to vote d) the Democratic party had split e) the Socialists were a serious third party |
a
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1. Match each 1912 presidential candidate below with is political party.
A. Woodrow Wilson 1. Socialist B. Theodore Roosevelt 2. Democratic C. William H. Taft 3. Republican D. Eugene V. Debs 4. Progressive a) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 b) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2 c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 d) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 e) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1 |
e
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1. According to the text, the runaway philosophical winner in the 1912 election was
a) socialism b) progressivism c) conservatism d) capitalism e) feminism |
b
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1. In 1912 Woodrow Wilson became the first _____________ elected to the presidency since the Civil War.
a) southern-born man b) Democrat c) lawyer d) non-Civil War veteran e) Presbyterian |
a
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1. Woodrow Wilson was most comfortable surrounded by
a) military veterans b) Catholics c) political professionals d) journalists e) academic scholars |
e
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1. Woodrow Wilson’s attitude toward the masses can best be described as
a) open contempt b) public support but private dislike c) faith in them if they were properly educated d) indifference e) trust in their natural common sense |
c
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1. Woodrow Wilson’s political philosophy included all of the following except
a) faith in the masses b) scorn for the ideal of self-determination for minority peoples in other countries c) a belief that the president should provide leadership for Congress d) a belief that the president should appeal over the head’s of legislators to the sovereign people e) a belief in the moral essence of politics |
b
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1. As a politician, Woodrow Wilson was
a) clever and agile b) a showman, like Teddy Roosevelt c) a man with the common touch d) willing to compromise with his opponents e) inflexible and stubborn |
e
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1. Congress passed the Underwood Tariff because
a) big business favored its passage b) President Wilson aroused public opinion to support its passage c) the general public had been demanding a higher tariff d) the tariff kept the graduated income tax from being enacted e) Wilson gained Western support for tariff reduction |
b
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1. In 1913, Woodrow Wilson broke with a custom dating back to Jefferson’s day when he
a) appointed members of his cabinet without regard to their party affiliation b) appointed a black man to the Supreme Court c) endorsed woman suffrage d) personally delivered his presidential address to Congress e) rode with his defeated predecessor to the inauguration |
d
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1. When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1912, the most serious shortcoming in the country’s financial structure was that the
a) large banks were scattered to widely around the country b) Bank of the U.S. had been greatly weakened c) banking system had been overregulated by the federal government d) U.S. dollar was tied to gold e) currency was inelastic |
e
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1. When Congress passed the Underwood Tariff Bill in 1913, it intended the legislation to
a) lower tariff rates b) raise tariff rates c) eliminate tariffs as a resource of revenue d) essentially maintain the existing tariff schedule e) aid American farmers |
a
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1. The 16th Amendment provided for
a) a personal income tax b) direct election of U.S. senators c) prohibition d) woman suffrage e) abolition of child labor |
a
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1. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 guaranteed a substantial measure of public control over the American banking system through the final authority given to the
a) Secretary of the Treasury b) president c) Senate d) regional banks e) Federal Reserve Board |
e
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1. The Federal Reserve Act gave the government the authority to
a) increase the amount of money in circulation b) close weak banks c) govern federal banks without public control d) print paper currency e) none of the above |
a
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1. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act
a) held that trade unions fell under the antimonopoly restraints of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act b) regarded labor as an article of commerce c) helped Congress to control interstate commerce d) explicitly legalized strikes and peaceful picketing e) exempted farm cooperatives from antitrust action |
d
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1. Because of the benefits that it conferred on labor, Samuel Gompers called the _________________ “labor’s Magna Charta.”
a) Federal Reserve Act b) Underwood Tariff Act c) Clayton Anti-Trust Act d) 16th Amendment e) Workmen’s Compensation Act |
c
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1. The first Jew to sit on the U.S. Supreme Court, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, was
a) Felix Frankfurter b) Arsene Pujo c) Abraham Cahan d) Louis D. Brandeis e) Bernard Baruch |
d
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1. Woodrow Wilson showed the limits of his progressivism by
a) opposing workmen’s compensation b) opposing the entry of women into politics c) vetoing the Federal Farm Loan Act d) refusing to appoint the Jewish Louis D. Brandeis to the Federal Trade Commission e) accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy |
e
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1. Woodrow Wilson’s early efforts to conduct a non-imperialistic foreign policy were first undermined when he
a) withdrew support from American investors in Latin America and China b) repealed the Panama Canal Tolls Act c) sent American marines into Haiti d) promised eventual independence to the Philippines e) conducted a buildup of American military forces in Hawaii |
c
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1. Woodrow Wilson’s approach to American foreign policy earned the label of _________________ diplomacy.
a) imperialist b) moral c) dollar d) balance of power e) isolationist |
b
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1. President Woodrow Wilson refused to intervene in the affairs of Mexico until
a) American business investors demanded protection b) Venustiano Carranza became president of Mexico c) a small party of American sailors was arrested in Tampico d) William Randolph Hearst and his newspaper began campaign for involvement e) Pancho Villa raided New Mexico |
c
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1. Before his first term ended, Woodrow Wilson had ordered American troops to intervene in
a) Nicaragua b) France c) Cuba d) Mexico e) all of the above |
d
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1. Woodrow Wilson’s administration refused to extend formal diplomatic recognition to the government in Mexico headed by
a) Porfirio Diaz b) Venustiano Carranza c) Pancho Villa d) Victoriano Huerta e) none of these |
d
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1. As World War I began in Europe, the alliance system placed Germany and Austria-Hungary in the ________________, while Russia and France were in the _______________.
a) Central Powers; Holy Alliance b) Central Powers; Triple Alliance c) Allies; Central Powers d) Triple Alliance; Central Powers e) Central Powers; Allies |
e
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1. From 1914 to 1916, trade between the U.S. and Britain
a) decreased considerably b) violated international neutrality laws c) was carried only on British ships d) was based on weapons shipments e) pulled the American economy out of a recession |
e
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1. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the great majority of Americans
a) earnestly hoped to stay out of the war b) favored entering the war in support of the Allies c) supported the Central Powers d) had close cultural, linguistic, and economic ties with the Central Powers e) favored U.S. mediation of the conflict |
a
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1. With the onset of World War I, the U.S.
a) refused to trade with Germany b) did not trade with either alliance, for feat of being forced into war c) conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies d) found its economy hurt by the conflict e) banned the trade of military supplies to either side |
c
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1. President Wilson insisted that he would hold ________________ to ‘strict’ accountability’ for ________________.
a) Britain; repaying the loans made to it by American bankers b) Britain; the disruption of American trade with the European continent c) Germany; starting the war d) Germany; fair treatment of civilians in Belgium e) Germany; the loss of American ships and lives to submarine warfare |
e
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1. German submarines began sinking unarmed and unrestricted merchant and passenger ships without warning
a) when the U.S. entered the war b) in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany c) in an effort to keep the U.S. out of the war d) because international law now allowed this new style of warfare e) in a last-ditch effort to win the war |
b
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1. Which of the following American passenger liners was sunk by German submarines?
a) Lusitania b) Arabic c) Sussex d) Titanic e) None of these was an American ship. |
e
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1. The Progressive “Bull Moose” party died when
a) Teddy Roosevelt refused to run as the party’s presidential candidate in 1916 b) Teddy Roosevelt lost the presidential race in 1916 c) the U.S. entered World War I d) the Republican candidate, Charles Evans Hughes, advocated the same programs as Roosevelt e) Woodrow Wilson won over the Bull Moose voters |
a
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1. In the Sussex pledge, Germany promised
a) not to sink passenger ships b) to maintain the territorial integrity of France c) to halt its naval blockade of Britain d) to halt all submarine warfare e) not to sink ships without warning |
e
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1. When Woodrow Wilson won reelection in 1916, he received strong support from the
a) East Coast b) working class c) business members of both parties d) pro-war members of both parties e) new women voters |
b
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1. President Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany when
a) the Zimmermann note was intercepted and made public b) Germany announced that it would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic c) news was received that a revolutionary movement had overthrown the czarists regime in Russia d) Germany rejected Wilson’s Fourteen Points for peace e) it appeared that the German army would take Paris |
b
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1. The Zimmermann note involved a proposed secret agreement between
a) Britain and France b) Russia and Germany c) Germany and Mexico d) Mexico and France e) Germany and Canada |
c
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1. The U.S. declared war on Germany
a) in response to demands by American munitions makers b) as a result of treaty obligations c) because Wall Street bankers demanded it d) after Mexico signed an alliance with Germany e) after German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels |
e
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1. President Woodrow Wilson persuaded the American people to enter World War I by
a) appealing to America’s tradition of intervention in Europe b) convincing the public of the need to make the world safe from the German submarine c) pledging to make the war “a war to end all wars” and to make the world safe for democracy d) promising territorial gains e) declaring that only the navy would be involved in combat |
c
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1. President Wilson viewed America’s entry into World War I as an opportunity for the U.S. to
a) reestablish the balance of power in European diplomacy b) expand America’s territorial holdings c) rebuild its dangerously small military and naval forces d) establish a permanent military presence in Europe e) shape a new international order based on the ideals of democracy |
e
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1. Of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the one that he hoped would provide a system of collective security was the
a) reduction of armaments b) League of Nations c) abolition of secret treaties d) guarantee of freedom of the seas e) principle of national self-determination of peoples |
b
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1. The major problem for George Creel and his Committee on Public Information was that
a) he oversold Wilson’s ideals and led the world to expect too much. b) he relied too much on formal laws to gain compliance c) the entertainment industry was not willing to go along with the propaganda campaign d) U.S. allies refused to cooperate e) the public was skeptical of government propaganda |
a
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1. Match each civilian administrator below with the World War I mobilization agency that he directed.
A. George Creel 1. War Industries Board B. Herbert Hoover 2. Committee on Public Information C. Bernard Baruch 3. Food Administration D. William H. Taft 4. National War Labor Board a) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2 b) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 c) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 d) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 e) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 |
d
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1. When the U.S. entered World War I, it was
a) well prepared thanks to the foresight of Woodrow Wilson b) well prepared militarily but not industrially c) well prepared for land combat but not for naval warfare d) well prepared industrially but not militarily e) poorly prepared to leap into global war |
e
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1. During World War I, civil liberties in America were
a) protected by the Espionage Act b) limited, but no one was actually imprisoned for his or her convictions c) extended to everyone in this country, because the war was fought for democracy d) protected for everyone except German-Americans e) denied to many, especially those suspected of disloyalty |
e
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1. Two constitutional amendments adopted in part because of because of wartime influences were the 18th, which dealt with _________________, and the 19th, whose subject was _______________.
a) prohibition; an income tax b) direct election of senators; woman suffrage c) prohibition; woman suffrage d) an income tax; direct election of senators e) women suffrage; prohibition |
c
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1. As a result of their work supporting the war effort, women
a) in large numbers secured a foothold in the work force b) finally received the right to vote c) were allowed to join the air force d) organized the National Women’s Party e) all of the above |
b
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1. During World War I, the government’s treatment of labor could be best described as
a) fair b) strict and financially unrewarding c) extremely brutal d) so good the right to form unions was finally granted e) decent for native Americans but harsh for ethnic groups |
a
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1. The strikes and sabotage of the Industrial Workers of the World during WWI were
a) aimed at undermining the war effort b) unjust c) never taken seriously by the government d) based on Samuel Gompers’ union philosophy e) the result of some of the worst working conditions in the country |
e
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1. Grievances of labor during and shortly after World War I include all of the following except
a) the inability to gain the right to organize b) war-spawned inflation c) suppression of the American Federation of Labor d) violence against workers by employers e) the use of African-Americans as strike breakers |
c
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1. The 1919 steel strike resulted in
a) the eight-hour workday b) the right to bargain collectively c) higher wages d) a grievous setback crippling the union movement for a decade e) a “general strike” in Seattle and Pittsburgh |
d
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1. The movement of tens of thousands of Southern blacks north during WWI resulted in
a) better race relations in the South b) racial violence in the North c) fewer blacks willing to be used as strikebreakers d) a new black middle class e) all of the above |
b
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1. Most wartime mobilization agencies relied on _____________ to prepare the economy for war.
a) congressional legislation b) voluntary compliance c) presidential edict d) court decisions e) business trade organizations |
b
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1. Most of the money raised to finance World War I came from
a) confiscation of German property b) income taxes c) tariffs d) sale of armaments to Britain and France e) loans |
e
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1. In an effort to make economic mobilization more efficient during World War I, the federal government took over and operated
a) the railroads b) the merchant marine c) heavy industry d) American agriculture e) the steel mills |
a
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1. The U.S. used all of the flowing methods to support the war effort except
a) encouraging people to buy war bonds b) having “heatless Mondays” to conserve fuel c) using government power extensively to regulate the economy d) seizing enemy merchant vessels trapped in American harbors e) restricting the manufacture of beer |
c
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1. During World War I the U.S. used naval vessels
a) made from concrete b) purchased from Germany c) from the Civil War era d) none of the above e) all of the above |
a
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1. When the U.S. entered WWI in 1917, most Americans did not believe that
a) the navy was obligated to defend freedom of the seas b) it would be necessary to continue making loans to the Allies c) the U.S. would have to ship war materials to the Allies d) mobilization for war should be largely voluntary e) it would be necessary to send a large American army to Europe |
e
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1. Those who protested conscription during World War I did so because
a) they disliked the idea of compelling a person to serve b) the law required the registration of sixteen-year-old males c) women were included in the draft law d) substitutes could be hired to take someone’s place e) there was racial discrimination in the military |
a
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1. During WWI, American troops fought in all of the following countries except
a) Czechoslovakia b) Russia c) Belgium d) Italy e) France |
a
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1. A unique feature of the U.S. armed forces during World War I was
a) the absence of a draft b) the use of black soldiers in combat c) the formation of the Marine Corps d) the formation of a separate air force e) the entry of women for the first time |
e
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1. Russia’s withdrawal from World War I in 1918 resulted in
a) a communist takeover of that country b) the U.S’ entry into the war c) the release of thousands of German troops for deployment on the front in France d) Germany’s surrender to the Allies e) a setback for the idea of a “war for democracy” |
c
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1. The first significant engagement of American troops in a European battle in American history came in the spring of 1918
a) Meuse-Argonne b) Chateau-Thierry c) St. Mihiel d) The Second Battle of the Marne e) D-Day |
b
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1. The Second Battle of the Marne was significant because it
a) was the first time American troops saw action in France b) forced the Kaiser to abdicate c) was the first time American troops fought by themselves d) saw the first use of combat aircraft e) marked the beginning of a German withdrawal that was never reversed |
e
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1. As a condition of ending World War I, Woodrow Wilson demanded that
a) Germany remove its army from Russia b) Germany be present at the peace conference c) the German government pay for war damages d) the German Kaiser be forced from power e) Germany accept guilt for the war |
d
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1. The U.S.’ main contributions to the Allied victory in World War I included all of the following except
a) battlefield victories b) foodstuffs c) oil d) munitions e) financial credit |
a
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1. The Germans were eventually demoralized by
a) the U.S.’ military performance b) defeat of the Battle of Meuse-Argonne c) the U.S.’ troop reserves d) Russia’s entry into the war e) American propaganda |
c
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1. The chief difference between Woodrow Wilson and the parliamentary statesmen at the Paris peace table was that Wilson
a) lacked their popularity in Europe b) did not command a legislative majority at home c) brought some of his political opponents with him d) refused to play politics with the peace powers e) was not popular with his own people |
b
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1. Woodrow Wilson’s ultimate goal at the Paris Peace conference was to
a) stop the spread of communism b) blame no one for starting the war c) force Germany to pay reparations for the war d) establish the League of Nations e) create new national states in Europe |
d
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1. At the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson sought all of the following goals except
a) preventing a seizure of territory by the victors b) an end to the European colonial empires in Africa and Asia c) a world parliament of nations to provide collective security d) national self-determination for smaller European nations e) free trade and freedom of the seas |
b
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1. Opposition to the League of Nations by the U.S. Senate during the Paris Peace Conference
a) gave Allied leaders in Paris a stronger bargaining position b) resulted in the League’s being left out of the final draft of the treaty c) led to an abandonment of the Monroe Doctrine d) reinforced German’s unwillingness to sigh the treaty e) forced Wilson to weaken the League idea |
a
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1. After the Treaty of Versailles had been signed, Wilson
a) remained a popular leader b) was condemned by both disillusioned liberals and frustrated imperialists c) was popular only with the Germans d) admitted that he should nave been willing to compromise e) planned a shrewd strategy for Senate approval |
b
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1. In the U.S., the most controversial aspect of the Treaty of Versailles was
a) arms limitation b) open diplomacy c) the permanent U.S. alliance with France d) self-determination e) Article X |
e
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1. The Republican strategy regarding the Treaty of Versailles was to
a) delay and amend the treaty b) defeat the treaty c) appeal to the American public to support it d) rush the treaty to a vote before Wilson could get enough support to pass it e) make the election of 1920 a “solemn referendum” on the treaty |
a
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1. Senate opponents of the League of Nations as proposed in the Treaty of Versailles argued that it
a) failed to provide any German financial reparations for the U.S. b) violated Wilson’s own Fourteen Points c) robbed Congress of its war-declaring powers d) isolated the U.S. from postwar world affairs e) would require U.S. troops to serve in international forces |
c
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1. In Congress, the most reliable support for Wilson’s position on the League of nations came from
a) Henry Cabot Lodge b) pro-league Republicans c) the irreconcilables d) Midwestern senators e) Democrats |
e
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1. The Senate likely would have accepted American participation in the League of Nations had Wilson
a) stuck to the principles of his own Fourteen Points b) personally gone to Europe to negotiate the League Covenant c) actively campaigned for support from the American public d) had been willing to compromise with League opponents in Congress e) run for re-election and won on a pro-League platform |
d
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1. Who was most responsible for the Senate defeat of the Treaty of Versailles?
a) Henry Cabot Lodge b) Woodrow Wilson c) isolationists d) republicans e) liberals |
b
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42. Wilson’s “solemn referendum” in 1920 concerned
a) whether he should run for a third term as president b) the moral fitness of Warren G. Harding for the presidency c) his attempt to use the presidential election as a public vote on the Treaty of Versailles d) the role of women in the 1920 election e) a proposed constitutional amendment authorizing the League |
c
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42. Republican isolationists successfully turned Warren Harding’s 1920 presidential victory into a
a) victory for the munitions industry b) victory for idealism c) demand for self-sacrifice d) crusade against Bolshevik communism e) death sentence for the League of Nations |
e
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42. The major weakness of the League of Nations was that it
a) had no military power b) did not include the Soviet Union c) was sued by Hitler to gain power d) did not include the U.S. e) permitted a veto by the great powers |
d
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1. The red scare of 1919-1920 was provoked by
a) the wartime migration of rural blacks to northern cities b) the strict enforcement of prohibition laws c) evolutionary science’s challenge to the biblical story of the Creation d) the public’s association of labor violence with its fear of revolution e) the threat created by the Communist Revolution in Russia |
d
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1. Disillusioned by war and peace, Americans in the 1920s did all of the following except
a) denounce ‘radical’ foreign ideas b) condemn ‘un-American’ life-styles c) enter a decade of economic difficulties d) shun diplomatic commitments to foreign countries e) restrict immigration |
c
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1. Businesspeople used the red scare to
a) establish closed shops throughout the nation b) break the backs of fledgling unions c) break the railroad strike of 1919 d) secure passage of laws making unions illegal e) refuse to hire Communists |
b
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1. The most tenacious pursuer of ‘radical’ elements during the red scare was
a) Frederick W. Taylor b) William Jennings Bryan c) J. Edgar Hoover d) F. Scott Fitzgerald e) A. Mitchell Palmer |
e
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1. The post-World War Ku Klux Klan advocated all of the following except
a) fundamentalist religion b) opposition to birth control c) opposition to prohibition d) repression of pacifists e) anti-Catholicism |
c
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1. The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s was a reaction against
a) capitalism b) new immigration laws passed in 1924 c) the nativist movements that had their origins in the 1850s d) race riots e) the forces of diversity and modernity that were transforming American culture |
e
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1. Immigration restrictions of the 1920s were introduced as a result of
a) increased migration of blacks in the North b) the nativist belief that northern Europeans were superior to southern and eastern Europeans c) a desire to rid the country of the quota system d) the desire to halt immigration from Latin America e) growing concern about urban overcrowding and crime |
b
|
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|
1. The Immigration Act of 1924 was formulated to impose immigration quotas based on
a) economic skills b) literacy c) religious beliefs d) nationality e) family status |
d
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1. Generally, the immigration quota system adopted in the 1920s tended to discriminate against
a) Canadians b) Northern and western Europeans c) Latin Americans d) Jews e) southern and eastern Europeans |
e
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1. To achieve class and political solidarity, immigrant workers primarily had to overcome
a) ethnic diversity b) the lack of a reform impulse in America c) the lack of sufficient funds to form a union d) the Immigration Act of 1924 e) their loyalty to their homelands |
a
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|
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1. Enforcement of the Volstead Act met the strongest resistance from
a) women b) eastern city dwellers c) westerners d) southerners e) older people |
b
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1. The first Polish immigrants to come to America arrived
a) in the late 19th century b) during the Revolutionary War c) during the Great Depression d) at Jamestown in 1608 e) as Civil War volunteers |
d
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1. Many Polish peasants learned about America from all of the following sources except
a) agents from U.S. railroads b) letter from friend and relatives c) agents from steamship lines d) Catholic missionaries e) Polish-American businesspeople |
d
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|
1. Most Americans assumed that prohibition
a) would be permanent ‘ b) would soon be overturned c) could never be enforced in the South d) would be a total failure e) was unworkable in the cities |
a
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1. The most spectacular example of lawlessness in the 1920s was
a) New York City b) New Orleans c) Brooklyn d) Chicago e) Las Vegas |
d
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1. John Dewey can rightly be called the “father of _________________.”
a) the research university b) progressive education c) evolutionary science d) modern psychoanalysis e) Hegelian philosophy |
b
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1. According to John Dewey, a teacher’s primary goal is to
a) reduce permissiveness in the classroom b) emphasize the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic c) educate a student for life d) teach the biblical theory of Creation e) develop a sense of history |
c
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1. Of the following, the one least related to the other four is
a) John T. Scopes b) Clarence Darrow c) Frederick W. Taylor d) William Jennings Bryan e) the Southern Baptist Church |
c
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1. The trial of John Scopes in 1925 centered on the issue of
a) progressive education b) schools’ efforts to create socially useful adults c) teachers’ membership in the Ku Klux Klan d) teaching evolution in public schools e) prayer in the public schools |
d
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1. After the Scopes “Monkey Trial,”
a) fundamentalism disappeared outside the rural South b) John Scopes was sentenced to serve time in jail c) Christians found it increasingly difficult to reconcile the revelations of religion with modern science d) the gap between theology and biology began to close e) fundamentalist religion remained a vibrant force in American spiritual life |
e
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1. All of the following helped to make the prosperity of the 1920a possible except
a) government stimulation of the economy b) rapid expansion of capital c) increased productivity of workers d) perfection of assembly-line production e) advertising and credit buying |
a
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|
|
1. The main problem faced by American manufacturers in the 1920 involved
a) increasing the level of production b) developing a market of people to buy their products c) reducing the level of government involvement in business d) keeping labor unrest to a minimum e) finding a skilled labor force |
b
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1. Bruce Barton, author of The Man Nobody Knows, expressed admiration for Jesus Christ because Barton
a) was a deeply religious man b) respected Christ’s image of self-sacrifice c) thought Christ taught the proper use of money d) felt that Christ supported capitalism e) believed that Christ was the best advertising man of all time |
e
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1. The prosperity that developed in the 1920s helped
a) to accumulate a cloud of debt b) to reduce buying on credit c) labor unions to gain strength d) enable the railroads to make more profits e) close the gap between rich and poor |
a
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|
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1. The central character in Bruce Barton’s The Man Nobody Knows was
a) Charles Lindbergh b) Henry Ford c) Jesus Christ d) Babe Ruth e) Abraham Lincoln |
c
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1. Henry Ford’s contribution to the automobile industry was
a) installment credit buying of cars b) the internal combustion engine c) an enormous variety of automobile models with varied colors and styles d) design changes that improved speed e) relatively cheap automobiles |
e
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1. Frederick W. Taylor, a prominent inventor and engineer, was best know for his
a) development of the gasoline engine b) thoughts on Darwinian evolution c) efforts to clean up polluted cities d) efforts to promote efficiency by eliminated wasted motions e) concern for worker safety |
d
|
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1. Before the automobile, the ________________ industry dominated the American economy.
a) railroad b) farming c) oil d) steel e) electricity |
d
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1. The automobile revolution resulted in all of the following except
a) the consolidation of schools b) the increased dependence of women on men c) the spread of suburbs d) a loss of population in less attractive states e) altered youthful sexual behavior |
b
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|
1. One complaint lodged by the U.S. Immigration Commission against Polish immigrants was that
a) they took skilled jobs from Americans b) too many returned to their homeland c) they sent too much money home d) they wrote home with too many negative stories about America e) they were slow to learn English |
c
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|
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1. The first “talkie” motion picture was
a) The Great Train Robbery b) The Birth of a Nation c) The Wizard of Oz d) Gone with the Wind e) The Jazz Singer |
e
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1. With the advent of radio and motion pictures,
a) many people believed that popular tastes were elevated b) American culture became more parochial c) American regional accents disappeared d) the emergence of a working-class political coalition was halted e) much of the rich diversity of immigrant culture was lost |
e
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|
1. Automobiles, radios, and motion pictures
a) were less popular than had been anticipated b) contributed to the standardization of American life c) had little impact on traditional life-styles and values d) were for the most part too expensive for ordinary working families e) strengthened American family life |
b
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|
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1. The 1920 census revealed that for the first time most
a) men worked in manufacturing b) adult women were employed outside the home c) Americans lived in cities d) Americans lived in the trans-Mississippi West e) Families had fewer than four children |
c
|
|
|
1. Margaret Sanger was most noted for her advocacy of
a) abortion rights b) woman suffrage c) birth control d) free love e) the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) |
c
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|
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1. Job opportunities for women in the 1920s
a) expanded dramatically b) offered higher-paying positions than before c) were plentiful in Hollywood and radio d) existed mainly in the area of education e) tended to cluster in a few low-paying fields |
e
|
|
|
1. To justify their new sexual frankness, many Americans cited
a) increased consumption of alcohol b) the decline of fundamentalism c) the development of the National Women’s party d) the theories of Sigmund Freud e) the influence of explicit movies |
d
|
|
|
1. Jazz music was developed by
a) Latinos b) Caribbean immigrants c) Caucasian impresarios d) American teenagers e) American blacks |
e
|
|
|
1. Marcus Garvey, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association, is known for all of the following except
a) promoting the resettlement of American blacks in Africa b) establishing the idea of the talented tenth to lead African-Americans c) cultivating feelings of self-confidence and self-reliance among blacks d) being sent to prison after a conviction for fraud e) promoting black-owned businesses |
b
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1. Match each literary figure with the correct work.
A. Earnest Hemingway 1. The Sun Also Rises B. F. Scott Fitzgerald 2. Main Street C. Sinclair Lewis 3. The Sound and the Fury D. William Faulkner 4. The Great Gatsby a) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 b) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 c) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 d) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3 e) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 |
d
|
|
|
1. Buying stock “on margin” meant
a) purchasing only a few shares b) purchasing inexpensive stock c) purchasing little-known stock d) purchasing risky stock e) making only a small down payment |
e
|
|
|
1. During Andrew Mellon’s long tenure as secretary of the treasury, his policies
a) raised taxes b) lowered the national debt c) provided substantial government regulation of the stock market d) discouraged capital investment e) helped equalize personal incomes |
b
|
|
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1. As secretary of the treasury, Andrew Mellon placed the tax burden on the
a) middle-income groups b) wealthy c) lower class d) business community e) estate taxes |
a
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1. Warren G. Harding’s weakness as president included all of the following except a(n)
a) lack of political experience b) mediocre mind c) inability to detect moral weakness in his associates d) unwillingness to hurt people’s feelings by saying no e) administrative weakness |
a
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1. Match each member of President Harding’s cabinet below with his major area of responsibility.
A. Charles Evans Hughes 1. taxes and tariffs B. Andrew Mellon 2. naval oil reserves C. Herbert Hoover 3. naval arms limitation D. Albert Fall 4. foreign trade and trade associations E. Harry Daugherty 5. justice and law enforcement a) A-5, B-3, C-2, D-4, E-1 b) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2, E-5 c) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-5, E-1 d) A-4, B-5, C-1, D-3, E-2 e) A-1, B-2, C-5, D-3, E-4 |
b
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1. Which of the following individuals was considered one of the “worst minds” of President Harding’s cabinet?
a) Herbert Hoover b) Calvin Coolidge c) Andrew Mellon d) Charles Evans Hughes e) Albert Fall |
e
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1. Republican economic policies under Warren G. Harding
a) sought to continue the same laissez-faire doctrine as had been the practice under William McKinley. b) hoped to encourage the government to guide business along the path to profits. c) worked to get standpatters out of administration bureaus. d) aimed at supporting increased competition in business. e) aided small business at the expense of big business. |
b
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1. During the 1920s, the Supreme Court
a) often ruled against progressive legislation. b) rigorously upheld the antitrust laws. c) generally promoted government regulation of the economy. d) staunchly defended the rights of organized labor. e) upheld laws providing special protection for women. |
a
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1. ____________________ was (were) adversely affected by the demobilization policies adopted by the federal government at the end of World War I.
a) The cement industry b) The railroad industry c) The American Legion d) Veterans e) Organized labor |
e
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1. The Supreme Court in the Muller and Adkins cases centered on
a) racial differences. b) affirmative action. c) ‘right to work’ laws from several states. d) the question of whether women merited special legal and social treatment. e) antitrust legislation. |
d
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1. The non-business group that realized the most significant, lasting gains from World War I was
a) labor. b) blacks. c) the Klu Klux Klan. d) women. e) veterans. |
e
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1. Despite President Warren G. Harding’s policy of isolationism, the U.S. became involved in the Middle East to
a) support a homeland for Jews in Israel. b) prevent the League of Nations from establishing British and French. protectorates in the region. c) stop the Soviet Union from dominating the area. d) secure oil-drilling concessions for American companies. e) curb the rise of Arab nationalism. |
d
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1. Warren G. Harding was willing to seize the initiative on the issue of international disarmament because
a) he feared renewed war in Europe. b) he recognized that an arms race was imminent. c) businesspeople were unwilling to help pay for a larger U.S. Navy. d) he did not want the League of Nations to take the lead on this problem. e) American public opinion supported peacemaking efforts. |
c
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1. The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact
a) formally ended World War I for the U.S., which had refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles. b) set a schedule for German payment of war reparations. c) established a battleship ration for the leading naval powers. d) condemned Japan for its unprovoked attack on Manchuria. e) outlawed war as a solution to international rivalry. |
e
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1. In the 1920s the Fordney-McCumber Tariff _____________ tariff rates and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff ______________ tariff rates, so that by 1930 the tariff rates had been substantially ____________ from the opening of the decade.
a) raised; lowered; lowered b) lowered; raised; raised c) raised; raised; raised d) lowered; lowered; lowered e) raised; lowered; raised |
c
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1. Because the U.S. raised its tariffs in the 1920s,
a) European nations raised their tariffs. b) the postwar chaos in Europe was prolonged. c) international economic distress deepened. d) American foreign trade declined. e) all of the above. |
e
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1. The Teapot Dome scandal involved the mishandling of
a) naval oil reserves. b) funds for veterans’ hospitals. c) the budget for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. d) European war-debt payments. e) the sale of presidential pardons. |
a
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1. The major political scandal of Harding’s administration resulted in the conviction and imprisonment of his secretary of
a) the treasury. b) state. c) the navy. d) commerce. e) the interior. |
e
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1. Which of the following descriptive attributes is least characteristic of President Coolidge?
a) honesty b) frugality c) shyness d) wordiness e) caution |
d
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1. During Coolidge’s presidency, government policy was set largely by the interests and values of
a) farmers and wage earners. b) the business community. c) racial and ethnic minorities. d) progressive reformers. e) conservative New Englanders. |
b
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1. After the initial shock of the Harding scandals, many Americans reacted by
a) demanding that all of those involved be sent to prison. b) excusing some of the wrongdoers on the grounds that ‘they ad gotten away with it.’ c) demanding the impeachment of the president. d) suggesting that Harding resign the presidency so that Calvin Coolidge could take control. e) calling for a thorough Congressional investigation. |
b
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1. One of the major problems facing farmers in the 1920s was
a) overproduction. b) the inability to purchase modern farm equipment. c) passage of the NcNary-Haugen Bill. d) the prosecution of cooperatives under antitrust laws. e) drought and insects like the boll weevil. |
a
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1. In the mid-1920s President Coolidge twice refused to sign legislation proposing to
a) exempt farmers’ cooperatives from the antitrust laws. b) defend the family farm against corporate takeovers. c) make the U.S. a member of the World Court. d) lower taxes. e) subsidize farm prices. |
e
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1. The intended beneficiaries of the McNary-Haugen Bill were _______________; the intended beneficiaries of the Norris-LaGuardia Act were __________________.
a) railroads; labor unions b) farmers; labor unions c) banks; railroads d) farmers; banks e) railroads; farmers |
b
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1. Which of the following splits did not affect the Democratic party in 1924?
a) “wets’ vs. “drys” b) immigrants vs. old-stock Americans c) urbanites vs. suburbanites d) Fundamentalists vs. Modernists e) northern liberals vs. southern conservatives |
c
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1. Robert La Follette’s Progressive party advocated all of the following except
a) government ownership of railroads. b) relief for farmers. c) opposition to anti-labor injunctions. d) opposition to monopolies. e) increased power of the Supreme Court. |
e
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1. In 1924 the Democratic party convention came within a single vote of adopting a resolution condemning
a) the Ku Klux Klan. b) immigration restrictions. c) prohibition. d) Fundamentalism. e) business monopolies. |
a
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1. The Progressive party did not do well in the 1924 election because
a) it could not win the farm vote. b) too many people shared in prosperity to care about reform. c) it was too caught up in internal discord. d) the liberal vote was split between it and the Democratic Party. e) La Follette could not win the Socialists endorsement. |
b
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1. In the early 1920s, the U.S.’ ____________ was a glaring exception to its general indifference to the outside world.
a) involvement in the World Court. b) armed intervention in the Caribbean and Central America. c) eventual involvement in the League of nations. d) naval buildup. e) support for anticommunist rebels. |
b
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1. America’s European allies argued that they should not have to repay loans that the U.S. made to them during World War I because
a) the U.S. had owed them about $4 billion before the war. b) the amount of money involved was not significant. c) they had paid a much heavier price in lost lives, so it was only fair for the U.S. to write off the debt. d) the U.S. was making so much money from Mexican oil that it did not need extra dollars. e) Germany was not paying its reparations to them, so they could not afford to pay off the loans. |
c
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1. As a result of America’s insistence that war debts be repaid,
a) the French and British demanded enormous reparations payments from Germany. b) the German mark was ruined by drastic inflation. c) nearly all U.S. allies repaid their loans. d) the U.S. became more involved in European affairs to ensure repayment. e) the allies insisted on lower U.S. tariffs. |
a
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1. America’s major foreign-policy problem in the 1920s was addressed by the Dawes Plan, which
a) ended the big-stick policy of armed intervention in Central America and the Caribbean. b) established a ratio of allowable naval strength between the U.S., Britain, and Japan. c) condemned the Japanese aggression against Manchuria. d) aimed to prevent German re-armament. e) tried to solve the tangle of war-debt and war reparations payments. |
e
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1. The most colorful presidential candidate of the 1920s was
a) Calvin Coolidge. b) John W. Davis. c) Alfred E. Smith. d) Herbert Hoover. e) Robert La Follette. |
c
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1. All of the following were political liabilities for Alfred E. Smith except his
a) Catholic religion. b) support for repeal of prohibition. c) big-city background. d) failure to win the support of American labor. e) radio speaking skill. |
d
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1. One of Herbert Hoover’s chief strengths as a presidential candidate was his
a) adaptability to the give-and-take of political accommodation. b) considerable experience in running for political office. c) personal charm and charisma. d) ability to face criticism. e) talent for administration. |
e
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1. When elected to the presidency in 1828, Herbert Hoover
a) was militantly anti-labor. b) brought little administrative talent or experience to the job. c) understood that his major challenge was to find a solution to the Great Depression. d) was a millionaire. e) had been a successful governor of California. |
d
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1. The Federal Farm Board, created by the Agricultural Marketing Act, lent money to farmers primarily to help them to
a) organize producers’ cooperatives. b) learn a new and more profitable trade. c) open new land to cultivation. d) purchase expensive new farm machinery. e) take land out of production. |
a
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1. As a result of the Hawley Smoot Tariff of 1930,
a) American industry grew more secure. b) duties on agricultural products decreased. c) American economic isolationism ended. d) campaign promises to labor were fulfilled. e) the worldwide depression deepened. |
e
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1. In America, the Great Depression caused
a) people to blame the economic system, not themselves, for their problems. b) a decade-long decline in the birthrate. c) an increase of foreign investment because prices were so low. d) the price of common stock to remain low while blue-chip stocks suffered only moderate losses. e) a shift in the economic philosophy of business. |
b
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1. President Herbert Hoover believed that the Great Depression could be ended b doing all of the following except
a) providing direct aid to the people. b) directly assisting businesses and banks. c) keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system. d) continuing to rely on the American tradition of rugged individualism. e) lend funds to feed farm livestock. |
a
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1. President Hoover’s approach to the Great Depression was to
a) leave the economy alone to work itself out of trouble. b) nationalize major industries. c) encourage the states to stimulate spending. d) blame it on big business. e) adopt unprecedented federal initiatives. |
e
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1. The ___________________ was an ‘alphabetical agency’ set up under Hoover’s administration to bring the government into the anti-depression effort.
a) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) b) National Recovery Administration (NRA) c) Works Progress Administration (WPA) d) Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) e) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) |
d
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1. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was established to
a) provide direct economic assistance to labor. b) make loans to businesses, banks, and state and local governments. c) outlaw ‘yellow dog’ (antiunion) contracts. d) provide money for construction of dams on the Tennessee River. e) lend money for federal public works projects. |
b
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1. The Bonus Expeditionary Force marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand
a) the removal of American troops from Nicaragua. b) passage of legislation introducing a lower tariff. c) immediate full payment of bonus payments promised to World War I veterans. d) punishment for those who had forced unemployed veterans to leave Washington, D.C. e) housing and health care assistance for veterans. |
c
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1. President Hoover’s public image was severely damaged by his
a) decision to abandon the principle of ‘rugged individualism.’ b) construction of ‘Hoovervilles’ for the homeless. c) agreement to provide a federal dole to the unemployed. d) refusal to do anything to try to solve the Great Depression. e) handling of the dispersal of the Bonus Army. |
e
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1. In response to the League of Nations’ investigation into Japan’s invasion and occupation of Manchuria,
a) the U.S. became an official member of the League. b) Japan withdrew its troops. c) it initiated a boycott of Japanese goods. d) Japan left the League. e) the U.S. and China moved toward an alliance. |
d
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1. The 1932 Stimson doctrine
a) reversed the U.S.’ long-standing interventionist policy in Latin America. b) committed the U.S. to join the League of Nations’ effort to impose economic sanctions against Japan for its invasion of Manchuria. c) announced the U.S.’ willingness to outlaw was as an instrument of national policy. d) declared that the U.S. would not recognize any territorial acquisition achieved by force of arms. e) declared Japan and Germany ‘rogue states.’ |
d
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With the goal of coming up with an international fix to the Great Depression, the ______ ___________ was set up in 1933.
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London Conference
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FDR initially planned to send Sec. of State _______ ____ to the London Conference. Later he changed his mind and reprimanded Europe for trying to stabilize currencies.
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Cordell Hull
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More importantly, America's non-participation in the London Conference solidified U.S. ____________ ________
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Isolationist Policies
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Explain the Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
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said the Philippines would become independent after 12 years (in 1946).
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Why did FDR formally recognize the Soviet Union in 1933?
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FDR formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933.
His move was not popular with many Americans who didn't like acknowledging the communist nation. His motive was hopes of trade with the huge nation and perhaps check the growing power of Germany and Japan. |
|
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How did FDR's "good neighbor" policy differ from Teddy Roosevelt's
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FDR announced that the U.S. would no longer use military strength in Latin America. He singled out Teddy Roosevelt's "Big Stick Policy" as particularly bad.
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Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act which...
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set up low tariff policies
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The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act cut down the most offensive parts of the __________________ merely amending them. In some instances, tariff rates were cut in half (provided the other nation did the same).
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Hawley-Smoot tariff law
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What came of the Rome-Berlin Axis?
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An Alliance between Mussolini and Hitler
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who joined Germany and Italy with the Tripartite Pact?
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Japan
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Trying to avoid getting sucked further into foreign problems, Congress passed the ______________________ which forbade countries that owed money to the U.S. from getting any more loans.
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Johnson Debt Default Act
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The ___ __________ was set up (1934) to study the idea that munitions producers only helped start wars and thus earn profits. This was one of the ideas as to the causes of WWI.
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Nye Committee
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Congress passed the Neutrality Acts in 1935, 36, and 37. They said that when the president declared a foreign war existed, certain restrictions would start.
The restrictions were: |
(1) Americans could not sail on a belligerent (nation-at-war) ship, sell/haul munitions, or make loans to belligerents.
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Who helped Gen. Francisco Franco fight a republican democratic government during the Spanish Civil War?
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Italy and Germany did help Franco. Knowing he'd soon put them to use, Hitler used the Spanish Civil War as a testing ground for his tanks and planes. Franco and the fascists won and this helped embolden the dictators, especially Hitler.
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What did FDR ask for in his Quarantine Speech?
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In it he asked for America to quarantine the aggressors (Italy and Japan) and to morally side against them.
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What American Gunboat did the Japanese sink when they invaded China in 1937
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The Panay
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How did Hitler break the treaty of Versailles?
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He broke the Treaty of Versailles by (1) making military service mandatory and (2) marching troops into the Rhineland region by France.
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What was the Sudetenland?
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a section of Czechoslovakia inhabited mostly by Germans.
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When did Hitler obtain the Sudetenland and who from?
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At the Munich Conference (Sept. 1938) British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain fell victim to Hitler's lies. Chamberlain agreed to let Hitler have the Sudetenland.
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What did the Russo-German Nonaggression act open the door for Germany to do?
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Attack Poland because they would no longer be fighting a two sided war as they were in WWI
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What did the Neutrality Acts of 1939 say?
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the U.S. would sell war materials on a "cash-and-carry" basis.
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What did the conscription law of WWII say?
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America's first peacetime draft. It would train 1.2 million troops yearly and 800,000 reserves.
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Britain was next on Hitler's list. To attack Britain, Hitler first needed air superiority. He began bombing, but the British Royal Air Force fought back and halted Germany in the world's first all-air war, which was?
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The Battle of Britain
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What was the Destroyer Deal (1940)?
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America transferred 50 old destroyers from WWI days to Britain. In return, the U.S. got eight defensive bases in the Americas, from Newfoundland down to South America
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What did the "Lend-Lease Bill" send to the Allied powers?
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War supplies
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Explain the Atlantic Charter.
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The Atlantic Charter was formed at the Atlantic Conference and was later okayed by the Soviet Union. Oddly with the U.S. not even in the war, the Charter set up goals for after the war was won. The main points of the Charter were reflective of Wilson's Fourteen Points of WWI…
There would be no territorial or government changes without the people's vote (self-determination). Disarmament would be sought. A new peace-keeping organization, like the League of Nations, would be set up. |
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In protest of Japan's actions in China, the U.S. ______________________ The main blow was _________________, which Japan needed for its sprawling empire.
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put an embargo on Japan., cutting off oil
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1. Franklin Roosevelt refused to support the London Economic Conference because
a) its members insisted on rigid adherence to the gold standard b) any agreement to stabilize national currencies might hurt America’s recovery from depression c) such an agreement would involve the U.S. militarily with the League of Nations d) the delegates refused to work on reviving international trade e) it was dominated by British and Swiss bankers |
b
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1. As a result of Franklin Roosevelt’s unwillingness to support the London Conference,
a) inflation in the U.S. was reduced b) the U.S. was voted out of the League of Nations c) tensions arouse between the U.S. and Britain d) the U.S. began to pull out of the Depression e) the trend toward extreme nationalism was strengthened |
e
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1. One internationalist action by Franklin D. Roosevelt in his first term in office was
a) the formal recognition of the Soviet Union b) joining the League of Nations c) establishing military bases in China d) his support of the Tydings-McDuffie Act e) his commitment to Philippine independence |
a
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1. Roosevelt’s recognition of the Soviet Union was undertaken partly
a) in order to win support for American Catholics b) because the Soviet leadership seemed to be modifying its harsher communist policies c) in hopes of developing a diplomatic counterweight to the rising power of Japan and Germany d) to win favor with American liberals and leftists e) to open opportunities for American investment in Siberian oil fields |
c
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1. In promising to grant the Philippines independence, the U.S. was motivated by
a) treaty obligations b) doubts about the islands’ potential profitability c) the view that the islands were militarily indefensible d) the realization that the islands were economic liabilities e) regrets over their imperialistic takeover on 1898 |
d
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1. Franklin Roosevelt embarked on the Good Neighbor policy in part because
a) there was a rising tide of anti-Americanism in Latin America b) Congress had repealed the Monroe Doctrine c) he feared the spread of communism in the region d) the policy was part of the neutrality stance taken by the U.S. e) he was eager to enlist Latin American allies to defend the Western Hemisphere against European and Asian dictators |
e
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1. As part of his Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America, President Roosevelt
a) abandoned the Monroe Doctrine b) withdrew American marines from Haiti c) asked Congress to extend the Platt Amendment in Cuba d) returned to the Guantanamo naval base to Cuban control e) proposed to grant Rico its independence |
b
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1. The 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
a) raised America’s tariff schedule b) inhibited President Roosevelt’s efforts to implement his Good Neighborhood policy. c) increased America’s foreign trade d) was most strongly opposed in the South and West e) was aimed at isolating Italy and Germany |
c
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1. President Franklin Roosevelt’s foreign-trade policy
a) lowered tariffs to increase trade b) encouraged trade only with Latin America c) continued the policy that had persisted since the Civil War d) was reversed only after World War II e) sought protection for key U.S. industries |
a
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1. Throughout most of the 1930s, the American people responded to the aggressive actions of Germany, Italy, and Japan by
a) assisting their victims with military aid b) giving only economic help to the targets of aggression c) beginning to build up their military forces d) demanding an oil embargo on all warring nations e) retreating into isolationism |
e
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1. Fascist aggression in the 1930s included Mussolini’s vision of ______________, Hitler’s invasion of _______________, and Franco’s overthrow of the republican government of ____________________.
a) Egypt, France, Poland b) Albania, Italy, Austria c) Ethiopia, Czechoslovakia, Spain d) Belgium, the Soviet Union, France e) Ethiopia, Norway, Portugal |
c
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1. By the mid-1930s, there was strong nationwide agitation for a constitutional amendment to
a) increase the size of the Supreme Court b) limit a president to two terms c) ban arm sales to foreign nations d) require the president to gain Congressional approval before sending U.S. troops overseas e) forbid a declaration of war by Congress unless first approved by a popular referendum |
e
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1. Passage of the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 by the U.S. resulted in all of the following except
a) abandonment of the traditional policy of freedom of the seas b) a decline in the navy and other armed forces c) making no distinction whatever between aggressors and victims d) spurring aggressors along their path of conquest e) balancing the scales between dictators and U.S. allies by trading with neither |
e
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1. The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war,
a) Americans would be prohibited from sailing on the ships of the warring nations b) America would sell arms and war materials only to the victim of aggression c) American bankers would be allowed to make loans to only one of the warring nations d) U.S. diplomats intended to uphold the tradition of freedom of the seas e) U.S. diplomats and civilians would be withdrawn from both warring nations |
a
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1. From 1925 to 1940 the transition of American policy on arms sales to warring nations followed this sequence:
a) embargo to lend-lease to cash-and-carry b) cash-and-carry to lend-lease to embargo c) lend-lease to cash-and-carry to embargo d) embargo to cash-and-carry to lend-lease e) lend-lease to embargo to cash-and-carry |
d
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1. America’s neutrality during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 allowed
a) Hitler to conquer Spain b) the Loyalists to win the war c) Roosevelt and Franco to become personal friends d) the Soviets to aid the Spanish republic e) Spain to become a fascist dictatorship |
e
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1. Franklin Roosevelt’s sensational “Quarantine Speech” resulted in
a) immediate British support for U.S. policy b) a wave of protest by isolationists c) support from both Democratic and Republican leaders d) Japanese aggression in China e) A modification of the Neutrality Acts |
b
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1. In September 1938 in Munich, German,
a) Britain and France consented to Germany’s taking the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia b) Hitler declared his intention to take Austria c) Hitler signed the Axis Alliance Treaty with Japan d) Britain and France acquiesced to the German reoccupation of the Rhineland e) Britain and France declared that an invasion of Poland would mean war |
a
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1. In 1938 the British and French brought peace with Hitler at the Munich Conference at the expense of
a) Poland b) The free city of Danzig c) Austria d) Belgium e) Czechoslovakia |
e
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1. Shortly after Adolf Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union,
a) Britain and France singed a similar agreement b) the Soviets attacked China c) Germany invaded Poland and started World War II d) Italy signed a similar agreement with the Soviets e) the Germans invaded Finland |
c
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1. The first casualty of the 1939 Hitler-Stalin nonaggression treaty was
a) Poland b) Czechoslovakia c) Austria d) Belgium e) the Jews |
a
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1. Which of the following nations was not conquered by Hitler’s Germany between September 1939 and June 1940?
a) Norway b) the Netherlands c) France d) Poland e) Finland |
e
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1. All of the following factors contributed to the weaknesses and lateness of America’s efforts to aid Europe’s threatened Jews except
a) the belief that most Jews would be better off migrating to Israel b) internal tensions between German-Jewish and eastern European Jewish communities in the U.S. c) the restrictive Immigration Act of 1924 d) fear that a flood of Jewish refugees would add to unemployment during the Depression e) Anti-Semitic attitudes in the State Department and Congress |
a
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1. The U.S. military refused to bomb Nazi gas chambers such as those at Auschwitz and Dachau because of the belief that
a) bombing would kill the Jews kept there b) bombing would divert essential military resources c) the military was unsure of the gas chambers’ location d) such attacks would not seriously impede the killing of Jews e) all of the above |
b
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1. During World War II, the U.S. saved ________________ Jews from Nazism.
a) about one million b) no c) about six million d) only a small number e) about 250,000 |
d
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1. Congress’s first response to the unexpected fall of France in 1940 was to
a) revoke all the neutrality laws b) expand naval patrols in the Atlantic c) enact a new neutrality law enabling the Allies to buy American war materials on a cash-and-carry basis d) call for the quarantining of aggressor nations e) pass a conscription law |
e
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1. America’s neutrality effectively ended when
a) Japan attacked Pearl Harbor b) Germany attacked Poland c) the conscription laws was passed in 1940 d) France fell to Germany e) Italy “stabbed France in the back” |
d
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1. In return for old American destroyers, the British gave the U.S.
a) “most favored nation” status b) a role in developing the atomic bomb c) eight valuable naval bases d) access to German military codes e) six air bases in Scotland and Iceland |
c
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1. By 1940 American public opinion began to favor
a) the American First position b) active participation in the war c) permitting U.S. volunteers to fight in Britain d) maintaining strict neutrality e) providing Britain with “all aid short of war” |
e
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1. The Republican presidential nominee in 1940 was
a) Wendell L. Willkie b) Robert A. Taft c) Thomas E. Dewey d) Alfred E. Landon e) Charles A. Lindbergh |
a
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1. Franklin Roosevelt was motivated to run for a third term in 1940 mainly by his
a) personal desire to defeat his old political rival, Wendell Willkie b) belief that America needed his experienced leadership during the international crisis c) mania for power d) opposition to Willkie’s pledge to restore a strict policy of American neutrality e) belief that the two-term tradition limited democratic choice |
b
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1. The 1941 lend-lease program was all of the following except
a) a focus of intense debate between internationalists and isolationists b) a direct challenge to the Axis dictators c) the point when all pretense of American neutrality was abandoned d) the catalyst that caused American factories to prepare for all-out war production e) another privately arranged executive deal, like the destroyers-for-bases trade |
e
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1. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the U.S.
a) promised aid to the Soviets but did not deliver b) refused to provide any help, either military or economic c) gave only non-military aid to Russia d) made lend-lease aid available to the Soviets e) sent U.S. ships to Soviet naval bases |
d
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1. The Atlantic Charter, developed by the U.S. and Britain, was also endorsed by
a) Canada b) France c) Spain d) China e) the Soviet Union |
e
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1. After the Greer was fired upon, the Kearny crippled, and the Reuben James sunk,
a) Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act b) the U.S. Navy began escorting merchant vessels carrying lend-lease shipments c) Congress allowed the arming of U.S. merchant vessels d) Congress forbade U.S. ships to enter combat zones e) Roosevelt told the public that war was imminent |
c
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1. Japan believed that it was forced into war with the U.S. because Franklin Roosevelt insisted that Japan
a) withdraw from the Dutch East Indies b) leave China c) renew its trade with America d) break its treaty of nonaggression with Germany e) find alternative sources of oil |
b
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1. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 came as a great surprise because
a) President Roosevelt suspected that if an attack came, it would be in Malaya or the Philippines b) there was no way of knowing that the Japanese had been provoked to the point of starting a war with the U.S. c) Japanese communications were in a secret code unknown to the U.S. d) the U.S. was, at the time, Japan’s main source of oil and steel e) it was believed that Japan had insufficient aircraft carriers to reach near Hawaii |
a
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1. On the even of Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, a large majority of Americans
a) were beginning to question the increased aid given to Britain b) still wanted to keep the U.S. out of war c) accepted the idea that America would enter the war d) did not oppose Japan’s conquests in East Asia e) were ready to fight Germany but not Japan |
b
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1. Arrange these events in chronological order: (A) Munich Conference, (B) German invasion of Poland, (C) Hitler-Stalin non-aggression treaty.
a) A, C, B b) B, C, A c) C, B, A d) C, A, B e) A, B, C |
a
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1. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) fall of France, (B) Atlantic Conference, (C) Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union
a) B, A, C b) A, B, C c) C, B, A d) A, C, B e) C, A, B |
d
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1. As World War II began for the United States in 1941, President Roosevelt
a) led a seriously divided nation into the conflict b) endorsed the same kind of government persecution of German-Americans as Wilson had in World War I c) called the American people to the same kind of idealistic crusade with the same rhetoric that Wilson had used in World War I d) decided to concentrate first on the war in Europe and to place the Pacific war on hold e) declared that the first strategic goal was recovery from Pearl Harbor |
d
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1. Once at war, Americans first great challenge was to
a) pass a conscription law b) raise an army and navy c) extend aid to the Soviet Union d) develop atomic weapons e) retool its industry for all-out war production |
e
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1. Overall, most ethnic groups in the United States during World War II
a) were further assimilated into American society b) were not allowed to serve in the military c) had their patriotism questioned as in World War I d) cast their vote for Republican candidates opposed to the war e) served in ethnically distinct military units |
a
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1. Japanese-Americans were placed in concentration camps during World War II
a) due to numerous acts of sabotage b) in retaliation for the placement of Americans in concentration camps by the Japanese c) as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear d) because many were loyal to Japan e) all of the above |
c
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1. The minority groups most adversely affected by Washington’s wartime policies was
a) German-Americans b) blacks c) Japanese-Americans d) American communists e) Italian-Americans |
c
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1. In the 1800s the Japanese government drove many Japanese farmers off their land by
a) confiscating property for military bases b) forcing them to work in factories c) conscripting them into the military d) imposing a steep land tax e) refusing to let them grow rice |
d
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1. In the period from 1885 to 1924, Japanese immigrants to the U.S. were
a) poorly educated b) primarily from the island of Hokkaido c) some of the poorest people to enter the country d) exclusively farmers e) select representatives of their nation |
e
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1. When the U.S. entered World War II in December 1941,
a) it took nearly two years for the country to unite b) the conflict soon b3ecame an idealistic crusade for democracy c) the government repudiated the Atlantic Charter d) a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about e) the idea of allying with the Communist Soviet Union was repugnant |
d
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1. During World War II, the United States government commissioned the production of synthetic ________________ in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in East Asia.
a) textiles b) rubber c) tin d) fuels e) plastics |
b
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1. Match each of the wartime agencies below with its correct function:
A. War Production Board 1) assigned priorities with respect B. Office of Price Administration to the use of raw materials and C. War Labor Board transportation facilities D. Fair Employment Practices 2) controlled inflation by Commission rationing 3) imposed ceilings on wage increases 4) saw to it that no hiring discrimination was used a) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 against blacks seeking b) A-1, Bi2, C-3, D-4 employment in war industries c) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1 d) A-3, Bi2, C-1, D-4 e) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3 |
b
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1. While American workers, on the whole, were committed to the war effort, several unions went on strike. The most prominent was the
a) Teamsters b) Amalgamated Meat Packers c) Longshoremen d) United Mine Workers e) Industrial Workers of the World |
d
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1. During World War II,
a) labor unions declared a self-imposed moratorium on strikes b) unions actively combated racial discrimination c) farm production declined d) for security reasons, the bracero program with Mexico was temporarily halted e) labor unions substantially increased their membership |
e
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1. The employment of more than six million women in American industry during World War II led to
a) equal pay for men and women b) a greater percentage of American women in war industries than anywhere else in the world c) the establishment of day-care centers by the government d) a reduction in employment for black males e) a strong desire of most women to work for wages |
c
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1. The main reason that the majority of women war workers left the labor force at the end of WWII was
a) union demands b) employer demands that they quit c) make discrimination on the job d) government requirements to hire veterans e) family obligations |
e
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1. African-Americans did all of the following during World War II except
a) fight in integrated combat units b) rally behind the slogan “Double V” (victory over dictators abroad and racism at home) c) move north and west in large numbers d) form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality e) serve in the Army Air Corps |
a
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1. Which of the following is least related to the other three?
a) Smith-Connally Act b) A. Philip Randolph c) fair Employment Practices Commission d) racial discrimination in wartime industry e) proposed “Negro March on Washington” |
a
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1. Big-government intervention got its biggest boost from
a) the New Deal b) World War II c) the Depression d) World War I e) the Cold War |
b
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1. The northward migration of African-Americans accelerated after World War II because
a) the southern system of sharecropping was declared illegal b) Latinos had replaced blacks in the work force c) Mechanical cotton pickers came into use d) northern cities repealed segregation laws e) the South made it clear that they were not wanted |
c
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1. During World War II, American Indians
a) demanded that President Roosevelt end discrimination in defense industries b) rarely enlisted in the armed forces c) moved south to replace African-American laborers d) moved off reservations in large numbers e) promoted recovery of tribal languages |
d
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1. By the end of World War II, the heart of the United States’ African-American community had shifted to
a) Florida and the Carolinas b) southern cities c) the Pacific Northwest d) Midwestern small towns e) northern cities |
e
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1. The national debt increased most during
a) Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal b) Herbert Hoover’s administration c) World War II d) World War I e) the 1920s |
c
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1. Most of the money raised to finance World War II came through
a) tariff collections b) excise taxes on luxury goods c) raising income taxes d) voluntary contributions e) borrowing |
e
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1. The first naval battle in history in which all of the fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of
a) Leyte Gulf b) the Java Sea c) the Coral Sea d) Midway e) Iwo Jima |
c
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1. The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of
a) Leyte Gulf b) Bataan and Corregidor c) the Coral Sea d) Midway e) Guadalcanal |
d
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1. The Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942 in their attempt to control much of the Pacific when they
a) failed to take the Philippines b) unsuccessfully attacked the oil-rich Dutch East Indies c) overextended themselves instead of digging in and consolidating their gains d) sent their submarine force on a suicide mission at the Battle of Midway e) attacked Alaska and the Australia |
c
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1. In waging war against Japan, the United States relied on a strategy of
a) heavy bombing from Chinese air bases b) invading Japanese strongholds in Southeast Asia c) fortifying China by transporting supplies from India over the Himalayan “hump” d) “island hopping” across the South Pacific while bypassing Japanese strongholds e) turning the Japanese flanks in New Guinea and Alaska |
d
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1. The conquest of ________________ was especially important, because from there Americans could conduct round-trip bombing raids on the Japanese home islands.
a) Guadalcanal b) Wake Island c) New Guinea d) Okinawa e) Guam |
e
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1. The Allies won the Battle of the Atlantic by doing all of the following except
a) escorting convoys of merchants’ vessels b) organizing Allied “wolf packs” to chase down German U-boats c) dropping depth charges from destroyers d) bombing submarine bases e) deploying the new technology of radar |
b
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1. Hitler’s advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of Battle of ________________, after which his fortunes gradually declined.
a) the Bulge b) Stalingrad c) Monte Casino d) Britain e) El Alamein |
b
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1. The Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 because
a) they hoped that Germany and the Soviet Union would cripple each other b) men and material were needed more urgently in the Pacific c) the Soviet Union requested a delay until it could join the campaign d) they believed that North Africa was more strategically important e) of British reluctance and lack of adequate shipping |
e
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1. The Allied demand for unconditional surrender was criticized mainly by opponents who believed that such surrender would
a) encourage the enemy to resist as long as possible b) be impossible to obtain c) be unacceptable to the Soviets, who had already suffered terrible casualties d) result in an armistice whose terms would lead to war, much as the Treaty of Versailles had led to World War II e) discourage anti-Hitler resisters |
a
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1. President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill announced at their wartime conference in Casablanca that their principal war aim was to
a) destroy the last remnants of European imperialism b) promote the national independence of all European nations c) contain the postwar power of the Soviet Union d) force the unconditional surrender of both Germany and Japan e) create an effective postwar Atlantic alliance |
d
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1. Arrange these wartime conferences in chronological order: (A) V-J Day, (B) V-E Day, (C) D Day, (D) invasion of Italy
a) D, C, B, A b) A, C, B, D c) B, D, A, C d) C, A, D, B e) A, D, B, C |
c
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1. The major consequence of the Allied conquest of Sicily in August 1943 was
a) a modification of the demand of unconditional surrender of Italy b) the overthrow of Mussolini and Italy’s unconditional surrender c) the swift Allied conquest of the Italian peninsula d) a conflict between Churchill and General Eisenhower over the invasion of the Italian mainland e) the threat of a Communist takeover of the Italian government |
a
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1. After the Italian surrender in August, 1943,
a) the Allies found it easy to conquer Rome and the rest of Italy b) the Soviets accepted the wisdom of delaying the invasion of France and pursuing the second front in Italy c) the British demanded the restoration of the monarchy in Italy d) the Americans withdrew from Italy to prepare for D-Day e) the German army poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance |
b
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1. The real impact of the Italian front on World War II may have been that it
a) delayed the D-Day invasion and allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into Eastern Europe b) prevented the rise of fascism or communism in Italy after the war c) enabled the Americans to appease both British and Soviet strategic demands d) enabled the U.S. to prevent Austria and Greece from falling into Soviet hands e) destroyed the monastery of Monte Cassino and other Italian artistic treasures |
e
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1. At the wartime Teheran Conference,
a) the Soviet Union agreed to declare war on Japan within three months b) the Big Three allies agreed to divide postwar Germany into separate occupied zones c) the Soviet Union agreed to allow free elections in Eastern European nations that its armies occupied at the end of the war d) plans were made for the opening of a second front in Europe e) it was agreed that five Big Powers would have veto power in the United Nations |
a
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1. The cross-channel invasion of Normandy to open a second front in Europe was commanded by General
a) George Patton b) Dwight Eisenhower c) Douglas MacArthur d) Bernard Montgomery e) Omar Bradley |
d
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1. In a sense, Franklin Roosevelt was the “forgotten man” at the Democratic Convention in 1944 because
a) so much attention was focused on who would gain the vice presidency b) he remained in Washington, D.C., to conduct the war c) poor health prevented him from taking an active role d) the issue of a fourth term was prominent e) vice president Henry Wallace controlled the convention |
b
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1. Action by the U.S. against Hitler’s campaign of genocide against the Jews
a) was reprehensibly slow in coming b) included the admission of large numbers of Jewish refugees into the U.S. c) involved the bombing of rail lines used to carry victims to the Nazi death camps d) was slow in coming, because the U.S. did not know about the death camps until near the end of the war e) was a major reason the U.S. fought World War II |
a
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1. As a result of the Battle of Leyte Gulf,
a) Japan stalled an Allied victory b) Admiral William F. “Bull” Halsey lost his first naval engagement c) Japan was nearly able to take Australia d) the U.S. could bomb Japan from land bases e) Japan was finished as a naval power |
e
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1. The Potsdam conference
a) determined the fate of Eastern Europe b) brought France and China in as part of the “Big” Five c) concluded that the Soviet Union would enter the war in the Pacific d) was Franklin Roosevelt’s last meeting with Churchill and Stalin e) issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or be destroyed |
a
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1. The spending of enormous sums on the original atomic bomb project was spurred briefly by the belief that
a) a nuclear weapon was the only way to win the war b) the Germans might acquire such a weapon first c) the Japanese were at work on an atomic bomb project of their own d) scientists like Albert Einstein might be lost to the war effort e) the American public would not tolerate the casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan |
e
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1. The “unconditional surrender” policy toward Japan was modified by
a) assuring the Japanese that there would be no “war crimes” trials b) guaranteeing that defeated Japan would be treated decently by American occupiers c) agreeing not to drop more than tow atomic bombs on Japan d) agreeing to let the Japanese keep Emperor Hirohito on the throne e) permitting the Japanese to retain a st5rong army but no real navy |
e
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1. Which of the following was not among the qualities of the American participation in World War II?
a) a group of highly effective military and political leaders b) an enormously effective effort in producing weapons and supplies c) a higher percentage of military casualties than any other Allied nation d) the preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction for the air e) the maintenance and re-affirmation of the strength of American democracy |
e
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1. Americans feared that the end of World War II would bring mainly
a) renewed racial tensions b) a return to the Depression c) a staggering round of deflation d) a resurgent Nazi Germany e) a new war with the Soviet Union |
b
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1. The Taft-Hartley Act delivered a major blow to labor by
a) outlawing strikes by public employees b) creating a serious inflationary spiral c) banning labor’s political action committees d) outlawing the “closed” (all-union) shops e) forbidding union organizers to enter workplaces |
d
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1. On the home front in 1946, the post-war United States was characterized by
a) lengthy retention of wartime price controls b) a slow demobilization of military forces c) an epidemic of labor strikes d) maximum federal action to guarantee full civil rights for blacks e) sever unemployment of returned GIs |
c
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1. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 was passed to check the growing power of
a) the presidency b) blacks c) labor unions d) the federal bureaucracy e) leftists and communists |
c
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1. The growth of organized labor in the post-World War II era was slowed by all of the following except
a) the Taft Hartley Act b) the rapidly growing number of service-sector workers c) the failure of Operation Dixie d) the reduced number of women in the work force e) the growing number of part-time workers |
d
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1. In an effort to forestall an economic downturn, the Truman administration did all of the following except
a) create the President’s Council of Economic Advisers b) sell war factories and other government installations to private businesses at very low prices c) pass the Employment Act, which made it government policy to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power d) pass the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, known as the GI Bill of Rights e) continue wartime wage and price controls |
e
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1. The post-World War II prosperity in the U.S. was most beneficial to
a) African Americans b) labor unions c) women d) Hispanics e) farmers |
c
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1. The feminist revolt of the 1960s was sparked by
a) the continued exclusion of most women from the workplace b) growing domination of the service sector of the economy, where most women were employed, by the industrial manufacturing sectors c) Congress’s failure to pass the equal rights amendment d) a clash between the demands of the traditional role of women as wives and mothers and the realities of employment e) dismay at the image of women in advertising |
d
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1. The long economic boom from World War II to the 1970s was fueled primarily by
a) low energy costs b) reduced military expenditures c) low inflation d) low taxes e) high labor efficiency |
a
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1. Much of the prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s rested on
a) foreign aid b) a rising stock market c) foreign trade d) a thriving automobile industry e) colossal military budgets |
e
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1. One sign of the stress that the immediate growth of post-World War II geographic mobility placed an American families was the
a) redistribution of income b) popularity of advice books on child-rearing c) increasing reliance on television as a “baby sitter” d) increasing number of long-distance telephone calls e) dramatic rises in divorces |
b
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1. Post-World War II American workers made spectacular gains in productivity owing to
a) the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act b) new tools in the factories c) the continued growth unions d) the destruction of Europe’s industrial machine e) their rising educational levels |
e
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1. Since 1945, the population in the United States has grown most in the
a) Northeast b) Midwest c) Sunbelt d) Frostbelt e) Pacific Northwest |
c
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1. Much of the Sunbelt’s new prosperity was based on its
a) tremendous influx of money from the federal government b) policy of high state taxes c) regulated economic growth d) cooperative effort rather than unbridled individualism e) attention to environmental issues |
a
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1. All of the following encouraged many Americans to move to the suburbs except
a) development of fuel-efficient automobiles b) home-loan guarantees from the Federal Housing Authority and the Veterans’ administration c) government-built highways d) tax deductions for interest payments on home mortgages e) “white flight” from racial change |
a
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1. The rapid rise of suburbia in post-WWII America can be attributed to
a) the baby boom b) government mortgage guarantees c) new highways d) “white flight” e) all of the above |
e
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1. By 1960, the proportion of Americans who lived in areas classified as metropolitan suburbs was approximately
a) three out of four b) one out of four c) half d) one out of ten e) four out of ten |
b
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1. The continued growth of the suburbs led to
a) increased school integration b) better entertainment opportunities in the cities c) an increase in urban poverty d) a decrease in urban crime e) more efficient transportation |
c
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1. Population distribution after World War II followed a pattern of
a) movement into the Northeast and out of the South b) mass migration of blacks from the West to the Midwest c) movement from the Southwest to Appalachia d) movement out of the cities and into small towns e) an urban-suburban segregation of blacks and white in major cities |
e
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1. The refusal of FHA administrators to grant home loans to blacks resulted in
a) the growth of savings and loan institutions exclusively for blacks b) driving many blacks into public housing c) the development of exclusively black suburbs d) a decline in black migration to the cities e) all of the above |
b
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1. The huge “baby boom” crested in the ________________ and has been declining ever since.
a) late 1940s b) early 1950s c) late 1950s d) mid-1960s e) early 1970s |
c
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1. The baby-boom generation will create a major problem in the future by
a) producing an even larger generation of children than itself b) placing an enormous strain on the Social Security system c) creating a housing shortage d) causing immigration restrictions to be imposed upon many deserving people e) overbuilding the number of schools |
b
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1. Harry Truman possessed all of the following personal characteristics except
a) willingness to admit mistakes b) few pretensions c) willingness to accept responsibility d) honesty e) courage |
a
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1. The U.S. believed that it was desirable to have the Soviet Union participate in the projected invasion of Japan because
a) the communists would be so busy in Asia that they could commit no mischief in Europe b) without Soviet help, the Japanese could not be defeated c) Soviet help could reduce the number of American casualties d) Roosevelt believed that Stalin could help to control the communists in China e) The Soviets could help control the Chinese communists |
c
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1. The origins of the Cold War lay in a fundamental disagreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over postwar arrangements in
a) North Africa b) East Asia c) the Middle East d) the Third World e) Eastern Europe |
e
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1. Joseph Stalin’s postwar security concerns focused primarily on
a) Japan and the Far East b) the Mediterranean c) the Middle East d) Eastern Europe e) the North Atlantic |
d
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1. The responsibility for starting the Cold War rests with the
a) United States b) Soviet Union c) Soviet Union and China d) Soviet Union and Britain e) United States and Soviet Union |
e
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1. The earliest and most serious failure of the United Nations involved its inability to
a) preserve peace in places such as Iran b) command widespread support in the U.S. c) control atomic energy, especially in the manufacture of weapons d) prevent the Soviet Union from exercising its veto power in the Security Council e) established a Jewish homeland in Israel |
c
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1. In regard to postwar Germany, the Big Three allies agreed that
a) Germany should pay economically crippling war reparations b) high-ranking Nazis should be tried and punished for war crimes c) occupied Germany should be reunited as soon as possible d) Germany should receive massive economic aid e) Germany should be divided into East and West Germany |
b
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1. When the Soviet Union the United States, Britain, and France access to Berlin in 1948, President Truman responded by
a) asking the United States to intervene b) denying the Soviets access to West Germany c) declaring that an “iron curtain” had descended across Central Europe d) organizing a gigantic airlift of supplies to Berlin e) sending an armed convoy to Berlin |
d
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1. Soviet specialist George F. Kennan framed a coherent approach for America in the Cold War by advising a policy of
a) détente b) appeasement c) containment d) limited war e) negotiation |
c
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1. The postwar policies adopted by the Truman administration toward the Soviet Union were based on the assumption that the Soviet Union was inherently
a) weak b) irrational c) communist d) conciliatory e) expansionist |
e
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1. The immediate concern that prompted the announcement of the Truman Doctrine was related to events in
a) Iran b) Greece and Turkey c) Communist China d) Czechoslovakia e) Berlin |
b
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1. The immediate concern that prompted the announcement of the Truman Doctrine was related to events in
a) Iran b) Greece and Turkey c) Communist China d) Czechoslovakia e) Berlin |
d
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1. Under the Truman Doctrine, the U.S. pledged to
a) refrain from polarizing the world into pro-Soviet and pro-American camps b) maintain prosperity in America after WWII c) give very limited assistance to nations fighting communism d) support those who were resisting subjugation by communists e) work to liberate the “captive nations” of Eastern Europe |
d
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1. Match each postwar American program below with its primary purpose.
A. Print Four 1. assist communist-threatened Greece B. NATO and Turkey C. Truman Doctrine 2. promote economic recovery of D. Marshall Plan Europe 3. aid underdeveloped nations of Latin America, Asia, and Africa 4. resist Soviet military threat a) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2 b) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 c) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 e) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 |
e
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1. Truman’s defenders argue that he exaggerated the Soviet threat because he
a) was pressured to do so by other Democrats b) received bad intelligence from the CIA c) had been misled by Richard Nixon and other influential critics d) wanted to win the election of 1948 e) feared a revival of isolationism |
b
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1. President Truman’s Marshall Plan called for
a) military aid for Europe b) substantial financial assistance to rebuild Western Europe c) economic aid for Japan d) foreign aid for Third World countries to resist communism e) an alliance to contain the Soviet Union |
a
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1. The Marshall Plan finally passed Congress largely because it was perceived there as
a) anticommunist b) generous c) inexpensive d) unprecedented e) economically beneficial to the United States |
e
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1. All of the following objected to President Truman’s support for the establishment of Israel except
a) the U.S. State Department b) the Arab states c) America’s European allies d) The U.S. Defense Department e) the Soviet Union |
c
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1. American membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization did all of the following for the country except
a) strengthen the containment of the Soviet Union b) help reintegrate Germany into the European family c) reduce our defense expenditures, since we would get help from other countries d) reassure Europeans that the U.S. would not abandon them e) strike a major blow to American isolationists |
b
|
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1. The U.S.’ participation in NATO
a) reaffirmed our long-standing commitment to the defense of Europe b) marked a dramatic departure from traditional American isolationism c) reduced the need for increased military spending d) helped to resolve the problem of Germany e) all of the above |
e
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1. Postwar Japan
a) was, like Germany, divided into Allied occupation zones b) was destabilized by a raging civil war between nationalists and communist elements c) resisted the imposition of American-style democracy d) was governed from the island of Formosa (Taiwan) until 1949 e) had its military leaders tried for war crimes, as had occurred in Germany. |
a
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1. The United States, under the North Atlantic Treaty pact,
a) assumed a moral commitment to aid any signatory assaulted by the Soviet Union b) pledged a hard-and-fast commitment to provide armed assistance to any member nation attacked by the Soviet Union c) was allowed to give only economic assistance to its Eastern European allies d) was forbidden to join a peace time military alliance e) was pledged to station large numbers of U.S. troops in Europe |
a
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1. Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalist government lost the Chinese civil war to the communists and Mao Ze-dong mainly because
a) Jiang lost the support and confidence of the Chinese people b) the U.S. failed to give Jiang enough aid c) Mao received much assistance from the Soviet Union d) communists within the Truman administration undermined Jiang’s efforts e) the communists were closer to traditional Chinese culture |
e
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1. In an effort to detect communists within the government, President Harry Truman established the
a) Committee on Un-American Activities b) Central Intelligence Agency c) Smith Act d) McCarran Internal Security Act e) Loyalty Review Board |
c
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1. In 1948, many southern Democrats split from the party because
a) China had fallen to the communists b) they opposed American membership in the United Nations c) President Truman took a strong stand in favor of civil rights d) they found the Republican candidate, Thomas Dewey, more sympathetic to their conservative ideology e) Truman appointed an ambassador to the Catholic Vatican City |
c
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1. Match each 1948 presidential candidate below with his political party.
A. J. Strom Thurmond 1. Progressive B. Henry Wallace 2. Democratic C. Harry S. Truman 3. States’ Rights D. Thomas E. Dewey 4. Republican a) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 b) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3 c) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 d) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2 e) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 |
c
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1. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Berlin airlift, (B) Korean War, (C) fall of China
a) A, C, B b) B, C, A c) A, B, C d) C, A, B e) C, B, A |
e
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1. Arrange the following in chronological order of their appearance: (A) Marshall Plan, (B) Truman Doctrine, (C) NATO
a) A, C, B b) B, A, C c) C, B, A d) B, C, A e) A, B, C |
e
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What crushed President Truman's hopes for a second elected term?
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a) the stalemate in Korea
b) his firing of MacArthur c) inflation from the war d) hints of scandal in the White House |
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1) 1952 election – Democrats nominate ________________, the professorial governor of Illinois.
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Adlai E. Stevenson
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What was the positive outcome of the Korean War?
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a) BUT, THE U.S. HAD ACHIEVED ITS COLD WAR OBJECTIVE OF CONTAINMENT OF COMMUNISM WITH THE OUTCOME OF THE KOREAN WAR – COMMUNISM HAD NOT SPREAD – the status-quo at the 38th parallel had been restored.
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What was McCarthyism?
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Wild Communist accusations
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When did the public tide turn against McCarthy and his red-hunting
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1954 – The Army McCarthy hearings – these inquisitions were televised, and ended up being a showcase of the unfairness, meanness, and ruthlessness of McCarthy.
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What was decided in the Sweatt vs. Painter case of 1950
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Thurgood Marshall held that separate professional schools for blacks violated the 14th Amendment Equal Protection clause
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Explain Brown vs. Board of Education
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1) 1954 – Thurgood Marshall successfully argues the case of Brown vs. Board of Education, Topeka Kansas, in behalf of little Linda Brown, an African American girl denied admission to a public school on the basis of her race. The Supreme Court held that ‘separate but equal’, in the context of public education, violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment, thus signifying the end of the separate but equal doctrine established in 1896 in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson.
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How did Eisenhower react to a) Arkansas governor Orval Faubus calling out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock Central High School.
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a) Ike, upholding federal authority, federalized the National Guard troops, and sent in federal troops (101st Airborne), to escort the nine black students into the high school, and to assure their safety.
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What did the Civil Rights act of 1957 set up?
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a) It set up a permanent Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights, and authorized the use of federal injunctions to protect voting rights.
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Where was the "sit-in" movement started?
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960 – the ‘sit-in’ movement is started in Greensboro, N.C. by four black college freshmen. They demanded service at a whites-only Woolworth’s lunch counter, and were denied service.
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What was Operation Wetback during the Eisenhower administration?
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‘Operation Wetback’ resulted in the deportation of about 1 million illegal Mexican immigrants back to Mexico in 1954
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How did Eisenhower act toward Indians?
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1) Ike sought to cancel the tribal preservation policies the ‘Indian New Deal’, put in place in 1934.
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What was the Geneva Conference?
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1954 – Geneva Conference – a multination conference to determine the future of Vietnam
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Where was Vietnam divided as a result to the Geneva Conference
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17th parallel
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a) President Nasser of Egypt, an Arab nationalist, sought funds to build a huge dam on the upper Nile River for badly needed irrigation and power.
b) U.S. and Britain tentatively offered aid for this, but when ___________________, Sec. Dulles withdrew the offer of American aid for the dam. |
a) President Nasser of Egypt, an Arab nationalist, sought funds to build a huge dam on the upper Nile River for badly needed irrigation and power.
b) U.S. and Britain tentatively offered aid for this, but when Nasser flirted with the Soviets, Sec. Dulles withdrew the offer of American aid for the dam. |
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October, 1957 – ______, launched by the Soviets, becomes the first satellite to orbit the earth
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Sputnik I
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What was the Eisenhower Doctrine?
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Said that the US would help financially and militarily anyone who was fighting communism
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What was decided between USSR and the US at Camp David?
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that Berlin should be evacuated
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In 1494 - which treaty divides Spanish and Portuguese claims in the Western Hemisphere
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The Treaty of Tordesillas
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In 1497, ____ _____ surveys Newfoundland in search of a __________ _______, a much hoped for water route to Asia, he claims Nova Scotia and Newfoundland for England
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John Cabot, NW Passage
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What is encomienda?
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the enslavement of local people
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In 1520, what epidemic reaches North America?
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Smallpox
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In 1521, who conquers the Aztecs in present day Mexico
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Hernan Cortes
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From 1530-1536 who conquers the Incas
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Francisco Pizarro
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What was the First European settlement in North America
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St. Augustine, Florida settled by the Spanish
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What was established in Virginia in 1619
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The House of Burgesses as the first representative government in the New World
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What is considered the first example of self government in the New World
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the 1620 Mayflower Compact
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What was the Dutch Colony established in 1626
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New Amsterdam
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In 1676, the English win ____ _______ ___ over Wampanoag tribe in Massachusetts.
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King Phillip's War
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In 1677, the first ______ immigrants arrive in New Jersey
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Quaker
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in 1689, the first ____________ is established in Philadelphia
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public school
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In 1690, French and Native American from Montreal attack and burn Schenectady, New York during ____ ________ ___
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King William's War
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In 1692, ___ ______ ____ ______ in Salem Massachusetts led to the conviction and death of 19 people
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The Salem Witch trials
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In 1705, Virginia's _____ ____ categorizes slaves as property
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Black codes
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From 1744-1748, The War of Austrian Succession in Europe leads to ____ _______ ___ fought by England and French Colonists in America
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King George's War
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In 1748, the treaty of __ ___ ________ Ends King George's War
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Aix-la-Chapelle
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What happens to France's colonial possessions after the treaty of Paris in 1763
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land east of the Mississippi goes to England, west goes to Spain
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In 1786, _____ _________ in Massachusetts reveals weaknesses of national government under the articles of Confederation
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Shay's Rebellion
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In 1787, the _________ __________ passes, prohibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory and sets the procedure for admitting territories as states
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Northwest Ordinance
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What did the 1793 Chisholm v. Georgia case decide?
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Allowed individuals to sue state governments
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What did the 1794 Jay Treaty settle?
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Trade disputes between Britain and the US which were violating the 1793 Treaty of Paris
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What did the 1795 Treaty of Greenville give the US
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Ohio
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What did the 1795 Pinckney Treaty give the United States
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Navigation rights on the Mississippi and access to New Orleans from Spain
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What were the Alien and Sedition Acts
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They expanded government powers, and forcibly limit dissent. Labeled as Anti-democratic
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What did the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions advocate
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states rights
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Which treaty returns the Louisiana purchase to France from Spain
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Treaty of San Ildefonso
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What did John Adams do right before Jefferson's inauguration?
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Signed the Judiciary act to try to maintain Federalist control of the court system
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What does the Marbury v Madison case establish
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principle of judicial review
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How in 1806 did Napoleon constrict Britain and US Trade
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the Berlin Decree
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In 1807, the _____________ erupts over attempted British impressment of American sailors
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Chesapeake-Leopold affairs
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What did Napoleon's 1808 Bayonne Decree call for?
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seizure of US Controlled ships in French Controlled Water
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What did the 1809 Non-Intercourse Act allow
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trade with all nations besides Britain and France
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What did Napoleon's Rambouillet Decree do?
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Authorized seizure of American Property in French Ports
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Which Bill reauthorizes trade with Britain and France in 1810
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Macon's Bill #2
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Where does Tecumseh die in 1813
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The Battle of the Thames
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What happens at the 1814 Hartford Convention
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Federalist leaders denounce ruling Republican Party and New England States Contemplate secession from the United States
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What officially ends the war of 1812
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Treaty of Ghent
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In 1817, the _____ ________ ___ begins with an American invasion of Eastern Florida in Pursuit of fugitive slaves
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First Seminole War
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The ____-_____ _________ demilitarizes the US-Canada Border
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Rush-Bagot agreement
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In the Missouri Compromise, _____was a fee state, ________ was a slave state, and slavery could not be established above the ____ line
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Maine, Missouri, 36º30"
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What was established in Gibbons vs. Ogden
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Federal regulation of interstate commerce
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What was the 1628 Tariff of Abominations?
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Signed by John Quincy Adams, placed high tariffs on international trade, hurts the south greatly
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What was the 1833 Force Act
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Allowed the use of force to collect Tariffs
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When was the first Jim Crow Law passed?
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1841 in Massachusetts segregating Railroad cars
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In 1846, who argues for no slavery in the newly acquired Mexican territory?
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Wilmot Proviso
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What Treaty ends the mexican War
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Guadeloupe- Hildago
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Explain the Compromise of 1850
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CA is free state and Utah and New Mexico get to decide based on popular soverignty
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What repeals the Missouri Compromise,
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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What caused the Economic Panic of 1837
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land over-speculation
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In 1836, Jackson issued the Specie Circular which implemented what?
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use of hard currency in land transactions
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What was "The Observer"
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An abolitionist newspaper
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When did Texas Declare their independence from Mexico
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1836
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When did refugees from the Irish Potato Famine begin coming to America?
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1845
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What did the "Manifest Destiny" pertain to?
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Expanding in the west
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Who did the US declare War on in 1846
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Mexico
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Explain Wilmot Proviso (1846)
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forbids slavery in newly acquired Mexican Territory, passed in the house but stalled in the senate
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In 1848, a Womens' rights convention is held in Seneca Falls, NY, it is organized by who?
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Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Who wrote "Scarlet Letter"
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Nathaniel Hawthorne
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In 1851, Who writes Moby-Dick
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Herman Melville
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Who Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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Explain the 1853 Gadsden Purchase
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it gives the US land in present Arizona and New Mexico for the Southern Pacific Railroad
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Which Supreme Court Case nullifies the Missouri Compromise
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Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857
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Which document is written to try to make Kansas a slave state
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Lecompton Constitution, 1858
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When is the Confederacy formed?
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1861
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Who is the CSA President
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Jefferson Davis
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When is Fort Sumter taken in the Civil War
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1861
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What do the Confiscation Acts do in 1861-1862
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Confiscate Confederate property
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What was the 1862 Homestead Act
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it guaranteed 160 acres to each farmer willing to cultivate and improve land in the West for five years; act becomes enormously successful in encouraging settlement of frontier territories
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What Act was passed in 1862 admitting Black troops into the Union Army
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Militia Act
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How many casualties were in the Battle on Antiedam
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Over 23,000
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What fort was Taken in Charleston, SC beginning the civil war
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Fort Sumter
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Explain the First Battle of Bull Run
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1861 - 34,000 unprepared Union troops under Gen. Irvin McDowell routed as they attack dug-in Confederated under Thomas Stonewall Jackson at Manassas Junction, VA. Troops retreat all the way to Washington, DC
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What forts did the Union Capture in the 1862 Battle of New Orleans?
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Fort Jackson ans Fort St. Phillip
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What was the Union's first attempt to take Richmond in the Civil War
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1862 - Seven Days War
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Who replaced General Burnside for the Union after he is forced to surrender Fredericksburg?
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General Joseph Hooker
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What was the last remaining Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River that Ulysses S. Grant took after 6 weeks in 1863
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The Battle of Vicksburg
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What battle turned the tide of the civil war
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The Battle of Gettysburg
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What did the 13th amendment do
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abolish slavery
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What did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 do?
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granted citizenship to all people born in the US, grants freed slaves the right to own property, sue, and serve as a witness
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What did the 14th amendment do?
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enforced constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1866
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What did the 1867 Military reconstruction acts do?
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divided the former confederacy into 5 military districts, and had each state create a new government and constitution before being readmitted into the Union
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What is the Tenure of Office act and who broke it?
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The act requires the president to get congressional approval before removing any appointees from office, President Johnson for firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton
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What was Seward's Folly
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Purchasing Alaska from Russia in 1867
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When did the 8 hr workday become a law
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1868
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Where and when was the First Transcontinental Railroad completed?
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1869 at Promontory Point, Utah
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What did the 15th amendment do?
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Protects voting rights for black men
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Who became the first black senator, for what state, and in place of who
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Hiram Rhoades Revels, Mississippi, and in place of Jefferson Davis
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What did the 1870 enforcement act do
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Allowed for Federal Investigation in the KKK
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What precedent did White v. Flood set?
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racial segregation in schools
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What did the 1872 Amnesty Act do?
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restores voting rights to most Ex-Confederates, signals the beginning of the end of Reconstruction
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What was the Panic of 1873 caused by?
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rampant railroad speculation
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What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 do?
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Establishes penalties for discrimination in public places. Established the right for African Americans to be on juries
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Who led the Sioux resistance at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876
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Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
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When was the telephone invented
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1876
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Explain the Hayes-Tilden Compromise
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Hays was awarded presidency in exchange for removal of Fed. Troops in the South
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What did Munn V. Illinois establish?
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that private industries are subject to government regulation
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What did the Desert Land Act do?
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gives settlers affordable land deals in exchange for self-irrigation
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When was the Gilded Age
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1878-1900
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What did the 1878 Timber and Stone Act do?
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opens land in CA, OR, NV, and WA for purchase
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What was the 1886 Haymarket Riot over?
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union workers demanding an 8hr workday
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What large labor union was founded in 1886
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American Foundation of Labor with Samuel Gompers as its first leader
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What did the Wabash v. Illinios case decide
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that only federal government can regulate trade between states
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What did the 1887 Interstate Commerce Act do?
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established federal commission to regulate trade between states
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What did the 1887 Dawes Severalty Act do?
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denies Indians rights
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Who founded the Hull House
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Jane Addams
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When was Oklahoma Territory established
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1890
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What did the 1892 Geary Act do
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extended the Chinese Exclusion Act by 10 years
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What did the 1892 Dawes Act do?
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open more than 2 million acres of Crow Lands in Montana for purchase
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What did the Carey Act do?
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grants more than 1 million acres of land to western states on condition of irrigation and resale to settlers
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When was the Pullman Railroad Strike and who was it lead by
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1894, Eugene V. Debs
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What does Plessy v. Ferguson establish?
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repeals Civil Rights act of 1875
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What did the 16th and 17th amendments establish?
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income tax and direct election of senators
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Which British Ocean Liner is sunk in 1915 by German U-Boats
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Lusitania
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What was the Sussex Pledge
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1916 - Germany agrees to end unrestricted Atlantic Submarine Warfare
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What were the Adamson and Esch-Cummins Acts of 1916 and 1920
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Adamson Act gave the US power to take over the nations railroads if needed during war and the Esch-Cummins Acts restores the private railroad ownership
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What did Marcus Garvey start when he came to the US in 1916
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The Back to Africa Movement and the United Negro Improvement Association
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When did congress pass the Selective Service Act for WWI
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1917
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What were the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act in 1917-1918
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It originally prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support U.S. enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or to interfere with military recruitment. The Sedition Act was forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt
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What prompted Russia to leave WWI in 1917
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The start of the Russian Revolution
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What did Wilson's fourteen points do?
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promoted self-determination, liberalism, democracy, free trade, and establishment of the League of Nations
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What did the 1918 Overman Act grant president Wilson
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wide-reaching power
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Which British Ocean Liner is sunk in 1915 by German U-Boats
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Lusitania
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When did WWI end
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Nov. 11, 1918
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What was the Sussex Pledge
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1916 - Germany agrees to end unrestricted Atlantic Submarine Warfare
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What were the Adamson and Esch-Cummins Acts of 1916 and 1920
|
Adamson Act gave the US power to take over the nations railroads if needed during war and the Esch-Cummins Acts restores the private railroad ownership
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What did Marcus Garvey start when he came to the US in 1916
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The Back to Africa Movement and the United Negro Improvement Association
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When did congress pass the Selective Service Act for WWI
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1917
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What were the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act in 1917-1918
|
It originally prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support U.S. enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or to interfere with military recruitment. The Sedition Act was forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt
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What prompted Russia to leave WWI in 1917
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The start of the Russian Revolution
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What did Wilson's fourteen points do?
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promoted self-determination, liberalism, democracy, free trade, and establishment of the League of Nations
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What did the 1918 Overman Act grant president Wilson
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wide-reaching power
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When did WWI end
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Nov. 11, 1918
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when was daylight savings time federally recognized
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1918
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What did the treaty of Versailles call for?
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heavy reparations, German disarmament, and Creation of a League of Nations
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What was the 18th amendment in 1919
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prohibition
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What was the 19th amendment of 1920
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women's suffrage
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When was the USSR Established and who was its leader?
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1922, Vladimir Lenin
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When did construction on the Panama Canal begin
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1906
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What did the Teapot Dome Scandal in 1924 expose
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corruption in the Harding Administration
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What plan eased the war reparations against Germany in 1924
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Dawes Plan
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What did the 1924 National Origins Act do?
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Limited immigrants from Asia, Eastern and Southern Europe
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What was the 1926 Kellogg-Briand Pact
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A pact signed by 60 nations condemning war in any form
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Who was the first man to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927
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Charles Lindbergh
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What two days began the Great Depression in 1929
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"Black Thursday" on October 24 and "Black Tuesday" on October 29, 1929
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What was the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930?
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it raised taxes on almost 20,000 items; some argue that it worsened the Great Depression
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What was the 1932 Bonus Army
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WWI Vets who marched on Washington, DC demanding benefits
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What did the 1933 Glass-Steagall Act do?
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Seperated Activity between commercial banks and investment banks
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Who was the first ever Cabinet member appointed by FDR in 1933
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Frances Perkins
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What did the Unemployment Relief Act of 1933 do?
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created the Civilian Conservation Corps to employ destitute Americans in Conservation and other public works projects
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What did the 1933 Tennessee Valley Authority do?
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established a series of Dams on the Tennessee river to create electricity for the region
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What did the 20th Amendment do in 1933
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Moved the president inauguration from March to January
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What did the 21st Amendment do
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repeal the 18th amendment of prohibition
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What could the banks do with the Emergency Banking Act of 1933
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the Reconstruction Finance Corporation could buy stocks of Banks in trouble.
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Which New Deal Act established the FDIC in 1933
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Glass-Steagall Banking Act
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What did the Securities act of 1933 do?
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made it so that stocks had to publicly disclose financial information prior to issuing new stock
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What did the Wheeler-Howard Act do?
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partly repealed the Dawes Act and restored some rights for Indians
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Where did the leaders of the Allied Powers meet in 1943
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the Tehran Conference
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When was D-Day
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June 6, 1946
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What was determined at the 1944 Dumbarton Oaks Conference
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groundwork for founding of the UN
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What was V-E day and when was it?
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When the Soviets Capture Berlin and Germany surrenders on May 8, 1945
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What was established at the 1945 Yalta Conference
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Stalin would declare war on Japan when Germany Surrendered
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What was V-J day and when was it?
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When Japan Surrendered on August 15, 1945
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What did the Nuremberg Trials do?
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Prosecuted the Nazi war criminals
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What was the iron curtain
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the division of Communist Eastern Europe and Free Western Europe
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What did the Truman Doctrine do?
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Said the US would help anyone opposing communist powers
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What did the 1947 Marshall Plan do?
|
helped to stabilize Western European governments and accelerate postwar economic recovery in Europe
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What committee created the Hollywood "Blacklist" in 1947
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House Un-American Activities Committee
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When was NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Established
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1949
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What did the 1950 McCarran Act do?
|
required all communist party members to register with the US Government.
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When was the Berlin Wall Built
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1961
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What was established at the 1945 Yalta Conference
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Stalin would declare war on Japan when Germany Surrendered
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What was V-J day and when was it?
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When Japan Surrendered on August 15, 1945
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What did the Nuremberg Trials do?
|
Prosecuted the Nazi war criminals
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What was the iron curtain
|
the division of Communist Eastern Europe and Free Western Europe
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What did the Truman Doctrine do?
|
Said the US would help anyone opposing communist powers
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What did the 1947 Marshall Plan do?
|
helped to stabilize Western European governments and accelerate postwar economic recovery in Europe
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What committee created the Hollywood "Blacklist" in 1947
|
House Un-American Activities Committee
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When was NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Established
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1949
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What did the 1950 McCarran Act do?
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required all communist party members to register with the US Government.
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When was the Berlin Wall Built
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1961
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What was the Bay-of-Pigs invasion?
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The 1961 US attempt to invade Cuba
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What did the 24th Amendment do?
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outlaws poll taxes
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What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do?
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Outlaws the Literacy Test for Voting
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Who founded the National Organization for Women?
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Betty Friedan
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Who was the first black justice on the US Supreme Court
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Thurgood Marshall
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What were the Pentagon Papers
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A section of the New York Times detailing the US's involvement in Vietnam
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When did the US withdraw from Vietnam
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1973 with the Vietnam peace accords
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What did the 1973 Roe v. Wade ruling do?
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Legalized Abortion
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What 1975 agreement solidified the European Boundaries
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Helsinki Accords
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When did the country of Panama regain control of the Panama Canal
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1999
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