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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The hematologic system consists of...
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The blood and bone marrow
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The immune system consists of...
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Lymphatic vessels and tissues and other organs that are related to these systems (spleen, liver, kidneys)
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The primary objective of the blood is to...
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Maintain a constant environment for the rest of the body's tissues
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Blood is responsible for transportation of what elements to and from the body's tissues?
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1) Oxygen
2) Carbon Dioxide 3) Nutrients 4) Heat 5) Waste Products 6) Hormones |
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Blood helps to regulate __________, ________, and ____________.
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pH level, body temperature, and cellular water content.
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Blood is considered a ___________ tissue.
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Connective
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The production and maturation of blood cells is called...
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Hematopoiesis
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Red bone marrow manufactures all blood cells or ______________ in the blood. It makes them from __________.
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Formed elements, Stem cells
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Blood is composed of ______ and ________________.
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Plasma and formed elements
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The average adult body contains __ to __ Liters of blood.
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4 to 6
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Plasma consists of __% water and __% formed elements and comprises __% of total blood volume.
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90% water, 10% formed elements, 55% of total blood volume.
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Plasma contains...
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1) Salts (electrolytes)
2) Nutrients 3) Nitrogenous waste products 4) Gasses 5) Hormones 6) Enzymes |
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The salts (electrolytes) contained in the plasma are...
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1) Sodium (Na+)
2) Calcium (Ca+) 3) Potassium (K+) 4) Magnesium (Mg+) |
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Another name for the salts contained in blood plasma.
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Electrolytes
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Electrolytes (Salts) control the chemical and acid base balance of the blood or ________ and assist in the body's chemical and fluid balance
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pH level
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Blood plasma contains ions of elements in the form of...
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1) Bicarbonates
2) Sulfates 3) Chlorides 4) Phosphates |
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Blood plasma proteins are manufactured in the _______.
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Liver
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The four groups of blood plasma proteins are...
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1) Albumin
2) Fibrinogen 3) Prothrombin 4) Globulin |
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Albumin constitutes __% to __% of plasma proteins.
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60% to 80%
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The function of albumin is to provide __________ to the circulating blood volume.
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Thickness
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The thickness of albumin provides _______ pressure which helps to regulate blood volume and consequently, blood pressure.
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Osmotic
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Albumin loss or deficiency can result in drastic fluid shifts which can cause _____, ___________, and even _____.
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Edema, Hypotension, Death
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The plasma proteins fibrinogen and prothrombin are essential for ___________ or blood clotting.
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Coagulation
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Globulin proteins in the plasma divided into 3 categories which are...
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1) Alpha Globulins
2) Beta Globulins 3) Gamma Globulins |
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Alpha and beta globulins act as ________ for molecules such as lipids.
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carriers
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Gamma globulins are __________ and are also called _______________.
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Antibodies, immunoglobulins
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Antibodies made by the body in response to foreign invaders are called...
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Antigens
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Antibodies provide for __________ against infection and disease.
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Immunity
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The largest group of plasma proteins is...
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Albumin
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The formed elements of the blood constitute __% of total blood volume.
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45%
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The formed elements of blood consist of...
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1) Red Blood Cells, (RBC's) or erythrocytes
2) White Blood Cells, (WBC's) or leukocytes 3) Platelets, or thrombocytes |
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The most numerous of the blood cells are the ____________.
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Erythrocytes
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The life cycle of a RBC lasts about ____ days.
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120
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The ELEMENT that makes blood appear red is ____.
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Iron
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The molecule that resides on the RBC's that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide is...
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Hemoglobin
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Hemoglobin consists of...
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1) Iron
2)Globin |
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The pigment in the element iron is...
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Heme
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Globin is a _______ in hemoglobin.
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Protein
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When the hemoglobin in the blood is saturated with oxygen, the blood color is...
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Bright red
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True or False: Deoxygenated blood is bluish in color.
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False, deoxygenated blood is dark red in color.
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True or False: Mature RBC's contain nuclei and can reproduce on their own.
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False, RBC's when mature are incapeable of reproduction BECAUSE they have no nuclei.
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White blood cells or WBC's are also called __________. (collective name for all types of WBC's)
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Leukocytes
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WBC's, or leukocytes, are arranged in two divisions which are...
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1) Granulocytes (granular leukocytes)
2) Agranulocytes (agranular leukocytes) |
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The 5 types of leukocytes are...
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1) Basophils
2) Eosinophils 3) Neutrophils 4) Lymphocyte 5) Monocytes |
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The three granulocytes are...
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1) Basophils
2) Eosinophils 3) Neutrophils |
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The two agranulocytes are...
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1) Lymphocyte
2) Monocytes |
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Identify the leukocyte:
1) Involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions 2) Contain heparin (anticoagulant) 3) Release histamine when a foreign invader enters the body 4) Cause inflammatory & hypersensitive reaction (vasodilation, edema, itching, bronchial constriction) |
Basophils
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Identify the leukocyte:
1) Speckled or grainy cytoplasm 2) Survive 12 to 36 hours 3) Increase during allergic reaction and parasitic infection 4) May assist in endocytosis (phagocytosis or pinocytosis) 5) May release chemical mediators during allergic reactions |
Eosinophils
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Identify the leukocyte:
1) Most numerous of the granulocytes 2) Considered the first line of defense against bacteria |
Neutrophils
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Neutrophils are also called _______________ neutrophils (PMN's) or _________ neutrophils (segs)
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophils or Segmented neutrophils
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Identify the leukocyte:
1) Increase in number during bacterial infection, burns, or inflammation 2) Life span appx. 10 hours |
Neutrophils
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Identify the leukocyte:
When demand for these granulocytes is very high, the bone marrow releases immature ones called BANDS. |
Neutrophils
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Identify the leukocyte:
1) Transformed into macrophages, which are phagocytic cells 2) Play a role in acute and chronic inflammatory processes 3) High count may indicate viral or fungal infection, tuberculosis, or chronic disesase. |
Monocyte
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Identify the leukocyte:
1) Normal life span:100 to 300 days 2) Produced in the spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and hemopoietic tissue in red bone marrow |
Lymphocyte
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The two most important subgroups of lymphocytes are the...
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1) B Lymphocytes (B cells)
2) T Lymphocytes (T cells) |
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Basophils are involved in the ___________ process and ________ reactions.
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Inflammatory, Allergic
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Eosinophils are involved in ________ reactions and _________ infections.
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Allergic, Parasitic
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Neutrophils are involved in ____________; defense against ________.
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Phagocytosis, Bacteria
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Monocytes are transformed into ___________; involved in ___________.
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Macrophages, Phagocytosis
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Lymphocytes are involved in the ______ response.
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Immune
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The smallest of the bloods formed elements is the...
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Platelets or thrombocytes
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Thrombocytes are _________ of larger cells.
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Fragments
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Thrombocytes are formed in the ______________.
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Red bone marrow
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True or False: Thrombocytes have no nuclei and are incapeable of movement on their own.
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False; they have no nuclei but are capable of movement in an ameboid fashion.
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True or False: Thrombocytes are not necessary for coagulation.
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False; thrombocytes are essential for coagulation, or blood clotting.
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Cessation of bleeding,(Hemorrhage)
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Hemostasis
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The initial hemostatic response is...
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1) Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)
2) Platelet plug formation 3) Blood clotting (the coagulation process that forms a fibrin clot) |
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Escape of blood from blood vessels (Usually referenced when a considerable amount of blood is lost)
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Hemorrhage
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Necessary to produce clotting factors such as prothrombin and mostly produced by (symbiotic) bacteria in the colon.
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Vitamin K
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A stationary blood clot
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Thrombus
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A circulating blood clot
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Embolus
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A cut that produces an even, steady flow of blood is likely from a ____.
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Vein
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A cut the produces spurts of blood is likely from an ______.
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Artery
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A cut that produces a slow seepage of blood is likely from ____________.
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Capillaries
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A torn, ragged cut will likely take ______ to clot due to inefficiency of the ________________ process.
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Longer, Vasoconstriction
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A laboratory test of donor and recipient blood cells to check for agglutination (clumping of cells)
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Crossmatching
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Inherited antigens
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Rh factor
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Disregarding the Rh factor, the four blood types are...
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A,B,AB,and O
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Blood type A has the __ antigen on it RBC's and reacts against the __ antigen.
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A,B
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Blood type A can donate blood to types...
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A and AB
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Blood type B can donate blood to types...
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B and AB
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Blood type AB can donate blood to type...
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AB
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Blood type O can donate blood to types...
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A,B,AB, or O
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The universal donor blood type (including the Rh factor) is...
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O-
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Transparent fluid that circulates through body tissues to filter waste
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Lymph
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Lymph is very similar to plasma except that lymph is lower in _______.
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Protein
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Lymphatic vessels are a __________ system
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Closed ended
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Lymphatic vessels are slightly ______ than blood capillaries.
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Larger
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Lymphatic vessels have a unique structure that allows interstitial fluid ___ but not ___.
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In,Out
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Lymphatic vessels are predominately located near the ______ system and named according to their _____________.
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Venous, Body location
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Lymphatic fluid is returned to the venous blood through only two ducts which are...
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1) Right Lymphatic Duct
2) Thoracic Duct |
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Small, encapsulated bundles of lymphatic tissue found in the neck, groin, and armpits.
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Lymph Nodes
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Small, unencapsulated bundles of lymphatic tissue
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Lymph Nodules
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The three major lymphatic organs are...
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1) Tonsils
2) Spleen 3) Thymus |
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Protective ring of lymphatic tissue formed around the pharynx
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Tonsils
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Contains lymphoid tissue that filters blood, plays a role in blood formation in the fetus which is taken over by red bone marrow in the adult.
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Spleen
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Destroys old red blood cells in the adult and forms bilirubin from the hemoglobin in RBC's
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Spleen
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Contains T-Lymphocytes and B-Lymphocytes and Monocytes
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Spleen
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Acts upon and matures T-Lymphocytes, or T-Cells, predominately before puberty occurs.
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Thymus
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Blood flows through two circuits known as the...
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1) Systemic Circuit
2) Pulmonary Circuit |
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A subdivision of systemic circulation that originates in the spleen and digestive organs and travels to the liver.
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Hepatic Portal Circulation
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A subdivision of systemic circulation that travels to the brain through the internal carotid artery and through the circle of Willis and requires 10% to 15% of total cardiac output.
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Cerebral circulation
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Cerebral circulation requires __% to __% of total cardiac output
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10% to !5%
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The internal carotid artery is one route of blood to the brain, another is the _______ artery.
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Basilar artery
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BBB
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Blood Brain Barrier
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An circulatory adaptation found in the brain that restricts capillary permeability.
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Blood Brain Barrier
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Circulation of the lymphatic system is dependent on movement of ________________, because it has no pumping system of its own
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Skeletal muscles
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Lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body drains into the _______________.
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Right Lymphatic Duct
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Lymph from all areas of the body other than the upper right quadrant darin into the _____________.
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Thoracic duct
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The right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct reenter the bloodstream at the _________________.
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Left Subclavian Vein
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The body's ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens and to prevent infectious disease
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Immunity
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over-reactive immune system response causes _________ and __________ disorders.
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Allergies and autoimmune
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The body's immune system includes...
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1) Bone marrow
2) Lymphoid organs 3) Mononuclear phagocyte system (also called the reticuloendothelial system) |
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The mononuclear phagocytic system is also called...
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The reticuloendothelial system
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The "cornerstone" of the immune system are the ___________.
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Lymphocytes
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Lymphocytes differentiate into...
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1) B-cells (B-lymphocytes)
2) T-cells (T-lymphocytes) |
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The immune system consists of...
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Non-specific defense responses (phagocytosis) and Specific immune responses (humoral and cell-mediated immunity)
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B-cells react in the presence of ________ to produce __________, this is a humoral immune response.
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Antigens, Antibodies
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T-cells proliferate at the direction of thymic hormones and attack infected cells, this is a ____________ immunity.
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Cell mediated
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B-cells are produced from __________.
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Stem cells
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When B-cells encounter antigens they _______and ________ rapidly to produce colonies of clones.
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Enlarge and Multiply
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Most B-cell clones become ______ cells which produce specific __________, or immunoglobulins, to provide _______ immunity.
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Plasma, Antibodies, Humoral
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Antibodies, or _____________ identify antigens and become ___________ which engulf and destroy the antigen.
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Immunoglobulins, Macrophages
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Some B-cells do not become plasma cells but remain in the body as ______ cells for immunologic immunity toward repeated exposure to a specific antigen.
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Memory
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A large protein molecule or foreign substance that enters the body and triggers an immune response
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Antigen (Ag)
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Foreign organisms, RBC's, tissue cells, and pollen can carry large protein molecules on their surface called...
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Antigens
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Toxins, food, and some carbohydrates and lipids can carry large protein molecules on their surface called...
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Antigens
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Each antigen stimulates the body to produce __________ specific to that particular antigen.
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Antibodies
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The body can produce about __________ different antibodies.
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One million
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The five basic groups of immunoglobulins are..
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1) ImG
2) IgG 3) IgA 4) IgE 5) IgD |
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The most abundant immunoglobulin found in the blood is...
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IgG
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T-cell immunity is considered ______________ immunity.
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Cell-mediated immunity
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T-cells make up __% to __% of all lymphocytes
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80% to 90%
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T-Lymphocytes are produced in the red bone marrow but must mature in the ______ in children and other lymphoid organs in adults before they can perform their immune functions.
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Thymus
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T-cells differentiate between self and not-self and fight ______, _______, and _________________.
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Cancer,Viruses, Intracellular parasites
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A type of lymphocyte other than the B and T cells are the ______________ cells, which are slightly larger and ready to function as soon as they are produced.
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natural killer cells
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Phagocytic macrophages and endocytic macrophages begin life as _________.
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Monocytes
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