A&p Terms From Ch. 1 Martini & Bartholomew

Front 1

biology

Back 1

the study of life

Front 2

5 common functions of all living things

Back 2

1. responsiveness
2. growth
3. reproduction
4. movement
5. metabolism

Front 3

responsiveness

Back 3

organisms respond to changes in their environment

Front 4

irritability

Back 4

organisms respond to changes in their immediate environment (moving hand away from hot stove)

Front 5

adaptability

Back 5

the capacity for organisms to make longer-term changes as they adjust to their environment (animal grows heavier coat of fur as winter approaches)

Front 6

growth

Back 6

over a lifetime, organisms increase in size through the growth of cells

Front 7

differentiation

Back 7

in multicellular organisms, cells become specialized to perform particular functions

Front 8

reproduction

Back 8

organisms reproduce, creating subsequent generations of similar organisms

Front 9

movement

Back 9

organisms are capable of producing movement, which may be internal (transporting food, blood, etc. within the body) or external (moving through the environment)

Front 10

metabolism

Back 10

all of the chemical operations under way in the body that provide the required energy for responsiveness, growth, movement, and reproduction

Front 11

respiration

Back 11

the absorption, transport and use of oxygen by cells

Front 12

excretion

Back 12

the elimination od unneeded or harmful waste products generated by metabolic processes

Front 13

digestion

Back 13

process in which complex foods are broken down into siimpler components that can be transported and absorbed quickly

Front 14

anatomy

Back 14

the study of internal and external STRUCTURE and the physical relationships between body parts

Front 15

physiology

Back 15

how living organisms perform their vital FUNCTIONs

Front 16

gross anatomy
a.k.a. macroscopic anatomy

Back 16

study of features visible to the unaided eye. Three ways to approach gross anatomy are:
1. surface anatomy
2. regional anatomy, and
3. systemic anatomy

Front 17

surface anatomy

Back 17

refers to the study of general form and superficial markings

Front 18

regional anatomy

Back 18

considers all of the superficial and internal and internal features in a specific region of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk

Front 19

systemic anatomy

Back 19

considers the structure of major organ systems, which are groups of organs that function in a coordinated manner, i.e. the cardiovascular system

Front 20

microscopic anatomy

Back 20

concerns structures that cannot be seen without magnification. Microscopic anatomy can be subdivided into two specialties : cytology and histology.

Front 21

cytology

Back 21

analyzes the internal structure of individual cells

Front 22

histology

Back 22

takes a broader perspective and studies tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions.

Front 23

organs

Back 23

Combined tissues, such as the heart, kidney, liver and brain. Many organs can be examined without a microscope, so at the organ level, we cross the boundary into gross anatomy.

Front 24

cell physiology

Back 24

the study of the functions of living cells

Front 25

special physiology

Back 25

the study of the physiology of specific organs- for example, cardia physiology (heart function)

Front 26

systemic physiology

Back 26

considers all aspects of the function of specific organ systems, such as respiratory physiology

Front 27

pathological physiology

Back 27

study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions

Front 28

Levels of organization prgress from molecules to a complete organism

Back 28

1. chemical, or molecular. level
2. cellular level
3. tissue level
4. organ level
5, organ system level
6. organism lelvel

Front 29

chemical (or molecular) level

Back 29

atoms, the smallest units of matter, combine to form molecules with complex shapes, which determine the function.

Front 30

cellular level

Back 30

different molecules can interact to form larger structures, each type of which has a specific function in a cell. Cells, the smallest living units in the body, make up the cellular level of organization

Front 31

tissue level

Back 31

a tissue is composed of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

Front 32

organ level

Back 32

an organ consists of two or more tissues together to perform a specific function

Front 33

organ system level

Back 33

organs interact in an organ system to perform a specific function