A&p Test 1

Front 1

study of structure means to dissect

Back 1

anatomy

Front 2

study of function

Back 2

physiology

Front 3

anatomy and physiology work _____

Back 3

together

Front 4

What is the importance of anatomy and physiology?

Back 4

basis for understanding diseases and allows an understanding of how the body works and responds to stimuli

Front 5

What are the 4 types of anatomy?

Back 5

systemic, regional, surface, anatomical imaging

Front 6

studies body systems

Back 6

systemic anatomy

Front 7

studies body regions( medical schools, cardiac or neuro)

Back 7

regional anatomy

Front 8

studies external features; ex: bone projections

Back 8

surface anatomy

Front 9

uses x-rays, ultrasound, MRI's

Back 9

anatomical imaging

Front 10

What are the structural levels of the body?

Back 10

1. chemical
2. cell
3. tissue
4. organ
5. organ system
6. organism

Front 11

the smallest level of the body ; atoms

Back 11

chemical

Front 12

basic unit of life; includes organelles (mitochondira, nucleus, ribosomes, etc)

Back 12

cell

Front 13

group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substance; ex: ephithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Back 13

tissue

Front 14

2 or more tissue types ; ex: skin, heart , stomach, etc.

Back 14

organ

Front 15

group of organs

Back 15

organ system

Front 16

all structural levels working together

Back 16

organism

Front 17

What are the organ systems of the body?

I sell makeup like revlon cause dot needs every user's response

Back 17

1. integumentary system
2. skeletal system
3. muscular system
4. lymphatic system
5. respiratory system
6. digestive system
7.nervous system
8. endocrine system
9. cardiovascular system
10. urinary system
11. reproductive system

Front 18

What is the function of the integumentary system? Main organs?

Back 18

provides protection,regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.

Skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

Front 19

What is the function of the skeletal system? Main organs?

Back 19

provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat.

consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments and joints

Front 20

What is the function(3) of the muscular system? Main organs?

Back 20

produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat.

Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

Front 21

What is the functions(4) of the lymphatic system? Main organs?

Back 21

removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combat disease, maintains tissue fluid balance and absorbs fats from the digestive tract

Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs

Front 22

What is the main function(2) of the respiratory system? Main organs?

Back 22

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.

Consists of lungs and respiratory passages

Front 23

What is the main function(3) of the digestive tract? Main organs?

Back 23

performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.

Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

Front 24

What is the main function ( 4) of the nervous system? Main organs?

Back 24

a major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory recptors

Front 25

What is the main function of the endocrine system? Main organs?

Back 25

a major regluatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.

Consists of glands, such as the pituitary that secrete hormones

Front 26

What is the main function (3) of the cardiovascular system? Main organs?

Back 26

transports nutrients, waste products, gases and jhormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.

consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood

Front 27

What is the main function of the urinary system? Main organs?

Back 27

removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood PH, ion balance, and water balance

Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladders, urethra and ducts that carry urine.

Front 28

What is the main function of the reproductive system? main organs?

Back 28

women: produces ooxytes and is the site of fertilixation and fetal develolopment; produces milk for the new born; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors

consists of the ovaries, vaginam, uterus, mammary glands and associated structures

Male: produces and transfers sperm cells in the felamle and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors

consists of the testes accessory structures ducts and penis

Front 29

What are the 6 characteristics of life?

only melissa regrets going do races

Back 29

1. organization
2. metabolism
3. responsiveness
4.growth
5.development
6. reproduction

Front 30

7 structural levels

Back 30

organizational characteristic of life

Front 31

ability to use energy ; any chemical process within a cell; uses digestive and respiratory systems

Back 31

metabolism

Front 32

ability to sense changes in environment and make adjustments

Back 32

responsiveness

Front 33

an increase in size

Back 33

growth

Front 34

changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized

Back 34

development

Front 35

formation of new cells or new organisms

Back 35

reproduction

Front 36

maintenance of a constant internal environment

Back 36

homeostasis ; ex: Body temp, BP, HR, BR

Front 37

conditions that change

Back 37

variable; ex: environmental temp

Front 38

ideal, normal value

Back 38

set point;
ex: 120/80 for BP or 98.6 degrees for body temp

Front 39

What is negative feedback?

Back 39

mechanism that regulates homeostasis ; negative meaning a deviation from a set point

ex: blood pressure - always going back to that set point

Front 40

What are the components of negative feedback?

Back 40

1. Control center - brain, establishes set point
2. receptor - detects changes ( variable)
3. effector - responds to changes

Front 41

What is positive feedback?

Back 41

deviation from set point becomes greater, keeps going until you cut it off ;

ex: pregnancy

Front 42

occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response.

Back 42

positive feedback

Front 43

person standing erect with face and palms forward

Back 43

anatomical position

Front 44

person lying face up

Back 44

supine

Front 45

person lying face down

Back 45

prone

Front 46

above

Back 46

superior

Front 47

below

Back 47

inferior

Front 48

front

Back 48

anterior

Front 49

back

Back 49

posterior

Front 50

close to the mid line

Back 50

medial

Front 51

away from the mid line

Back 51

lateral

Front 52

close to the point of attachment

Back 52

proximal

Front 53

far from point of attachment

Back 53

distal

Front 54

close to the surface

Back 54

superficial

Front 55

toward interior of body

Back 55

deep

Front 56

runs vertically and separates body into left and right

Back 56

sagittal

Front 57

runs down the middle and divides body into EQUAL left and right halves

Back 57

midsagital

Front 58

runs horizontally and seperates body into top and bottom

Back 58

transverse

Front 59

runs vertically and separates body into anterior and posterior

Back 59

frontal

Front 60

upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand

Back 60

upper limbs

Front 61

thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot

Back 61

lower limbs

Front 62

head, neck, trunk

Back 62

central

Front 63

thoracic( chest), abdomen, pelvis

Back 63

trunk

Front 64

What are the 7 body cavities?

Tim makes a proper peguin prance pretty

Back 64

1. thoracic cavity
2. mediastinum cavity
3. abdominal cavity
4. pelvic cavity
5. pericardial cavity
6. pleural cavity
7. peritoneal cavity

Front 65

heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea

Back 65

thoracic cavity

Front 66

divides thoracic cavity into left and right

Back 66

mediastinum

Front 67

stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys

Back 67

abdominal cavity

Front 68

urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine

Back 68

pelvic cavity

Front 69

around the heart

Back 69

pericardial cavity

Front 70

around the abdominopelvic cavity

Back 70

peritoneal cavity

Front 71

double layered membrane that covers organs and anchors them to body wall

Back 71

mesentery membranes

Front 72

cover organs and live cavity walls

Back 72

serous membranes

Front 73

covers organs

Back 73

visceral membrane

Front 74

lines cavity walls

Back 74

parietal membranes

Front 75

anything that occupies space and has mass ( solid, liquid or gas)

Back 75

matter

Front 76

amount of matter in an object

Back 76

mass

Front 77

gravitational force acting on an object

Back 77

weight

Front 78

simplest form of matter

Back 78

element; C, H, O, N, Ca, K, Na, Cl

Front 79

smallest partical of an element ; contains protons, electrons, and neutrons

Back 79

atom

Front 80

number of protons in each atom

Back 80

atomic number

Front 81

number of proton and neutrons in each atom

Back 81

mass number

Front 82

2 or more atoms chemically combine ; Water (H2O)

Back 82

molecule

Front 83

chemical combination of 2 or more different types of atoms; NaCl

Back 83

compound

Front 84

build a new molecule ; energy requiring

Back 84

synthesis reaction ; Ex: ADP + P --> ATP

Front 85

break down molecule; energy releasing

Back 85

decomposition reaction; ATP --> ADP + P

Front 86

energy stored in chemical bonds (food)

Back 86

chemical energy

Front 87

sugar found in food

Back 87

glucose ; glucose is used to make ATP (energy)

Front 88

stored glucose; stored in liver, skeletal muscle, and fat

Back 88

glycogen

Front 89

ATP

Back 89

adenosine triphosphate

Front 90

What is ATP?

Back 90

stored energy
when ATP is broken down energy is released

Front 91

donate H+ (proton), pH below 7 ; Ex: HCl (hydrochloric acid)

Back 91

acids

Front 92

accept H+ (proton), pH above 7; NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

Back 92

bases

Front 93

Neutral has a pH of ____

Back 93

7

Front 94

What is inorganic chemistry?

Back 94

substances that do not contain carbon or hydrogen; Ex: O2 and CO2

Front 95

What are organic molecules?

Back 95

contain C,H, O; carbohydrates

Front 96

What are the characteristics of carbohydrateS?

Back 96

contain C,H,O
-C6H12O6
monosaccharides are the building blocks

Front 97

simple sugar (1 sugar) ; glucose and fructose

Back 97

monosaccharides

Front 98

2 sugars; sucrose and lactose

Back 98

disaccharide

Front 99

glucose + fructose = ____

Back 99

sucrose

Front 100

glucose + galactose = ____

Back 100

lactose

Front 101

many sugars; starch, grain, vegetables, glycogen ,etc.

Back 101

polysaccharides

Front 102

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Back 102

short term energy storage
converted to glucose quickly
glucose is used to make ATP
brain cells require glucose

Front 103

What are the characteristics of proteins?

Back 103

C,H,O,N
amino acids are the building blocks
20 different amino acids

Front 104

amino acids arent stored so a ________ is required

Back 104

a daily supply

Front 105

What are the functions of proteins?

Back 105

used to make skin, hair, nails, muscles
hemoglobin
act as enzymes
immune system function
muscle contractions (actin and myosin)
part of cell membrane

Front 106

What 2 ways does protein denauturation occur?

Back 106

1. increase in temperature
2. decrease in pH

Front 107

a protein catalyst that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds without the ___ being permanently changed

Back 107

enzymes

Front 108

enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the _____which is the energy necessary to start a chemical reaction

Back 108

activation energy

Front 109

What are the characteristics of lipids?

Back 109

contain C,H,O
2:1 ratio of H:O
insoluble in water
ex: fats, oils, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids
Glycerol and fatty acids are the building blocks

Front 110

What are the functions of lipids?

Back 110

long term energy storage
insulates against heat loss
protective cushion for organs cholesterol is part of the cell membrane structure

Front 111

What are the types of lipids?

Back 111

saturated and unsaturated

Front 112

solid at room temp; ex: beef pork whole milk cheese eggs

Back 112

saturated

Front 113

liquid at room temp; ex: olive oil, fish oil and sunflower oil

Back 113

unsaturated

Front 114

Composed of C,H,O,N,P; ex: DNA and RNA

Back 114

nucleic acids

Front 115

___________ are the building blocks of nucleic acids

Back 115

nucleotides

Front 116

Nucleotides are composed of ________________

Back 116

nitrogen base, phosphate and 5 carbon sugars

Front 117

What are the functions of cellular biology? (a cell)

Bill says cory cant reproduce

Back 117

1. basic unit of life
2. synthesisof molecules
3. communication
4. cell metabolism and energy release
5. reproduction and inheritance (DNA)

Front 118

contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli; site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

Back 118

nucleus

Front 119

site of protein synthesis

Back 119

ribosomes

Front 120

has many ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis

Back 120

rough ER

Front 121

site of lipid synthesis; participates in detoxification

Back 121

smooth ER

Front 122

modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles

Back 122

golgi apparatus

Front 123

contians materials produced in the cell; formed by the golgi apparatus ; secreted by exocytosis

Back 123

secretory vesicle

Front 124

contains enzymes that digest materials taken into the cell

Back 124

lysosome

Front 125

site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis

Back 125

mitochondrion

Front 126

supports cytoplasm; assists in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella

Back 126

microtubule

Front 127

facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division

Back 127

centrioles

Front 128

move substances over surfaces of certain cells

Back 128

cilla

Front 129

propel sperm cells

Back 129

flagella

Front 130

increase surface area of certain cells

Back 130

microvilli

Front 131

goes with the concentration gradient by carrier molecules does not require ATP (an example is glucose in most cells)

Back 131

facilitated diffusion

Front 132

against the concentration gradient by carrier molecules ATP is required (examples are Na+, K+, Ca2+, and H+; amino acids)

Back 132

active transport

Front 133

against the concentration gradient by carrier molecules; the energy for ______ of one substance comes from the concentration gradient of another ; requires ATP ; example is glucose and amino acids

Back 133

secondary active transport

Front 134

movement into cells by vesicles requires ATP ; an example is ingestion of particles by phagocytes or receptor- mediated endocytosis and liquids by pinocytosis

Back 134

endocytosis

Front 135

movement out of cells by vesicles requires ATP an example is secretion of proteins

Back 135

exocytosis

Front 136

with the concentration gradient through the lipid portion of the cell membrane or through membrane channels ; doesnt require ATP examples are oxygen carbon dioxide Cl- and urea

Back 136

diffusion

Front 137

with the concentration gradient (For water) through the lipid portion of the cell membrane or through membrane channels ; doesnt require ATP example is water

Back 137

osmosis

Front 138

What is diffusion?

Back 138

movement of moleucles from areas of high to low concentration

Front 139

solid, liquid or gas that contains one or mroe solutes

Back 139

solution

Front 140

substance added to solvent that dissolves

Back 140

solute

Front 141

substance such as H2O that solute is being added to

Back 141

solvent

Front 142

diffusion of water across a cell membrane

Back 142

osmosis

Front 143

force required to prevent movement of water across cell membrane

Back 143

osmotic pressure

Front 144

What are the types of osmotic solutions?

Back 144

hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic

Front 145

lower concentration of solutes outside the cell; higher concentration of H2O outside the cell; H2O moves into the cell and lysis occurs

Back 145

hypotonic solution

Front 146

higher concentration of solutes outside cell ; higher concentration of H2O inside the cell, H2O moves out and crenation occurs

Back 146

hypertonic

Front 147

equal concentration inside and out of the cell of solutes , water doesnt move and cell remains intact

Back 147

isotonic solution

Front 148

a cells characteristics are determined by the type of _____ produced

Back 148

proteins

Front 149

proteins' functions are determined by ____

Back 149

genetics

Front 150

Information in DNA provides the cell with a ____ for its cellular processes

Back 150

code

Front 151

What is DNA?

Back 151

deoxyribonucleic acid
a double helix in the nucleus composed of nucleotides ; contains 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose, nitrogen base, phosphate)

Front 152

flow of genetic information

Back 152

the central dogma

Front 153

What 3 stages does the central dogma occur in?

Back 153

DNA Replication
Transcription
Translation

Front 154

What is gene expression?

Back 154

information in DNA directs protein synthesis , proteins provide code for gene expression , enzymes regulate chemical reactions, uses transcription and translation

Front 155

What is cell division?

Back 155

formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell; uses mitosis and meiosis ; each cell (except sperm and egg) contains 46 chromosomes (diploid) ; sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes

Front 156

What is mitosis?

Back 156

cell division that occurs in all cells except sex cells ; forms 2 daughter cells

Front 157

group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substance (matrix)

Back 157

tissue

Front 158

the study of tissues

Back 158

histology

Front 159

What are the different types of tissues?

energy creates more nerve

Back 159

1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscular
4. nervous

Front 160

where are the epithelial tissues located?

Back 160

the cover the body (internal and external) ex: skin, kidney, trachea, glands etc.

Front 161

characteristics : cells close together(very little extracellular matrix)
form most glands
have free surface

Back 161

epithelial tissues

Front 162

attaches epithelial cells to underlying tissues

Back 162

basal surface

Front 163

What are the functions of epithelial tissues?

please allow dot specials alot

Back 163

1. protect - skin
2. act as a barrier - skin keeps bacteria out
3. diffusion and filtration - lungs and kidneys
4. secretion - sweat glands
5. absorption - small intestine

Front 164

how are epithelial tissues classified?

Back 164

according to number and cell layers and shape

Front 165

number of cell layers

Back 165

simple and stratified

Front 166

cell shape

Back 166

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

Front 167

one layer

Back 167

simple - consists of these shapes:

Front 168

more than one layer

Back 168

stratified

Front 169

What are the cell shapes of simple epithelia?

Back 169

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Front 170

What are the cell shapes for stratified?

Back 170

squamous, cubodial, columnar

Front 171

Simple epithelium has a structure of ____

Back 171

1 layer of cells

Front 172

stratified epithelium structure has _____

Back 172

many layers of cells

Front 173

What is the structure function and location of simple squamous?

Back 173

structure : 1 layer of flat, tile like cells

function: diffusion and filtration

location : lining of the blood vessels, lungs, heart and kidneys

Front 174

What is the structure function and location of simple cubodial?

Back 174

Structure: 1 layer of square shaped cells

function: secretion

location: glands, ovaries, kidneys

Front 175

What is the structure function and location of simple columnar?

Back 175

structure: 1 layer of tall narrow cells

function: secrete mucus and absorption

location: stomach, intestines, resp tract

Front 176

What is the structure function and location of pseudostratified columnar?

Back 176

structure: 1 layer of tall narrow cells appears stratified but isnt

function: secrete mucus and propel debrisout of resp tract (cilia)

location: nasal cavity and trachea

Front 177

What is the structure function and location of stratified squamous?

Back 177

structure: many layers of flat, tile like cells

function: protect and act as a barrier

location: skin mouth throat espophagus

Front 178

What is the structure funtion and location of transitional?

Back 178

structure: special type of stratified epithial changes shape(stretched squamous not stretched cuboidal)

function: hold fluids

Location: urinary bladder

Front 179

surface is not in contact with other cells

Back 179

free cell surfaces

Front 180

smooth to reduce friction ; ex: blood vessels

Back 180

free cell surfaces

Front 181

increase cell's surface area ; ex: small intestine

Back 181

microvilli

Front 182

move materials across cell's surface; ex: trachea

Back 182

cilia

Front 183

produce mucus ; ex: stomach

Back 183

goblet cells

Front 184

structures that secrete substances onto a surface , into a cavity, or into blood

Back 184

glands

Front 185

glands with ducts; ex: sweat or oil glands

Back 185

exocrine glands

Front 186

no ducts ( directly into the blood stream) ex: thyroid, thymus, pituitary glands, etc.

Back 186

endocrine glands

Front 187

What are the types of exocrine glands ?

sun calms the action

Back 187

simple - no branches

compound - many branches

tubular - end of duct

alveolus - sac-like structure

Front 188

What are the connective tissue characteristics?

Back 188

cells far apart, and contain large amounts of extracellular matrix; classified based on type of extracellular matrix and function

Front 189

example of connective tissue characteristics blast cells ___ and clast cells ____

Back 189

buildup and carve (destroy/breakdown)

Front 190

Extracellular matrix contains 3 components of varying amounds : _____ ,____ , ____

Back 190

protein fibers, ground substances, fluid

Front 191

What are ground substances

Back 191

proteins and sugars

Front 192

look like ropes and are flexible but resist stretching ex: skin and organs

Back 192

collagen fibers

Front 193

supporting network that fills spaces between organs and tissues ( small and found in a network ) ex: lymphatic tissues

Back 193

reticular fibers

Front 194

recoil after being stretched ; medium and elastic properties (blood vessels, skin, elastic cartilage)

Back 194

elastic fibers

Front 195

What are the functions of connective tissues?

Back 195

1. enclose and separate : ex, around organs and muscles

2. connect tissues : ex tendons - connect bone to muscle
ex connect bone to bone

3. support and movement : ex bones

4. storage : bones store calcium and adipose tissue stores fat

5. cushion and insulate: adipose tissue protects organs and helps conserve heat

6. transport: blood

7. protect: immune cells (white blood cells)

Front 196

tough connective tissue band connecting muscle to bone

Back 196

tendon

Front 197

tough connective tissue band usually connecting bone to bone

Back 197

ligament

Front 198

loose connective is also called _____

Back 198

areolar

Front 199

What are the types of ordinary connective tissue ?

Back 199

loose connective
dense connective
adipose

Front 200

location: between organs muscles glands skin
structure: collagen fibers fall apart
function : support and protect

Back 200

loose connective tissue

Front 201

location: tendons, ligaments, skin
structure: collagen fibers packed close together
function: connect and can withstand pulling forces

Back 201

dense connective tissues - deep in the skin

Front 202

location: under the skin and around organs
structure : collagen and elastic fibers, cells fillied with lipids
function: storage , insulate and cushion

takes up most of the cell, big lipid molecules and acts as an insulator and resits compression . protective cushion barrier and energy storage

Back 202

adipose tissue

Front 203

a type of connective tissue , composed of chondrocytes , contains collagen, withstands compression, provides support, flexibility, and strength; reduce friction between joints!

Back 203

cartilage

Front 204

build up cartilage

Back 204

chondroblasts

Front 205

where two bones meet

Back 205

joint

Front 206

What are the types of cartilage?

Back 206

hyaline cartilage and fibrocartialge and elastic cartilage

Front 207

location: covers ends of bones
structure: some collagen fibers
function: reduces friction (cushion)
also called articulated (which means moveable joint)

Back 207

hyaline cartilage

Front 208

location : between vertebra - inteverbral disc
structure: lots of collagen fibers
function: can withstand compression ; most dense and the strongest of the 3 cartlage , reduce or resist compression between the vertebra (or movable joints)

Back 208

fibrocartilage

Front 209

location : on the ear and tip of nose
structure: elastic fibers
function: can recoil

Back 209

elastic cartilage

Front 210

hard connective tissue; solid, 2 types are compact and spongy , composed of osteocytes

Back 210

bones

Front 211

build up bones

Back 211

osteoblasts

Front 212

break down bone

Back 212

osteoclast

Front 213

solid dense strong bone

Back 213

compact

Front 214

air filled bone located at the top of the bone gives rise to red bone marror and adult stem cells

Back 214

spongy

Front 215

liquid connective tissue , erthrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Back 215

blood

Front 216

___ is the other form of liquid connective tissue

Back 216

lymph

Front 217

red blood cells live ___

Back 217

~120 days

Front 218

what do erythrocytes do?

Back 218

O2 carrier, transport food, oxygen, waste, and hormones

Front 219

What do leukocytes do?

Back 219

infection fighter

Front 220

What do platlets do?

Back 220

fragments of blood cells to clot

Front 221

the nervous sysem is ____

Back 221

short term control

Front 222

consist of neurons or nerve cells and neurological cells - cells located in ____ that help to protect and clean neurons ; found in brain , spinal cord, and peripheral nerves ; controls and coordinates body movements , includes axons dendrites, and cell bodes(neurons)

Back 222

nervous tissue

Front 223

What is tissue repair?

Back 223

substitution of dead cells for viable cells

Front 224

cells of same type develop (no scar)

Back 224

regeneration

Front 225

cells of a different type develop (Scar)

Back 225

replacement

Front 226

occurs when tissues are damaged ; signals the bodys defenses (white blood cells) to destroy foreign materials and damaged cells so repair can occur

Back 226

inflammation

Front 227

released after injury and cause dialation of blood vessels ; blood vessels become permeable ; mass cell release histamine (white blood cells) released when there is a break of a blood vessel, tissue, or skin; histimine allows the blood to dialate

Back 227

chemical mediators of inflammation

Front 228

What are the symptoms of inflammation?

Back 228

1. redness- blood vessels dialate
2. heat - due to increased blood flow
3. swelling - from water and proteins
4. pain - nerve endings are stimulated by damage and swelling