A&p Unit 4

Front 1

PNS Subdivisions

Back 1

Sensory, Motor

Front 2

Afferent

Back 2

Sensory division. Receptors detect change. Signals going into nerves (PNS to CNS)

Front 3

Efferent

Back 3

Motor division. Muscles and glands that cause a response. Signals leaving nerves (CNS to PNS)

Front 4

Efferent divisions

Back 4

Somatic- messages to skeletal muscle, Autonomic- transmits involuntary commands to viscera

Front 5

Neuron

Back 5

Nerve cell, functional unit of the nervous system.

Front 6

Nerve impulses

Back 6

Travel along nerves, are integrated

Front 7

Dendrites

Back 7

Receives/conducts signals

Front 8

Myelin

Back 8

Insulates the axon, speeds transmission of signal salatory conduction, lipoprotein, outer layer= neurilemma

Front 9

Integrative functions

Back 9

Decides response. Makes decisions that affect motor functions.

Front 10

Sensory receptors

Back 10

Detect stimulus, unipolar

Front 11

Motor functions

Back 11

Act upon decisions by integrative function.

Front 12

Tracts

Back 12

Bundles of axons in the central nervous system (PNS= nerves)

Front 13

Nerve tract

Back 13

Carries sensory and motor impulses to and from brain

Front 14

Axon

Back 14

Carries out-going impulses, supportes by neurofibrils, ends with synaptic knob, may have collaterals, sends impulses

Front 15

Oligodendrocyte

Back 15

Forms myelin in CNS

Front 16

Schwan cell

Back 16

Forms myelin in PNS

Front 17

Presynaptic neuron

Back 17

Calcium entry via voltage gates channels

Front 18

Postsynaptic neuron

Back 18

Sodium entry via chemically-gated channels

Front 19

Local potential

Back 19

Graded response, may be excitatory or inhibitory, involves chemically gated ion channels, occurs at receptive region of neuron

Front 20

Action potential

Back 20

All-or-none response, involves voltage-gated ion channels, occurs along axon

Front 21

Depolarization

Back 21

Na channels are open, brings membrane closer to threshold, EPSP

Front 22

Repolarization

Back 22

K channels are open

Front 23

Hyperpolarization

Back 23

Increase in the negativity of the resting potential, further from threshold, opening of K channels, IPSP

Front 24

White matter

Back 24

Transmits signals rapidly over long distances, connects neurons and communicates with body parts

Front 25

Gray matter

Back 25

Consists of unmyelineated axons and cell bodies, integrates arriving signals

Front 26

Interneurons

Back 26

Multipolar, like within the brain or spinal cord, found only in poly synaptic reflexes

Front 27

Nissl bodies

Back 27

Consist of endoplasmic reticulum

Front 28

Epineurium

Back 28

Connective tissue surrounding nerve, rich in collagen fibers

Front 29

Perineurium

Back 29

Connective tissue around nerve fascicle

Front 30

Satellite cell

Back 30

Neuroglial cell around cell body of neuron in PNS

Front 31

Endoneurium

Back 31

Connective tissue around individual axons

Front 32

Microglial cells

Back 32

Phagocyte cell that moves like an amoeba

Front 33

Neuroglial cell

Back 33

Six types, support neurons

Front 34

Ependymal cell

Back 34

Cells that line ventricles of the brain

Front 35

Astrocyte

Back 35

Part of blood-brain barrier

Front 36

Membrane potential

Back 36

Potential charge in a cell, open voltage-gated channels

Front 37

Refractory period

Back 37

Brief time following a nerve impulse when the membrane is unresponsive

Front 38

Neurotransmitter molecules

Back 38

Open chemically-gated ion channels

Front 39

Neuromodulators

Back 39

Substances that alter a neuron's response to/block the release of neurotransmitters

Front 40

Ganglion

Back 40

Cluster of cell bodies outside of CNS

Front 41

Nucleus

Back 41

Cluster of cell bodies within the CNS

Front 42

Parasympathetic

Back 42

Long pre ganglionic, short post ganglionic neuron, secretes ACh at organ, craniosacral

Front 43

Electorgenic pump

Back 43

Establishes and maintains a concentration gradient

Front 44

Resting protential

Back 44

When nerve cell is not activated, membrane is more permeable to K (leaks out), and negative ions are trapped in the cell. Inside is more negative than outside

Front 45

Frontal sensory areas

Back 45

Speech, motor control, involved with concentration

Front 46

Temporal sensory areas

Back 46

Remembering music and visual scenes, hearing

Front 47

Occipital sensory areas

Back 47

Vision, recognition of objects

Front 48

Reflex

Back 48

Automatic, subconscious response to a stimulus

Front 49

Reaction

Back 49

An integrative directed motor response

Front 50

Stimulus

Back 50

Activates a sensory receptor

Front 51

Sensory receptor

Back 51

First step in reflex arc

Front 52

Integrating center

Back 52

Found only in gray matter of CNS

Front 53

Withdrawal reflex

Back 53

Polysynaptic, prevents tissue damage

Front 54

Patellar/ knee-jerk reflex

Back 54

Monosynaptic

Front 55

Somatic reflex

Back 55

Effector organ is skeletal muscle

Front 56

Autonomic reflex

Back 56

Effector organ may be a gland

Front 57

Cranial reflex

Back 57

Integrating center is the brain

Front 58

General senses

Back 58

Skin, various organs, and joints

Front 59

Special senses

Back 59

Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth

Front 60

Sensory receptors

Back 60

Respond to specific stimuli/ environmental change

Front 61

Chemoreceptors

Back 61

Smell, taste, oxygen concentration

Front 62

Pain receptors (nociceptors)

Back 62

Mechanical, electrical, thermal energy

Front 63

Thermoreceptors

Back 63

Changes in temperature

Front 64

Mechanoreceptors

Back 64

Respond to forces that distort the receptor, touch, tension, blood pressure, stretch

Front 65

Sensation

Back 65

Makes the brain aware of a sensory event

Front 66

Projection

Back 66

Brain projects the sensation back to the apparent source (locates region of stimulation)

Front 67

Exteroceptive senses

Back 67

Associated with body surface

Front 68

Interoceptive senses

Back 68

Changes in the viscera/internal environment

Front 69

Proprioceptive senses

Back 69

Changes in muscles, tendons, joints, and body position

Front 70

Free nerve endings

Back 70

Temperature, very light touch

Front 71

Tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles

Back 71

Light touch

Front 72

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

Back 72

Heavy pressure

Front 73

Temperature senses

Back 73

Pain receptors for extreme temps